The energy efficiency and environmental protection campaign demands policy incentives

The hottest topic now among Europe's automotive industry is CO2. The European Union has set the goal. By 2012, all Europe-based car makers would have to reduce the per car CO2 level to as low as 120-130g/km from the current 160g/km.

The Impact of Generic Drug Consistency Evaluation Policy on Pharmaceutical Enterprises

Objective To study the impact of consistency evaluation policy on pharmaceutical enterprises from four aspects:reference preparations,evaluation methods,input costs,and market competitions,and government incentives for generic drug manufacturers,so as to put forward relevant suggestions.Methods Literature research method and statistical analysis method were used to provide data support for paper writing,making suggestions,and enhancing the predictability of policy.Results and Conclusion Some pharmaceutical enterprises faced difficulties in obtaining reference preparations,high input costs for exploring evaluation methods,and greater market competition.Consistency evaluation is a key measure to comprehensively improve the quality and efficacy of generic drugs.However,difficulties in obtaining reference preparations,high input costs and complex evaluation methods all affect the enthusiasm of companies.Therefore,national and local regulatory agencies have issued some supporting policies,which should be improved to assist enterprises in conducting consistency evaluations.

Research on Incentive Policies for Chinese Innovative Drug R&D - Taking Innovative Anti-tumor Drugs as an Example

Objective To provide reference for improving Chinese innovative drug research and development incentive policies.Methods Based on investigating the incentive policies for innovative drug research and development in clinical research,evaluation and approval in China,anti-tumor drugs were taken as the research object to discuss relevant policies from the perspective of clinical trials and registration approval based on data statistics and current situation analysis.Results and Conclusion Driven by a series of incentive policies for innovative drug R&D,great achievements have been made on anti-tumor drugs.However,there are problems such as concentration of drug targets,homogenization of clinical trials,and gaps in some drugs with large clinical needs.To improve incentive policies for innovative drug R&D,China should adhere to the orientation of clinical value,focusing on basic research and translational research,improving evaluation and approval capabilities,and establishing a sound ecosystem for innovative drugs.

Empirical Research on the Influence of Marine High-end Human Resources on Marine Knowledge Innovation——With Organizational Incentive and Technological Innovation as Mediating Variable

The main purpose of this paper is to explore the intermediary role of policy incentives and marine technological innovation in marine high-end human capital promoting marine knowledge innovation.Previous studies on the impact of marine high-end human capital on marine knowledge innovation mainly focused on the direct impact of marine high-end human capital on marine knowledge innovation,while ignoring the role of intermediary variables.Based on 512 sample survey data from 138 organizations in 16 coastal cities of China,this paper uses structural equation model to examine the relationship between high-end human capital and policy incentives,technological innovation and marine knowledge innovation.The research shows that marine high-end human capital has an impact on marine knowledge innovation through policy incentives and marine technology innovation.Policy incentives and marine technology innovation play a full intermediary role in the relationship between marine high-end human capital and marine knowledge innovation.

Studying of Government's Incentive Policies for Reducing the Enterprises' Emissions in the Perspective of Recycle Economy

Economic development brings the great matedal wealth in China, and lays great risks to our life at the same time. The number of people who died of respiratory diseases is also increasing year by year as the increased air pollution, especially the haze. Air pollution is mainly caused by enterprises. Though many incentive measures to reduce the emission has already been targeted to make by government, and there are some game spaces to achieve the goal of emission reduction between central and local governments, enterprises and governments, and among various local governments. Thus the result of policy implementation is greatly reduced. We think that the index of enterprise emission reduction will be fundamentally achieved to return the people a blue sky, only if the relevant rights with emission reduction between central and local governments can fully be taken into account to reasonably divide in the process of policy formulation and implementation; the local governments are guided from zero-sum game to non-zero-sum game in emission reduction; the collaborative model of the emission reduction is established between governments and enterprises.

Construction of building energy conservation incentive policies under government regulation: Based on the subjects' behavior analysis

Building energy efficiency is a long-term strategy to achieve sustainable development, but the inconsistencies of main interests during the implementation lead to the need for government regulation in building energy conservation. Implementation of building energy efficiency of government regulation covers three aspects of construction and involves relevant participators, so the paper analyzes interests and roles of the related subjects in building energy saving, explore the motivations and its conversion mechanism of each player, and dissect the game relationship of associated earnings of developers' and consumers' behaviors selection under government control. Finally, the paper proposes basic requirements of building incentive policies for related subjects under government control to regulate the main behaviors of subjects in building energy efficient buildings and achieve energy efficiency goals and balance of all parties' benefits.

A Study on Renewable Power Pricing Mechanism and Price Incentive Policies in China

The basic framework of price policies for promoting renewable power de- velopment in China is introduced. The background, concept and implementation of price policies, focused on wind power, biomass power and solar power, are summarized in the article. The experiences and lessons of implementation of these price policies are analyzed. It is concluded that reasonable price policy is quite effective for promoting re- newable power development. According to the requirement of China's renewable power development, the suggestions for improving renewable power pricing mechanism and price incentive policies are proposed.

Promotion of Wind Energy in Germany

This paper concentrates on the most important findings and the lessons learned from German experience in the field of wind energy integration. It reflects the work of the governmental experts who were auditing the 2008-revision of the Renewable Energy Sources Act （EEG 2008） in the EEG-Report 2011 and the actual political debate in Germany in 2013. The EEG report 2011 makes it clear that a feed-in-tariff-mechanism lowers entry barriers and open the market for new competitors but, also, that incentives without a favorable legal framework fail to fulfill the purpose.

Policy-Driven Development and the Strategic Initiative of One-Million Enrollment Expansion in China’s Higher Vocational Education

Purpose:This article explores the relationship between governmental policy and the development of higher vocational education in China.Design/Approach/Methods:The article begins with a textual analysis of dozens of policy documents on higher vocational education issued by the Chinese government since 1999.Findings:The article argues that the development of higher vocational education in China has been largely policy-driven.This development can be divided into four stages:scale development,quality improvement,capacity building,and systemwide enhancement.The transition between each of these developmental stages was marked by new policy initiatives undertaken by the Chinese government.Originality/Value:The government’s recent efforts to expand higher vocational education enrollment by one million students have significant implications for China’s higher vocational education.Additionally,the proposed“1 + X”model—which attaches equal importance to academic education and skill training—may represent the beginning of a new stage in the development of higher vocational education in China.

Will the perceptions to incentive policies have any effect on users' willingness to participate in Mobility-as-a-Service?

With the increasing severity of urban traffic congestion and environmental pollution issues,Mobility-as-a-Service(MaaS)has garnered increasing attention as an emerging mode of transportation.Thus,how to motivate users to participate in MaaS has become an important research issue.This study first classified the incentive policies into four aspects:financial incentive policy,non-financial incentive policy,information policy,and convenience policy.Then,through online questionnaires and field interviews,456 sets of data were collected in Beijing,and the data were analyzed by the structural equation model and latent class model.The results show that the four incentive policies are positively correlated with users'participation in MaaS,among which financial incentive policy and information policy have the greatest impact,that is,they can better encourage users by increasing direct financial subsidies and broadening the information about MaaS.In addition,Latent Class Analysis was performed to class different users and it was found that the personal characteristics of users had some influence on willingness to participate in MaaS.Therefore,incentive policies should be designed to consider the needs and characteristics of different user groups to improve their willingness to participate in MaaS.The results can provide theoretical suggestions for the government to promote the widespread application of MaaS in urban transportation.

Design and Selection of Pharmaceutical Innovation Incentive Policies:Subsidy or Inclusion in Health Insurance Plan

A critical problem plaguing regulators in promoting pharmaceutical innovation is to design and select efficient incentive policies. In this study, we develop a stylized model comprising a regulator and two representative drug producers to evaluate the effects of three incentive policies: Innovation subsides, inclusion new drugs in the health insurance plan, and the combination of the above two policies(also called hybrid policy). Our analysis shows that innovation subsidies and inclusion of new drugs in the health insurance plan can both promote pharmaceutical innovation, but their incentive effects vary in different policy objectives. Specifically, if the regulator aims to improve patient welfare, he should incorporate new drugs into the health insurance plan to expand the accessibility of new drug when the copayment level is low. However, if the regulator aims to improve social welfare, he should choose innovation subsidies when the copayment level is high, and the hybrid policy when the copayment level is low. In particular, with a sufficiently low copayment level, the hybrid policy allows the new drug producer, patients and the regulator to achieve Pareto improvement due to a lower regulator’s innovation subsidy expenditure, higher profits of the new drug producer and consumer surplus.

Current Status of PV in China and Its Future Forecast

Current status and the progress of PV in China are introduced with detailed data,covering PV manufacturing,market development,cost reduction and technology innovation.Fast growing of PV industry in China is due to series of incentive policies provided by the Chinese government,which are provided in this paper as well.To slow down the speed of PV development,the 5.31 new policy is issued on May 31,2018 by the Chinese government as a milestone.The affections of the new policy and future PV market are analyzed.The target of energy transition of China and the role of PV are provided.PV will have more broad space in development when it comes to grid parity in the future.