Optimization and Regulation Policy for Land Use Changes Based on Low-carbon Emission in Developed Regions of China

Land use and cover change(LUCC) is one of the important causes of the Earth’s carbon cycle imbalances resulting from failure in optimizing land use. The solution to this problem has been the hotspot of research in land and environmental science. We took 'low carbon', 'energy saving' and 'high-efficiency' as the goals of land use optimization,and integrated Markov-CA(Cellular Automaton),the Grid-Fractal model and GIS,in order to study carbon emission objective function,to establish a simulation method for land use spatial allocation optimization,to evaluate the effect of the method on carbon emissions. Regulation policy on three types of land use spatial allocation was proposed,including 'low-carbon type', 'low-carbon-economic type' and 'economic type'. We applied the method to analyze the land use spatial allocation in Taixing City of the 'Yangtze River Delta' regions in China,and obtained the following results:(i) The three optimization types would improve carbon emissions by 3. 21%,1. 80% and 0. 36% respectively in 2020,compared with 2010;(ii) The actual planning for 2020 was close to the 'low-carbon-economic type';(iii) The optimization method and regulation policy,combining local optimization and global control,could meet the sustainable multi-objective requirements for low-carbon constraints of land use spatial allocation. The result of this research could also serve as a reference for exploration into patterns of regional low-carbon land use and measures for energy saving and emission reduction.

The Latest Status and Progress of Domestic and Foreign Regulations on Cosmetic Efficacy Claims

The supervision and administration of cosmetics and its two supporting documents related to efficacy,cosmetics classification rules and classification catalogue and evaluation standard of cosmetic efficacy claims,have been successively introduced and implemented,making China’s cosmetics industry officially enter the era of efficacy evaluation.In the time window when the new era is coming,the definitions of cosmetics in China and other countries are compared.The latest status and progress of regulations on cosmetic efficacy claims in China and other countries are summarized,and the standard methods or guidance of cosmetic efficacy evaluation at home and abroad are introduced.The enlightenment from the supervision systems of cosmetic efficacy in other cosmetic consumer markets around the world are discussed.In addition,the opportunities and challenges for cosmetic enterprises under the background of cosmetic law reform in China are also prospected.

Trends and Prospects of Stem Cell Research in China

Great progresses have been made in fundamental and clinical stem cell research in China in recent years. The official policy on stem cells, which was announced in 2015, seems as the spring of stem cell therapy in China. However, the regulation, governance, and management of clinical expectations are still challenging. This review summarized the current stem cell research and development in the field, as well as its rapidly evolving commercial, regulatory and ethical environment in China. As expected, the prospects of stem cells in China look prospective.

Overview on China's Rare Earth Industry Restructuring and Regulation Reforms

Rare earth elements （REEs） that are key to new technologies and green innovations are critical to life in modern societies. China continues to dominate the global REEs market despite several international trade disputes and market fluctuations. Pressured by an increasingly difficult situation, the Chinese government has been carrying out industry restructuring and has introduced regulatory reforms in recent years to promote the healthy develop- ment of the rare earth industry. This paper reviews the literature on the development of the rare earth industry and analyzes the reform policies, combining this with an analysis of relevant macroeconomic data. It discusses the current status of China＇s rare earth industry, the progress of industrial restructuring and the main problems the rare earth industry faces. The paper discusses the evolution of rare earth policies from that of ＂open production and open supply＂ to that of ＂limiting low quality development but encouraging export of high quality rare earths＂ and then to ＂integrating rare earth resources trade＂. Six key policies, including those for export quotas, export duties, environmental laws, resource utilization technology, industry consolidation and stockpiling, are discussed in detail. Policy suggestions based on this discussion are put forward concerning the treatment of small rare earth mines in China： firstly, robust efforts to prevent illegal mining must always be maintained; secondly, it is certain that the formation of large-scale conglomerates should be accelerated in the near future; thirdly, the management of key sections should be reinforced; fourthly, support for technological innovation and the development of the applications industry should continue; fifthly, specific rare earths laws and regulations should be greatly improved. The paper also puts forward some suggestions on revisions to improve mineral resources law： firstly, China must increase the market access threshold and suppress low-end excess production capacity; secondly, the new environmental protection verification must be developed for all rare earth enterprises; thirdly, minimum required indicators for the development and utilization of rare earths resources must be implemented in China. These recommendations can serve as a reference for efforts to promote the sustainable development of China＇s rare earth industry.

中美欧药品监管机构去中心化临床试验指导原则比较研究

近年来,去中心化临床试验(DCT)受到了医药领域业内人士的广泛关注,并得到越来越多的应用。为了规范DCT的应用,中美欧药品监管机构均出台了相应的指导原则和建议文件。本文对比研究了相关指导原则和建议文件,总结了中美欧药品监管机构对DCT各元素的关注重点,分析了中美欧监管规定的异同,以期为我国开展高质量DCT提供借鉴。

China’s policies and practice on combatting IUU in distant water fisheries

China’s distant water fisheries(DWF)have made considerable progress since its entering into this industry in the 1980s.Though great efforts have been made to combat illegal,unregulated and unreported(IUU)fishing activities,there are still repeated IUU cases reported or documented by regional fisheries bodies and coastal countries.This article starts with an introduction to the latest development in China’s policies and practices in the past three decades,followed by an attempt to explore the reasons behind this haunting IUU problem.It is found that lack of concrete regulatory measures,ineffective policy implementation,and insufficient supervision and control are the main impediments to eliminate the on-going IUU problem.Therefore,the authors suggest fishery authorities in China have stronger willingness and determination to impose stricter supervision and control on DWF industry,but at the same time,gives more concern to fishermen by offering training courses to raise their awareness of law compliance and mitigate motivations to commit infraction.Only in such way would China promote healthy and sustainable development of DWF,and become a responsible major fishing nation as it aims to be.

China’s Fiscal Policy in the Past Seven Decades:Characteristics,Experience and Prospects

The paper reviews the fi scal policies adopted by China in the past 70 years,summarizes their characteristics at different stages and looks into the future fiscal policy options for China.The fiscal policy history since the founding of the People’s Republic of China can be divided into four stages.Stage 1:1949-1952,the market-oriented fi scal policy aiming to restore the national economy;Stage 2:1953-1978,the planned fi scal policy;Stage 3:1978-2012,the fi scal policy accommodating the needs of economic transformation;and Stage 4:2012-present,the fiscal policy accommodating the needs of the new era.A look at the above fiscal policy history draws the following conclusions.(1)The goal of the fiscal policy should be set based on a correct understanding of the role of the state;(2).For the fi scal policy to work,it must respect the fi scal law;(3)The fi scal policy must aim higher than the goal of macroeconomic stability and provide guarantees for industrialization and modernization;(4)The government should understand fi scal defi cits while proactively guarding against fi scal risks;(5)The implementation of the fi scal policy must go hand in hand with the fi scal reform;(6)The funding for the fi scal policy must come from diverse sources;(7)The choice of the fi scal policy should fully consider external impacts.The future fi scal policy should revolve around serving the modernization of china’s governance system and capacity,and serving China’s contribution to the building of a community with a shared future for humanity.We should update our knowledge on the fi scal policy to support the decision-making for the choice of fi scal policy.The goal of fi scal policy should be set in coordination with that of other policies.Moreover,from the perspective of the government’s disposable revenue and cash fl ow,the paper probes into the space and challenges for future fi scal policy and sorts the problems of the transmission mechanism that might prevent the fi scal policy from working.

中欧双边贸易与欧洲中文人才需求关系研究

在百年未有之大变局的时代背景下,稳定的中欧经贸关系对于维护中国乃至全球供应链稳定具有重要意义,国际中文教育应为中欧双边贸易发展提供人才支持。文章从语言经济学的角度出发,研究12个欧洲国家对华贸易结构与其中文人才需求的关系。研究发现:欧洲国家在对华出口贸易领域的中文人才需求大于其在对华进口贸易领域的中文人才需求;在对华出口贸易领域,欧洲国家的中文人才需求主要与其对华输出高端工业制成品有关;在对华进口贸易领域,欧洲国家的中文人才需求主要与对华工业制成品进口有关,与低端工业制成品进口有关的中文人才需求不稳定,但与高端工业制成品进口有关的中文人才需求较为稳定。根据上述发现,文章提出如下建议:(1)立足区域国别,推动经贸领域中文教育产品的差异化供给;(2)推进欧洲经贸领域中文教育与欧洲本土中文教学标准的融合;(3)重视欧洲华文教育的经济价值;(4)关注中文在跨国企业语言管理中的作用。

欧盟对华科技与经贸政策的特点分析与应对建议

中国崛起、中美博弈、新冠疫情和乌克兰危机等重大事件加速了欧盟对中国的防范进程,欧盟对华政策的保护主义正逐渐抬头。近年来,欧盟密集出台《芯片法案》《关键原材料法案》《外国补贴法案》等多个政策,不断强调对华“去风险”。欧盟对华政策已经成为影响世界新格局的重要因素。通过全面梳理欧盟对华科技与经贸政策取向,分析其战略布局和政策工具的特点,得出结论,对华科技与经贸政策具有“三分定位、三角网络、三重壁垒”等特征,从而限制中国企业活动,影响中国技术发展。对此,中国应深化中欧科技合作,优化投资环境,规范企业投资行为,并加快形成开放创新生态,以缓解压力并推动双方互利共赢。

风险偏好、资产专用性与中东欧小国对华政策选择——以立陶宛、塞尔维亚、匈牙利为例

国际关系史上,小国一般会选择追随某一强国或加入某一阵营,但在百年变局及大国关系深刻调整的今天,中东欧小国无法简单地在中美之间选边站,而是基于风险偏好和大国的资产专用性调整外交政策。当小国属于风险寻求且大国的资产专用性较弱时会选择制衡;当小国属于风险回避且大国的资产专用性较强时会选择追随;当小国属于风险寻求且大国的资产专用性较强时会选择对冲。本文以立陶宛、塞尔维亚、匈牙利三个中东欧国家对华政策的调整为案例进行检验,验证了研究假设。

中美欧生成式人工智能政策法规比较研究及启示

生成式人工智能是利用复杂的算法、模型和规则,从大规模数据集中学习,以创造新的原创内容的人工智能技术。该技术全面超越了传统软件的数据处理和分析能力。以Chat GPT为代表的生成式人工智能技术在各行业、各领域都具有广泛的应用前景。然而,在推动人工智能技术发展的同时,我们必须确保其应用符合法律法规和伦理原则,避免潜在的法律和伦理风险,包括数据使用风险、生成内容滥用风险、算法滥用风险以及其他风险。文章通过对中美欧生成式人工智能相关政策法规的发展历程进行比较分析,进而为相关企业防范生成式人工智能带来的法律和伦理风险、保障企业健康发展提供商业启示。

探索构建中国特色宏观经济调控政策的新体系与新方向

中国既有的传统宏观经济调控政策在所面临的各种内外环境变化的情形下,已经发生政策效果全面弱化甚至基本失效等一系列重大现象。中国的经济结构近似于“大破大立式”的调整过程及其蕴含的对各类微观经济主体行为逻辑造成的根本性变化,是导致当前中国传统宏观经济调控政策实施效果发生弱化甚至失效的决定性因素,而新冠疫情冲击只是诱发和加剧了中国传统宏观经济调控政策实施效果弱化甚至失效现象。在对当前中国传统宏观经济调控政策失灵失效的内在动因与障碍机制进行全面深入分析的基础上,着重阐述如何构建中国宏观经济调控政策新体系的基本架构及其可能建构的方向,这可描述为“产业政策+金融政策+财政政策+货币政策”的“四位一体式”的中国特色宏观经济调控政策体系及其新型组合。据此,我们提出以稳定和促进未来潜在经济水平增速为导向的新型组合政策体系,以促进国民收入结构优化升级和消费结构优化升级为导向的新型组合政策体系,以实现高水平科技自立自强和构建全球最为前沿创新型国家为导向的新型组合政策体系的三大建构方向。在此基础上,提出了构建中国特色宏观经济调控政策的重点改革领域与具体建议。

DIGITAL INCLUSION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN CHINA UNDER COVID-19:HOW FAR HAS CHINA COME?

This article reviews social regulatory and redistributive policies in China that aim at fostering digital inclusion of persons with disabilities.We examine the emerging Chinese policies and how China has responded to the impacts of the coronavirus disease(COVID-19)on digital inclusion in terms of redistribution,market regulation,involvement of persons with disabilities and disabled people’s organizations(DPOs),and awareness-raising campaigns.The policy review demonstrates that the Chinese policy framework contains a few redistributive initiatives,for example,cash transfer programs,and free distribution of information and communications technology(ICT).These have the potential to increase the uptake of ICT among persons with disabilities.The Chinese policy framework also includes provisions to ensure consultation with individual persons with disabilities and DPOs in the deliberation and implementation of ICT accessibility policies.While China has initiated awareness-raising campaigns among market actors about the importance of digital inclusion,so far,the Chinese government has adopted little legal regulation of the market to foster accessibility to ICT.The article thus argues that some of the limitations may be due to the way state–market relations have developed since the economy opened up in 1978.Apart from the growing benefits of several cash transfer programs,we have not seen major changes or adjustments to the current policy framework during the efforts to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on digital inclusion.

中欧海上风电对标分析及启示

中国海上风电发展虽已跃居装机全球第一,但是在相关机制、技术方面尚存在问题和短板。欧洲海上风电起步较早,积累了较为丰富的经验。为了给中国海上风电提供借鉴,从发展历程、发展现状、发展规划、激励政策、技术装备等方面,对中国和欧洲海上风电的发展情况进行逐项对标分析,并提出中国海上风电发展建议。结果表明,中国海上风电虽起步较晚,但发展潜力较大。为了实现海上风电在“十四五”期间的高质量跃升发展,需要进一步加强海上风电规划,注重消纳措施保障,提升海上风电电量在消费侧的占比,及时制定并优化产业激励政策,加强科技创新和产业链培育,带动海上风电进一步降本增效。

中日韩民众对核电安全认知的比较分析

为了在东亚地区建立一个有效的核安全合作体系,使区域内核风险信息交流制度化,以1 563名中日韩居民为研究对象,通过问卷调查的形式对受访者进行了有关核电基本原理及风险的认知程度、对本国核电政策的接受度、对国家核安全协作问题的了解程度等调查。研究结果显示,中国、日本和韩国的首都居民对核电相关的基础知识以及对本国核电安全相关政策了解不足,其中对政府和核电运营企业有关核电安全和信息披露的信赖度不高,并且大多数受访者表示不知道中日韩核安全监管高官会,或者即使知道,也认为此机构对核电安全没有起到很好的保障作用。本研究通过问卷调查的方式,收集到了中日韩三国的首都居民对核电的了解和接受度的真实全面的数据。通过比较分析民众对核电基础知识的了解程度,对核电相关风险的认知水平,以及对本国核电政策的接受度和对东亚地区国家间核安全协作问题的态度,最终提出有助于东亚地区向更加安全的核电事业发展迈步的建议,以期有助于今后东亚地区核电安全监管体制的设计与构建。

改革开放以来我国学校体育政策、法规演变脉络之研究

选取1979—2008年共30年间的学校体育政策、法规作为研究对象,对党的十一届三中全会以来由中央政府层面颁布的与学校体育有关的公共政策进行了整理研究。通过整体分析学校体育政策法规数量变化和政策法规内容变迁,对改革开放以来我国学校体育政策的连续性和非连续性进行了探索,提出我国学校体育政策发展"三阶段、三导向"的发展脉络和基本格局。"三阶段"为拨乱反正与调整发展期、平稳发展期和新世纪发展期;"三导向"为教育化导向、竞技化导向和军事化导向。

2001—2013年中国矿井水害事故相关性因素特征分析

为了进一步认清中国矿井水害事故现状及其相关因素特征,通过统计国家煤矿安全监察局煤矿事故查询系统公布的数据(资料日期:2001年1月1日—2013年12月31日),对2001—2013年我国发生的矿井水害事故的相关信息分层次、分类别统计,对以往公布的陈旧、错误数据进行了修正更新;总结了我国煤矿水害事故的类型;阐明了水害事故发生区域、发生时间、煤矿企业特征以及国家制定的法规政策等相关因素与煤矿水害事故之间的密切关系。根据不同类型水害事故的特点提出有效的技术防治路线,并对目前制约煤矿水害防治技术的关键问题进行了探讨。

20世纪90年代以来我国信息政策与法规研究论文的定量分析

In order to grasp the present situation of researches on information policies and regulations,this paper makes a statistical analysis of the articles relating to information policies and regulations and issued from 1999 to 2001 in China by using the method of bibliometrics,including time distribution,space distribution,content,author and