Seeing beneath the surface:Harnessing point-of-care ultrasound for internal jugular vein evaluation

Point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS)of the internal jugular vein(IJV)offers a noninvasive means of estimating right atrial pressure(RAP),especially in cases where the inferior vena cava is inaccessible or unreliable due to conditions such as liver disease or abdominal surgery.While many clinicians are familiar with visually assessing jugular venous pressure through the internal jugular vein,this method lacks sensitivity.The utilization of POCUS significantly enhances the visualization of the vein,leading to a more accurate identification.It has been demonstrated that combining IJV POCUS with physical examination enhances the specificity of RAP estimation.This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the various sonographic techniques available for estimating RAP from the internal jugular vein,drawing upon existing data.

Bow-and-arrow sign on point-of-care ultrasound for diagnosis of pacemaker lead-induced heart perforation:A case report and literature review

BACKGROUND Pacemaker lead-induced heart perforation is a rare but life-threatening complication of pacemaker implantation,and timely diagnosis remains a challenge for clinicians.Here,we report a case of pacemaker lead-induced cardiac perforation rapidly diagnosed by a“bow-and-arrow”sign on point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS).CASE SUMMARY A 74-year-old Chinese woman who had undergone permanent pacemaker implantation 26 d before suddenly developed severe dyspnea,chest pain,and hypotension.The patient had received emergency laparotomy for an incarcerated groin hernia and was transferred to the intensive care unit 6 d before.Computed tomography was not available due to unstable hemodynamic status,so POCUS was performed at the bedside and revealed severe pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade.Subsequent pericardiocentesis yielded a large volume of bloody pericardial fluid.Further POCUS by an ultrasonographist revealed a unique“bow-and-arrow”sign indicating right ventricular(RV)apex perforation by the pacemaker lead,which facilitated the rapid diagnosis of lead perforation.Given the persistent drainage of pericardial bleeding,urgent off-pump open chest surgery was performed to repair the perforation.However,the patient died of shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome within 24 h post-surgery.In addition,we also performed a literature review on the sonographic features of RV apex perforation by lead.CONCLUSION POCUS enables the early diagnosis of pacemaker lead perforation at the bedside.A step-wise ultrasonographic approach and the“bow-and-arrow”sign on POCUS are helpful for rapid diagnosis of lead perforation.

Transcending boundaries:Unleashing the potential of multi-organ point-of-care ultrasound in acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury(AKI)is a clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid increase in serum creatinine levels or a decrease in urine output or both.In spite of thorough history-taking,physical examination,and laboratory analysis,there are limitations in the diagnostic process and clinical monitoring of AKI.Point-of-care ultrasonography(POCUS),a limited ultrasound study performed by clinicians at the bedside,has emerged as a valuable tool in different clinical settings.In this discussion,we explore the potential of POCUS performed by nephrologists to address specific questions encountered in the diagnosis and management of AKI patients.POCUS not only aids in excluding hydronephrosis but also provides real-time insights into hemodynamics,enabling formulation of individualized treatment plans.Further studies are required to assess the impact of multi-organ POCUS on pragmatic patient outcomes related to AKI,as well as its potential in risk stratification and identification of different levels of AKI severity and pathophysiological signatures.

Point-of-care ultrasound in diagnosis and management of congestive nephropathy

Congestive nephropathy is kidney dysfunction caused by the impact of elevated venous pressures on renal hemodynamics.As a part of cardiorenal syndrome,the diagnosis is usually made based on history and physical examination,with findings such as jugular venous distension,a third heart sound,and vital signs as supporting findings.More recently,however,these once though objective measures have come under scrutiny for their accuracy.At the same time,bedside ultrasound has increased in popularity and is routinely being used by clinicians to take some of the guess work out of making the diagnosis of volume overload and venous congestion.In this mini-review,we will discuss some of the traditional methods used to measure venous congestion,describe the role of point-of-care ultrasound and how it can ameliorate a clinician’s evaluation,and offer a description of venous excess ultrasound score,a relatively novel scoring technique used to objectively quantify congestion.While there is a paucity of published large scale clinical trials evaluating the potential benefit of ultrasonography in venous congestion compared to gold standard invasive measurements,more study is underway to solidify the role of this objective measure in daily clinical practice.

Point-of-care ultrasound in a pandemic:Practical guidance in COVID-19 units

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has stretched our healthcare system to the brink,highlighting the importance of efficient resource utilization without compromising healthcare provider safety.While advanced imaging is a great resource for diagnostic purposes,the risk of contamination and infection transmission is high and requires extensive logistical planning for intrahospital patient transport,healthcare provider safety,and post-imaging decontamination.This dilemma has necessitated the transition to more bedside imaging.More so than ever,during the current pandemic,the clinical utility and importance of point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS)cannot be overstressed.It allows for safe and efficient beside procedural guidance and provides front line providers with valuable diagnostic information that can be acted upon in real-time for immediate clinical decision-making.The authors have been routinely using POCUS for the management of COVID-19 patients both in the emergency department and in intensive care units turned into“COVID-units.”In this article,we review the nuances of using POCUS in a pandemic situation and maximizing diagnostic output from this bedside technology.Additionally,we review various methods and diagnostic uses of POCUS which can replace conventional imaging and bridge current literature and common clinical practices in critically ill patients.We discuss practical guidance and pertinent review of the literature for the most relevant procedural and diagnostic guidance of respiratory illness,hemodynamic decompensation,renal failure,and gastrointestinal disorders experienced by many patients admitted to COVID-units.

What is the ideal approach for emergent pericardiocentesis using point-of-care ultrasound guidance?

BACKGROUND:Traditionally performed using a subxiphoid approach,the increasing use of point-of-care ultrasound in the emergency department has made other approaches(parasternal and apical)for pericardiocentesis viable.The aim of this study is to identify the ideal approach for emergency-physician-performed ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis as determined by ultrasound image quality,distance from surface to pericardial fl uid,and likely obstructions or complications.METHODS:A retrospective review of point-of-care cardiac ultrasound examinations was performed in two urban academic emergency departments for the presence of pericardial eff usions.The images were reviewed for technical quality,distance of eff usion from skin surface,and predicted complications.RESULTS:A total of 166 pericardial effusions were identified during the study period.The mean skin-to-pericardial fl uid distance was 5.6 cm(95%confi dence interval[95%CI]5.2-6.0 cm)for the subxiphoid views,which was signifi cantly greater than that for the parasternal(2.7 cm[95%CI 2.5-2.8 cm],P<0.001)and apical(2.5 cm[95%CI 2.3-2.7 cm],P<0.001)views.The subxiphoid view had the highest predicted complication rate at 79.7%(95%CI 71.5%-86.4%),which was signifi cantly greater than the apical(31.9%;95%CI 21.4%-44.0%,P<0.001)and parasternal(20.2%;95%CI 12.8%-29.5%,P<0.001)views.CONCLUSIONS:Our results suggest that complication rates with pericardiocentesis will be lower via the parasternal or apical approach compared to the subxiphoid approach.The distance from skin to fl uid collection is the least in both of these views.

Delayed cardiac tamponade diagnosed by point-of-care ultrasound in a neonate after peripherally inserted central catheter placement: A case report

BACKGROUND Peripherally inserted central catheters(PICCs)have been increasingly applied worldwide owing to many advantages.Even with these advantages,the related complications should not be ignored,especially in neonates.The available evidence about PICC-related thrombosis was manifold,but the cardiac tamponade,an emergency and life-threatening complication,has been rarely reported.Early recognized cardiac tamponade by ultrasound may reduce mortality.CASE SUMMARY A neonate weighting 2.8 kg was born at 40 wk of gestation.He was admitted to the Surgery Intensive Care Unit due to suspected congenital megacolon.A PICC line was inserted via the left antecubital fossa for the administration of total parenteral nutrition.Three days later,the patient was still on total parenteral nutrition.Cardiac tamponade caused by PICC was found on ultrasound.The patient recovered spontaneously after an emergency pericardiocentesis.CONCLUSION Proficiency in the use of point-of-care ultrasound may save the life of patients,since it enables clinicians to treat patients faster,more accurately,and in a noninvasive way at the point of care.

Simpli?ed point-of-care ultrasound protocol to con?rm central venous catheter placement:A prospective study

BACKGROUND: The current standard for con? rmation of correct supra-diaphragmatic central venous catheter(CVC) placement is with plain ? lm chest radiography(CXR). We hypothesized that a simple point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS) protocol could effectively con? rm placement and reduce time to con? rmation.METHODS: We prospectively enrolled a convenience sample of patients in the emergency department and intensive care unit who required CVC placement. Correct positioning was considered if turbulent flow was visualized in the right atrium on sub-xiphoid, parasternal or apical cardiac ultrasound after injecting 5 cc of sterile, non-agitated, normal saline through the CVC.RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients were enrolled. POCUS had a sensitivity of 86.8%(95%CI 77.1%–93.5%) and speci? city of 100%(95%CI 15.8%–100.0%) for identifying correct central venous catheter placement. Median POCUS and CXR completion were 16 minutes(IQR 10–29) and 32 minutes(IQR 19–45), respectively.CONCLUSION: Ultrasound may be an effective tool to confirm central venous catheter placement in instances where there is a delay in obtaining a con? rmatory CXR.

Point-of-care ultrasound versus radiology department pelvic ultrasound on emergency department length of stay

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to compare the time to overall length of stay(LOS) for patients who underwent point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS) versus radiology department ultrasound(RDUS).METHODS: This was a prospective study on a convenience sample of patients who required pelvic ultrasound imaging as part of their emergency department(ED) assessment.RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 194 patients who were on average 32 years-old. Ninety-eight(51%) patients were pregnant(<20 weeks). Time to completion of RDUS was 66 minutes longer than POCUS(95%CI 60–73, P<0.01). Patients randomized to the RDUS arm experienced a 120 minute longer ED length of stay(LOS)(95%CI 66–173, P<0.01)CONCLUSION: In patients who require pelvic ultrasound as part of their diagnostic evaluation, POCUS resulted in a signifi cant decrease in time to ultrasound and ED LOS.

Point-of-care ultrasound for the early diagnosis of emphysematous pyelonephritis: A case report and literature review

BACKGROUND Emphysematous pyelonephritis(EPN)is a rare but fatal necrotic infection of the kidney,which usually leads to septic shock.Therefore,early diagnosis and optimized therapy are of paramount importance.In the past two decades,pointof-care ultrasound(POCUS)has been widely used in clinical practice,especially in emergency and critical care settings,and helps to rapidly identify the source of infection in sepsis.We report a rare case in which a“falls”sign on POCUS played a pivotal role in the early diagnosis of EPN.CASE SUMMARY A 57-year-old man presented with fever and lumbago for 3 d prior to admission.He went to the emergency room,and the initial POCUS detected gas bubbles in the hepatorenal space showing a hyperechoic focus with dirty shadowing and comet-tail artifacts.This imaging feature was like a mini waterfall.His blood and urine culture demonstrated Escherichia coli bacteremia,and EPN associated with septic shock was diagnosed.The patient did not respond to broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment and a perirenal abscess developed.He subsequently underwent computed tomography-guided percutaneous catheter drainage,and fully recovered.We also review the literature on the sonographic features of POCUS in EPN.CONCLUSION This case indicates that a“falls”sign on POCUS facilitates the rapid diagnosis of severe EPN at the bedside.

Point-of-care ultrasound identifi cation of yolk stalk sign in a case of failed fi rst trimester pregnancy

Emergency physicians are often the first providersto encounter patients with complications in earlypregnancy. Point-of-care （POC） pelvic ultrasound isbeing increasingly used in the evaluation of emergencydepartment （ED） patients with first trimester symptoms.[1]While the initial aim of POC ultrasound in this settingis to confirm an intrauterine pregnancy, a secondarygoal is to differentiate between a normal and abnormalpregnancy. There exist a number of sonographic featuresto suggest a pregnancy is non-viable.

The utility of point-of-care ultrasound in the assessment of volume status in acute and critically ill patients

BACKGROUND:Volume resuscitation has only been demonstrated to be effective in approximately fifty percent of patients.The remaining patients do not respond to volume resuscitation and may even develop adverse outcomes(such as acute pulmonary edema necessitating endotracheal intubation).We believe that point-of-care ultrasound is an excellent modality by which to adequately predict which patients may benefi t from volume resuscitation.DATA RESOURCES:We performed a search using PubMed,Scopus,and MEDLINE.The following search terms were used:fluid responsiveness,ultrasound,non-invasive,hemodynamic,fluid challenge,and passive leg raise.Preference was given to clinical trials and review articles that were most relevant to the topic of assessing a patient’s cardiovascular ability to respond to intravenous fl uid administration using ultrasound.RESULTS:Point-of-care ultrasound can be easily employed to measure the diameter and collapsibility of various large vessels including the inferior vena cava,common carotid artery,subclavian vein,internal jugular vein,and femoral vein.Such parameters are closely related to dynamic measures of fluid responsiveness and can be used by providers to help guide fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients.CONCLUSION:Ultrasound in combination with passive leg raise is a non-invasive,costand time-effective modality that can be employed to assess volume status and response to fluid resuscitation.Traditionally sonographic studies have focused on the evaluation of large veins such as the inferior vena cava,and internal jugular vein.A number of recently published studies also demonstrate the usefulness of evaluating large arteries to predict volume status.

Surgeon-performed point-of-care ultrasound in severe eye trauma: Report of two cases

The indications of point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS) in the management of multiple trauma patients have been expanding. Although computed tomography(CT) scan of the orbit remains the gold standard for imaging orbital trauma, ultrasound is a quick, safe, and portable tool that can be performed bedside. Here we report two patients who had severe eye injuries with major visual impairment where surgeon-performed POCUS was very useful. One had a foreign body injury while the other had blunt trauma. POCUS was done using a linear probe under sterile conditions with minimum pressure on the eyes. Ultrasound showed a foreign body at the back of the left eye globe touching the eye globe in the first patient, and was normal in the second patient. Workup using CT scan, fundsocopy, optical coherence tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits confirmed these findings. The first patient had vitreous and sub retinal haemorrhage and a full thickness macular hole of the left eye, while the second had traumatic optic neuropathy. POCUS gave accurate information concerning severe eye injuries. Trauma surgeons and emergency physicians should be trained in performing ocular ultrasound for eye injuries.

Perihepatic nodes detected by point-of-care ultrasound in acute hepatitis and acute-on-chronic liver disease

AIM: To study the manifestations of perihepatic lymph nodes during the episode of acute hepatitis flare by point-of-care ultrasonography.METHODS: One hundred and seventy-six patients with an episode of acute hepatitis flare(ALT value > 5 × upper normal limit) were enrolled retrospectively. Diagnosis of etiology of the acute hepatitis flare was based on chart records and serological and virological assays. The patients were categorized into two groups(viral origin and non-viral origin) and further defined into ten subgroups according to the etiologies. An ultrasonograpy was performed within 2 h to 72 h(median, 8 h). The maximum size of each noticeable lymph node was measured. Correlation between clinical parameters and nodal manifestations was analyzed RESULTS: Enlarged lymph nodes(width ≥ 5mm)were noticeable in 110(62.5%) patients, mostly in acute on chronic hepatitis B(54.5%). The viral group had a higher prevalence rate(89/110 = 80.9%) and larger nodal size(median, 7 mm) than those of the non-viral group(21/66 = 31.8%; median, 0 mm)(P < 0.001 for both). Meanwhile, there were significant differences in the nodal size between acute and chronic viral groups(P < 0.01), and between acute hepatitis A and non-hepatitis A viral groups(P < 0.001). In logistical regression analysis, the nodal width still showed strong significance in multivariate analysis(P < 0.0001) to stratify the two groups. The area under the curve of ROC was 0.805, with a sensitivity of 80.9%, a specificity of 68.2%, positive predictive value of 80.92%, negative predictive value of 68.18%, and an accuracy of 76.14%. CONCLUSION: Point-of-care ultrasonography to detect perihepatic nodal change is valuable for clarifying the etiologies in an episode of acute hepatitis flare.

Prospective evaluation of point-of-care ultrasound for pre-procedure identification of landmarks versus traditional palpation for lumbar puncture

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to determine if point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS) pre-procedure identification of landmarks can decrease failure rate, reduce procedural time, and decrease the number of needle redirections and reinsertions when performing a lumbar puncture(LP).METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized controlled trial comparing POCUS preprocedure identifi cation of landmarks versus traditional palpation for LP in a cohort of patients in the emergency department and intensive care unit.RESULTS: A total of 158 patients were enrolled. No signifi cant difference was found in time to completion, needle re-direction, or needle re-insertion when using POCUS when compared to the traditional method of palpation.CONCLUSION: Consistent with fi ndings of previous studies, our data indicate that there was no observed benefi t of using POCUS to identify pre-procedure landmarks when performing an LP.

Point-of-care ultrasound for critically-ill patients: A mini-review of key diagnostic features and protocols

Point-of-care ultrasonography(POCUS)for managing critically ill patients is increasingly performed by intensivists or emergency physicians.Results of needs surveys among intensivists reveal emphasis on basic cardiac,lung and abdominal ultrasound,which are the commonest POCUS modalities in the intensive care unit.We therefore aim to describe the key diagnostic features of basic cardiac,lung and abdominal ultrasound as practised by intensivists or emergency physicians in terms of accuracy(sensitivity,specificity),clinical utility and limitations.We also aim to explore POCUS protocols that integrate basic cardiac,lung and abdominal ultrasound,and highlight areas for future research.

Using point-of-care ultrasound in ocular emergencies: A mini review

As a diagnostic aid in emergency services,ultrasound has expanded considerably in recent years.Among its applications,ocular ultrasonography allows for a better evaluation of patients with ophthalmological emergencies.In addition,it provides a simple and easy technique to obtain clinical information that may not be easily accessible either through the clinical examination or by using the ophthalmoscope.Ocular ultrasonography can help to diagnose hemorrhage and retinal detachment and/or vitreous,eye infections,foreign bodies,retrobulbar hematomas,papilledema,and eye trauma.By measuring the diameter of the optic nerve sheath,intracranial hypertension could be screened.This article reviewed the approach to eye exam by ultrasound and common ophthalmic pathologies diagnosed with ultrasound in the emergency department.

The Use of Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Acute Kidney Injuries

Acute kidney injuries (AKI) are a common problem encountered by internists in the inpatient and outpatient setting. Uncovering the etiology becomes important in tailoring treatment. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), when used in conjunction with a patient’s history and physical exam, can quickly identify if hydronephrosis is present and shed light on the underlying etiology. In this article, we discuss how incorporating POCUS into the initial assessment of patients with an AKI can reduce the number of unnecessary and expensive formal renal ultrasounds and potentially expedite clinically appropriate treatment. The purpose of this review is to examine the benefits, reliability, and feasibility of POCUS to further evaluate and manage patients with AKI. An extensive review of the literature was performed and found POCUS to be a reliable and realistic method for internists to incorporate into their assessment of patients with AKI. In this article, we also provide instruction on how to perform a POCUS exam of the kidneys and how to identify hydronephrosis. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges we face and ideas for further practice including the emergence of hand-held ultrasounds.

Evaluation of hand infections in the emergency department using point-of-care ultrasound

BACKGROUND:We aimed to evaluate the utility of point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS)in the assessment of hand infections that present to the emergency department(ED)and its impact on medical decision making and patient management.METHODS:We conducted a retrospective review of patients who presented to two urban academic EDs with clinical presentations concerning for skin and soft tissue infections(SSTI)of the hand between December 2015 and December 2021.Two trained POCUS fellowship physicians reviewed an ED POCUS database for POCUS examinations of the hand.We then reviewed patients’electronic health records(EHR)for demographic characteristics,history,physical examination findings,ED course,additional imaging studies,consultations,impact of POCUS on patient care and final disposition.RESULTS:We included a total of 50 cases(28 male,22 female)in the final analysis.The most common presenting symptoms and exam findings were pain(100%),swelling(90%),and erythema(74%).The most common sonographic findings were edema(76%),soft tissue swelling(78%),and fluid surrounding the tendon(57%).POCUS was used in medical decision making 68%of the time(n=34),with the use of POCUS leading to changes in management 38%of the time(n=19).POCUS use led to early antibiotic use(11/19),early consultation(10/19),and led to the performance of a required procedure(8/19).The POCUS diagnosis was consistent with the discharge diagnosis of flexor tenosynovitis 8/12 times,abscess 12/16 times,and cellulitis 14/20 times.CONCLUSION:POCUS is beneficial for evaluating of hand infections that present to the ED and can be used as an important part of medical decision making to expedite patient care.