Development of International Chinese Language Education in Iran:An Analysis in the Context of Iran’s Foreign Language Policy Characteristics

This paper focuses on examining the relevant policies concerning Chinese language education within Iran’s foreign language education policy framework from the perspective of its historical context.By analyzing the characteristics of Iran’s foreign language policy and the current situation of Chinese language teaching in Iran,this paper studies the future development of international Chinese language education in Iran.

Reflections on Foreign Language Education Policy Reform in China Under the Background of“One Belt and One Road”Initiative

The initiative of“One Belt and One Road”is an important development strategy under the new normal economic background of China,and foreign economic development relies heavily on foreign language talents of the nation.However,the current foreign language education in China has faced problems from a shortage of compound foreign language talents,inadequacy of foreign languages offered,and imbalanced regional development.Given that the initiative has higher requirements for cultivating foreign language talents,we hold that China’s current foreign language education policy may reform from conducting theoretical studies of foreign language teaching,offering more foreign languages and enhancing professional development of teachers.Conversely,China’s foreign language talents can contribute more to the effective and smooth implementation of the“One Belt and One Road”initiative.

Native-speakerism in China:An Investigation of Foreign Language Education Policy and Learners’Attitudes

With the development of globalization,the use of English is no longer restricted to native speaker(NS)but also widely spread to non-native speaker(NNS).The importance of English learning is also acknowledged by Expanding and Outer Circle,and English as a foreign language(EFL)education plays a significant role in China’s education.Admitting the fact that non-native English teachers(NNESTs)take up a large proportion of English teachers,English language teaching(ELT)is still greatly influenced by native-speakerism.This research aims to investigate language ideologies reflected in Chinese foreign language education policy(FLEP)at higher education level,and Chinese English learners’attitudes towards native-speakerism and English teachers.A mixed method of policy analysis and survey is adopted in this research.After conducting analysing two FLEPs in higher education level,it is found that linguistic instrumentalism is the prominent language ideology,although native-speakerism and standard English ideology is implicitly demonstrated.Questionnaire is used to investigate 58 Chinese English learners’attitudes,revealing that most participants do not demonstrate bias towards either NESTs or NNESTs.Instead,the strengths and weaknesses of both NEST and NNEST are identified,though participants adhere to native-speakerism in terms of English variety.Overall,English learner’s attitudes are consistent with language ideologies in FLEPs.This research may provide implications for future studies on addressing native-speakerism in Chinese FLEPs,as well as relationship of students’attitudes and language policies.

A Comparison of Australian and Canadian Language Policy from the Perspective of Language Rights

This study contrasts the language policy of Canada and Australia from the angle of language right.The similarity resides in that both attaches much importance to language education right in language policies.The difference lies in that Canadian language policy is partly aimed to guarantee territory integrity while Australia has little such concern.

A Brief Introduction of EU Language Policy——Multilingualism and its Negative Implications

Recently, a rise in attention of Brexit has come to the public. The UK and European Union would both have an enormouamount of influence mutually. One of the important issues raised by the European Union(EU) is also deserved to cope with, namely language policy. In this paper, I develop an analysis aimed at presenting the basis introduction of multilingualism and its negative effectduring the implementary process. The paper focuses on the current language policy—how does the multilingualism work and some challenges confronted by EU language official institution, whether maintaining or abandoning the present form of institutional multilingualism or not to keep balance between promoting diversity and achieving efficiency.

Higher Education in Taiwan:An Observation Through the Perspective of English Language Teaching

Globalization has developed into an ideological discourse that drives change,because of the perceived immediacy and need to adapt to a new world order.It has a significant impact on the political,social,economic,cultural,and educational aspects.A visible transition has also been occurring in higher education.The world has grown extremely competitive because of the expending of globalization.Universities all over the world have to enhance their competitiveness through Englishization in higher education.Taiwan is experiencing educational reforms in higher education,in a way in which it is similar to other Asian nations,in order to maintain its competitiveness in the world.This article focuses on how globalization exacerbates competitiveness around the world,particularly in the educational sectors.The aim of this study is to review and to define how globalization is affecting higher education and in what way it has an impact on education policy in the context of Taiwan’s higher education.The effects of globalization on global citizenship will also be examined,in order to give a full reflection.

The Situation, Policies, and Development of Foreign Language Education in Contemporary China

Foreign language education is an important part of Chinese education,but the overall foreign language education in China is still relatively underdeveloped.Foreign language education and policies in contemporary China are closely related to China’s political,economic,and social development.The contemporary Chinese foreign language education and policies,since the establishment of New China in 1949,can be divided into four periods.The first period is a period of domination by the Russian language(1949–1956),the second period is a period of exploration and transformation(1956–1966),the third period is a period of interruption(1966–1978),and the fourth period is a period of development and improvement(1978 to present).Understanding foreign language education and policies in contemporary Chinese universities can contribute to the future development of foreign language education and policies in China.

A Comparative Study of the Value Orientations of Foreign Language Education Policies in China and the United States in the 21st Century

Since the 21 st century, both Chinese Mainland and the United States have formulated foreign language education policiesbased on their national needs. This paper makes a comparative study of the value orientations of foreign language education poli-cies in Chinese Mainland and the United States in the 21 st century and finds that both China and the United States have regardedtheir national interests as the essential value orientation of their foreign language education policies. To be specific,the core valueorientation of foreign language education policies in China is to enhance its cultural soft power.In contrast,the core value orienta-tion of foreign language education policies in the United States is to safeguard its national security. Through the comparison of thedifferent value orientations of foreign language education policies of the two countries, the paper provides some reference for the for-eign language education policy-making in Chinese Mainland.

CLIL in China——Drawbacks and Development Approaches

According to the research among the representative universities in China,it can be found that although China doesn’t form a thorough research system on CLIL(Content and Language Integrated Learning),a few university professors have achieved efficient CLIL teaching pedagogy.However,shortcomings such as the not-early-enough implementation age,lack of qualified CLIL teachers and CLIL research with Chinese characteristics and the limitation of the variety of languages should be taken into consideration for the development of Chinese CLIL and the current reformation of English learning in China.According to the comparison with other countries,Chinese language and culture are different from western ones so it is neither appropriate nor possible to directly learn from and bring all the western CLIL researches to China,so we have to build a CLIL system with Chinese characteristic which is feasible in Chinese context.Key words:CLIL teaching;CLIL Agencies;FL learning;language teaching

Automated extraction of attributes from natural language attribute-based access control(ABAC)Policies

The National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)has identified natural language policies as the preferred expression of policy and implicitly called for an automated translation of ABAC natural language access control policy(NLACP)to a machine-readable form.To study the automation process,we consider the hierarchical ABAC model as our reference model since it better reflects the requirements of real-world organizations.Therefore,this paper focuses on the questions of:how can we automatically infer the hierarchical structure of an ABAC model given NLACPs;and,how can we extract and define the set of authorization attributes based on the resulting structure.To address these questions,we propose an approach built upon recent advancements in natural language processing and machine learning techniques.For such a solution,the lack of appropriate data often poses a bottleneck.Therefore,we decouple the primary contributions of this work into:(1)developing a practical framework to extract authorization attributes of hierarchical ABAC system from natural language artifacts,and(2)generating a set of realistic synthetic natural language access control policies(NLACPs)to evaluate the proposed framework.Our experimental results are promising as we achieved-in average-an F1-score of 0.96 when extracting attributes values of subjects,and 0.91 when extracting the values of objects’attributes from natural language access control policies.

Automated extraction of attributes from natural language attribute-based access control(ABAC)Policies

The National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)has identified natural language policies as the preferred expression of policy and implicitly called for an automated translation of ABAC natural language access control policy(NLACP)to a machine-readable form.To study the automation process,we consider the hierarchical ABAC model as our reference model since it better reflects the requirements of real-world organizations.Therefore,this paper focuses on the questions of:how can we automatically infer the hierarchical structure of an ABAC model given NLACPs;and,how can we extract and define the set of authorization attributes based on the resulting structure.To address these questions,we propose an approach built upon recent advancements in natural language processing and machine learning techniques.For such a solution,the lack of appropriate data often poses a bottleneck.Therefore,we decouple the primary contributions of this work into:(1)developing a practical framework to extract authorization attributes of hierarchical ABAC system from natural language artifacts,and(2)generating a set of realistic synthetic natural language access control policies(NLACPs)to evaluate the proposed framework.Our experimental results are promising as we achieved-in average-an F1-score of 0.96 when extracting attributes values of subjects,and 0.91 when extracting the values of objects’attributes from natural language access control policies.

Resolving conflicts between negotiation success and sensitive information protection in automated trust negotiation

Automated trust negotiation （ATN） is an approach to establishing mutual trust between strangers wishing to share resources or conduct business by gradually requesting and disclosing digitally signed credentials. In ATN, there are conflicts between negotiation success and sensitive information protection, that is, these two needs cannot be given priority at the same time, which is a challenging problem to resolve. In this paper, a language independent ATN framework, which is dynamic, flexible and adaptive, is presented to address this problem, ensuring negotiation success without sensitive information leakage. This framework is independent of the policy language which is used. However, the language used should have the capability to specify all kinds of sensitive information appearing in credentials and policies, and support the separation of attribute disclosure from credential disclosure. Thus definitions of new language features, which can be incorporated into existing policy languages, are given, enabling the used language to support the capabilities mentioned above.