Deep bedrock geothermal resources in the Maichen Sag,Beibuwan Basin and their potential for exploitation and utilization

The Maichen Sag in the south-central part of the Beibuwan Basin is abundant in geothermal resources that have not been widely exploited and utilized due to inadequate research on it.This study evaluated the geothermal resources in the Maichen Sag based on the regional geological setting and geothermal conditions.Grid units for assessment and a geological model for areas with geothermal resources were established using spatial analysis techniques.The spatial distribution models of the physical and thermophysical properties of the geothermal reservoirs were also built using the Kriging interpolation method.Based on the terrestrial heat flow distribution in the target areas,the spatial distribution of the geo-temperature field through the inversion under the constraints of the temperature data from boreholes were predicted.Factors such as deep geo-temperature,thermophysical properties of rocks,and terrestrial heat flow values,were integrated into this quantitative evaluation of geothermal resources through the geological modeling-based volume method and the geothermal reservoir engineering-based numerical simulation method.The results show that the Maichen Sag has favorable heat source conditions with intersected,deep-rooted faults and widely developed Upper Paleozoic fissured granite geothermal reservoirs.The northern outer slope zone at a burial depth of 3‒5 km on the tectonic plane of the basement in the sag is suggested to be a potential target area,where,as calculated using the volume method,is likely to be the home to the total geothermal resources of 80.4×10^(9)GJ(i.e.,2.75×10^(9)tonnes of coal equivalent(tce))in the bedrock geothermal reservoirs at a burial depth of 3‒6 km.The geotemperature of 172‒201℃at a formation depth of 5 km in the sag also indicates that the deep geothermal resources are of high value for exploitation.

Exploitation and Utilization of Insect Protein Feed Resources

The insect is the animal protein feed resource potential, the rapid repro- duction, large quantity, high protein content, and most species of insects can be used as livestock feed utilization, development of insect as feed resources, to pro- mote the development of China＇s animal husbandry and feed industry, has important significance.

Reflection on the Exploitation of Rural Tourism Resources in Zhenjiang City

Rural tourism, i.e., agrotourism, is the newly-exploited tourism product[1] with agricultural production, rustic view, rural life and rural custom as the main carrier and with agriculture and countryside as the tourism resources. Zhenjiang City is in possession of adequate source markets, abundant rural tourism resources, good tourist ecological environment and profound culture. The pleasant ecological environment and charming rural scenery provide the development of rural tourism in Zhenjiang with exceptional advantages. The exploitation of rural tourism not only promotes the exploitation and development of agricultural tourism in Zhenjiang, but also improves the structure of tourism product, simulating the healthy development of rural economy. Through the analysis of the exploitation advantage of the rural tourism resources in Zhenjiang, the author analyzed the exploitation situation and existing problems of the rural tourism resources in Zhenjiang. The author considered that the rural tourism development in Zhenjiang was lack of unified planning; the cultural content of tourism product was low; the development depth was not enough; the construction of infrastructure was lagging behind; and meanwhile, it was lacking of funding, tourism program and advertising promotion. In the light of the above deficiencies, a series of countermeasures of rural tourism exploitation was put forward, that is, to complete the exploitation planning of the rural tourism resources, promoting the cultural taste of the rural tourism product; to enhance the publicity of the rural tourism, highlighting the brand feature of local tourism and creating high-quality product; to conduct standard management, strengthening the training of tourism management personnel.

The Orientation and Development of Zhenjiang Pearl S.Buck Tourism Products Exploitation

This study aimed to make an orientation for the development of Zhenjiang Pearl S.Buck tourism products.According to the spatial structure styles of tourism products,this paper discussed the exploitation of Zhenjiang Pearl S.Buck tourism products from the perspective of spot products,linear products and network products.It expanded the Pearl S.Buck research to tourism science field and put forward some ideas of promoting the comprehensive benefits of Pearl S.Buck tourism resource as well as the exploitation of similar tourism products.

Gradient Differentiation and Exploitation Mode of Tourist Resources in Hailuogou Scenic Area,China

Natural environment of Hailuogou Scenic Area(Conch Gully)was introduced,and it was pointed out that tourist resources in the study area showed gradient differentiation along the vertical height.In view of such gradient differentiation,resource contents and characteristics of its cultural heritages zone,geothermal resources zone,forest vegetation zone,and glacial resources zone were respectively analyzed.Based on the gradient differentiation of tourist resources in Hailuogou Scenic Area,suggestions were given for its further tourism development,and it was stressed that brand effects of the attractions should be enhanced,infrastructure construction and maintenance of newly-explored scenic spots should be improved,and more efforts should be devoted to explore disastrous landform resources.This research is of practical significance for studying spatial differentiation and evolution mechanism of tourist resources in mountainous areas in western China,and also provides scientific support for the exploration of tourist resources in mountainous areas.

Exploitation and Sustainable Development of Hot Springs in Xinjiang Province of China——A Case Study of Shawan Hot Spring Tourist Area

The paper had introduced geographic causes and types of hot springs, illustrated its disease-treating function and displayed its great vitality and widespread development prospect as tourist resources. By taking Shawan Hot Spring in Xinjiang for example, the paper had analyzed its natural condition, hot springs and tourist economic development. And then, quantitative and qualitative analysis had been conducted on the quality of water environment resources in the research area. It had analyzed reasons for degeneration of water environment and studied exploitation and sustainable development of hot springs. It was considered that environment especially water environment quality had decreased since hot spring tourism development. In order to achieve sustainable development of hot springs and promotion of local tourism, it must be guided by environment treatment, and some strategies for sustainable development of hot springs had been proposed.

将EXPLOITATION译成“剥削”质疑

英文EXPLOITATION与汉语的"剥削"不能构成互相对译的词汇。EXPLOITATION在英语中的原意是开发、开拓、利用;"剥削"在汉语中解释为"搜刮民财,荼毒天下"。这两个词原始语义不同,词汇的褒贬含义不同,所代表的善恶是非观念界限不同,作为一种社会现象和行为,其合法性和社会后果不同,在未来社会发展进程中的前景和结局不同。当今中国社会所存在的"剥削"是封建社会腐朽的官民关系的残余。EXPLOITATION如果以人为对象客体,则应该译成汉语的"人力资源开发利用"。

EXPLOITATION可以译成“剥削”——与杨彬先生商榷

《将EXPLOITATION译成"剥削"质疑》一文认为把EXPLOITATION一词译成"剥削"是扭曲了词义,应该译成"人力资源开发、利用"。这是不对的。其实,在英语中EXPLOITA-TION有"剥削"之义,可以译成"剥削"。汉语中的"剥削"概念受到了马克思主义政治经济学的影响,但与EXPLOITATION的翻译无关。

Canadian West Exploitation in the Context of American Threat of Annexation

America had been attempting to annex Canadian West and posed a threat to the security of the fledgling country. Therefore the antipathy towards America as well as independent-nation complex of Canadians drove Canadian government to incorporate the west exploitation into the national strategy of creating an independent country. Canadian west exploitation thus took on some distinctiveness.

SUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION AND UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE INLAND RIVERBASIN OF ARID NORTHWEST CHINA

Calculated in terms of surface runoff plus irrepeated groundwater, there is about 8. 67 ×1010m3 of total available water resources in the inland river basins of arid Northwest China. Water resources is the decisive factor for survival of oases and human being. But there have arisen several aspects of Serious eco-environment problems resulted from irrational exploitation and utilization. From now on, the development and utilization of water not only requires to promote regional economy, but also needs to protect and improve the environment based on their potential. Sustainable utilization needs to broaden new sources and saving water at first. Then three measures are recommended.

Distribution characteristics of seamount cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts and the determination of the size of areas for exploration and exploitation

In 2001, the International Seabed Authority （ISBA） initiated the consideration relating to the Regulations for Prospecting and Exploration for Hydrothermal Polymetallic Sulphides and Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts in the Area at its 7th session. Since then, the consideration of the Regulations has been mainly focused on the size of areas to be allocated for exploration and exploitation of the crusts. This paper, based on the investigation data and the analysis of the distribution characteristics of the crusts, suggests a model for determining the size of areas for exploration and exploitation of the crusts, taking into account various factors such as production scale, crust thickness and grade, mineable area proportion, recovery efficiency, exploration venture, and so on. Through the modeling, the paper suggests that the exploration area （the area covered by each application for approval of a plan of work for exploration of cobalt-rich crusts） shall be 4 856 km2 and the exploitation area （the mine site area） shall be 1 214 km2, for 20 years of 1 million wet tonnes annual production.

Numerical Modelling of Dissolving and Driving Exploitation of Potash Salt in the Qarhan Playa——A Coupled Model of Reactive Solute Transport and Chemical Equilibrium in a Multi-component Underground Brine System

Firstly, the macroscopic chemical equilibrium state of a series of chemical reactions between intercrystal brine and its media salt layer （salt deposit） in Qarhan Salt Lake was studied by using the Pitzer theory. The concept of macroscopic solubility product and its relation with accumulated ore dissolving ratio were presented, which are used in the numerical model of dissolving and driving exploitation of potassium salt in Qarhan Salt Lake. And secondly, with a model forming idea of transport model for reacting solutes in the multi-component fresh groundwater system in porous media being a reference, a two-dimensional transport model coupled with a series of chemical reactions in a multi-component brine porous system （salt deposits） was developed by using the Pitzer theory. Meanwhile, the model was applied to model potassium/magnesium transport in Qarhan Salt Lake in order to study the transfer law of solid and liquid phases in the dissolving and driving process and to design the optimal injection/abstraction strategy for dissolving and capturing maximum Potassium/ Magnesium in the mining of salt deposits in Qarhan Salt Lake.

Prediction of land subsidence caused by groundwater exploitation in Hanoi, Vietnam, using multifactorial correlation analysis

Multifactorial correlation analysis is a new method used to predict the land subsidence caused by groundwater exploitation This article introduces and applies the method to establish the function of the surface settlement rate （Vs） and the function of the time-dependent surface settlement （St） caused by groundwater exploitation, based on data acquired at three land subsidence monitoring stations in the Hanoi area of Vietnam. Comparison with actual monitoring data indicates that the prediction results are relatively close to the monitoring data. From this, we conclude that multifactorial correlation analysis is a reliable method and can be used to predict future land subsidence caused by groundwater exploitation in Hanoi.

Balance between Exploration and Exploitation in Genetic Search

Genetic search plays an important role in Evolutionary Computation (EC). There are two important issues in the evolution process of the genetic search: exploration and exploitation. Exploration is the creation of population diversity by exploring the search space; exploitation is the reduction of the diversity by focusing on the individuals of higher fitness, or exploiting the fitness information (or knowledge) represented within the population. We theoretically analyze the impact of the genetic operators on the balance. In order to further explain the impact, some results of our research on ESs are showed. Finally we conclude that to make the algorithm more efficient, it is important to strike a balance between these two factors.

Comprehensive study on ecological restoration and land exploitation of mining subsidence in suburbs of Chinese mining cities

China has nearly a hundred mining cities derived from mining development.While mining development has brought about immense achievements in a city’s economic construction,it has also resulted in different levels of damage to the eco-environment of the mining city,leaving behind a lot of subsided wasteland and heavily confining the sustainable development and transformation there.How to restore and exploit the land and eco-environment disrupted by mining development in an effective way,therefore,has become a pressing challenge that Chinese mining cities are facing.In this paper,the planning and construction of Nanhu Eco-city in the suburb of Tangshan City is analyzed as an example.After characterizing the coal-mining subsided lands in Kailuan Tangshan Mine originated in different periods and under different geological mining conditions and evaluating their safety level,the authors try to demonstrate how eco-restoration and comprehensive land exploitation should be implemented by making the best use of available local resources to achieve "economy-society-environment" sustainability and coexistence in a mining city.

THE CONDITIONS OF THE GLACIAL WATER RESOURCE AND WAYS OF ITS EXPLOITATION AND UTILIZATION IN CHINA

China is one of the countries where there is abundant glacial water rears and glaciers exist in a vast area of mountainous regions. In this paper, a prehensive discusion is made for the characteristics of glacial water resource, the chewical properties of matwater and the prospects of future utilization in China. It has found that the gladal water resource is a water resource system based on the effect of a solid water reservoir. Its degree of mineralization is low and it almost does not have any pollution. In particular glacial water is high quality fresh water resource in the inland arid region. It is necesary to reconfirm the value of this water and conduct further studies on the fundamentals of its application in order to ratiedly exploit, utilze and preserve the glacial water resource.

Distribution of the Ordovician Fluid in the Tahe Oilfield and Dynamic Response of Cave System S48 to Exploitation

The Tahe Oilfield is a complex petroleum reservoir of Ordovician carbonate formation and made up of spatially overlapping fracture-cavity units. The oilfield is controlled by a cave system resulting from structure-karst cyclic sedimentation. Due to significant heterogeneity of the reservoir, the distribution of oil and water is complicated. Horizontally, a fresh water zone due to meteoric water can be found in the north part of the Akekule uplift. A marginal freshening zone caused by water released from mudstone compaction is found at the bottom of the southern slope. Located in a crossformational flow discharge zone caused by centripetal and the centrifugal flows, the main part of the Tahe Oilfield, featuring high salinity and concentrations of CI^- and K^＋＋Na^＋, is favorable for accumulation of hydrocarbon. Three types of formation water in the Tahe Ordovician reservoir are identified： （1） residual water at the bottom of the cave after oil and gas displacement, （2） residual water in fractures/pores around the cave after oil and gas displacement, and （3） interlayer water below reservoirs. The cave system is the main reservoir space, which consists of the main cave, branch caves and depressions between caves. Taking Cave System S48 in the Ordovician reservoir as an example, the paper analyzes the fluid distribution and exploitation performance in the cave system. Owing to evaporation of groundwater during cross-formational flow, the central part of the main cave, where oil layers are thick and there is a high degree of displacement, is characterized by high salinity and Br^- concentration. With high potential and a long stable production period, most wells in the central part of the main cave have a long water-free oil production period. Even after water breakthrough, the water content has a slow or stepwise increase and the hydrochemistral characteristics of the produced water in the central part of the main cave are uniform. From the center to the edge of the main cave, displacement and enrichment of oil/gas become weaker, residual water increases, and the salinity and concentration of Br^- decrease. At the edge of the main cave, although the wells have a high deliverability at the beginning with a short stable production period and water-free production period. After water breakthrough, the pressure and deliverability drop quickly, and the water content rises quickly. The hydrochemistral characteristics of the produced water are relatively uniform. Wells in the branch caves have a relatively low deliverability at the beginning, with a short stable production period. Water breakthrough appears quickly and then the pressure and deliverability drop quickly. The salinity and concentrations of CI^-and K^＋＋Na^＋ are usually fluctuant or descend slowly in the produced water. Wells in low areas of ancient karst have a low deliverability and a short stable production period. The yield drops quickly and the water content is high, while the characteristics of the produced water may vary significantly well to well. The salinity and concentrations of CI^-and K^＋＋Na^＋ in the produced water are usually fluctuant with a precipitous decline.

Exploitation technology of pressure relief coalbed methane in vertical surface wells in the Huainan coal mining area

Exploitation technology of pressure relief coalbed methane in vertical surface wells is a new method for exploration of gas and coalbed methane exploitation in mining areas with high concentrations of gas, where tectonic coal developed. Studies on vertical surface well technology in the Huainan Coal Mining area play a role in demonstration in the use of clean, new energy resources, preventing and reducing coal mine gas accidents and protecting the environment. Based on the practice of gas drainage engineering of pressure relief coalbed methane in vertical surface wells and combined with relative geological and exploration en- gineering theories, the design principles of design and structure of wells of pressure relief coalbed methane in vertical surface wells are studied. The effects of extraction and their causes are discussed and the impact of geological conditions on gas production of the vertical surface wells are analyzed. The results indicate that in mining areas with high concentrations of gas, where tectonic coal developed, a success rate of pressure relief coalbed methane in surface vertical well is high and single well production usually great. But deformation due to coal exploitation could damage boreholes and cause breaks in the connection between aquifers and bore-holes, which could induce a decrease, even a complete halt in gas production of a single well. The design of well site location and wellbore configuration are the key for technology. The development of the geological conditions for coalbed methane have a significant effect on gas production of coalbed methane wells.

Rational Exploitation of Resources and Prevention of Geohazards in Karst Regions

This paper discusses the rational exploitation of main resources and prevention of geohazards in karst regions. There exist relationship chains between natural disasters in the earth, which include the chain between geological hazards and climatic hazards, the chain between geological hazards and biogenic hazards as well as the one between geological hazards. Irrational exploitation of all resources will inevitably cause hazards. Therefore it is very important to discuss the problem related to prevention of geohazards by rational exploitation of resources.

The Exploitation of the Tourism Resource of Dabeishan National Forest Park in Guangdong Province

On the basis of analyzing the present utilization of the tourism resources in Dabeishan National Forest Park,the author proposed the principle of developmental utilization of tourism resources after revealing the problems in the exploitation of tourism resources,including the neglect of ecotourism idea,the ineffective utilization of the resources and the mal-connection of the tourism industry chain.