Cultural heritage does not have direct economic benefits. However, if properly managed it can stimulate social cohesions, improving the environment and have beneficial economic spin offs for the local communities. Thi...Cultural heritage does not have direct economic benefits. However, if properly managed it can stimulate social cohesions, improving the environment and have beneficial economic spin offs for the local communities. This paper discusses the role of communities in the formulation of the policies concerning their local environment. It argues that community engagement by policy makers is important in giving legitimacy and ownership of the policies. Furthermore, this paper discusses the potential of cultural heritage in diversifying the economy in Botswana. This paper recommends for the re-assessment of the relationship between the state and local communities which is critical in resuscitating the seemingly ailing community business organizations. In conclusion, it argues for the sustainable management of cultural heritage as a social and economic resource in the next 50 years of Botswana's independence.展开更多
A review of 115 studies on Australian local area traffic management(LATM)schemes covers network planning,computer modelling,overall design considerations,the deployment of various traffic control devices,project evalu...A review of 115 studies on Australian local area traffic management(LATM)schemes covers network planning,computer modelling,overall design considerations,the deployment of various traffic control devices,project evaluation and numerous before and after case studies.However,no research has been published about the formulation of LATM policies and the processes involved that were formulated during the 1970s and 1980s and aimed at discouraging non-local through traffic in residential areas,improving road safety,and improving environmental amenity through physical devices.This paper develops a conceptual model of the interactions amongst institutions of government(state and local),organisations(national research institutes and universities),and civil society(the consulting industry,lobby groups and community action groups).The model is implemented through a series of unstructured interviews with key players involved with research and advocacy,capacity building,and state government policy makers that determined:who was responsible for the governance of LATM schemes?What were the respective roles of institutions and organisations in relation to the early formulation of policies and plans,especially issues of authority?Who were the key players in these institutions and organisations?To what extent did external influences of ideas by overseas agents(policy transfer)occur in decision making?A recently implemented LATM scheme(Seven Ways)by Waverley Council describes the latest approaches,including community participation.The conclusions note the importance of a society investing in road research,having universities capable of delivering high-quality professional development programs,and having a consulting industry that is willing to deliver innovative,practical advice to local governments.Suggestions are made about areas for further research.展开更多
Hangzhou is a typical city on the establishment of urban forest in China, so it was identified as a case study site in Urban Forestry Policy Project Co-funded by EC. The name of the project is "Developing Policy ...Hangzhou is a typical city on the establishment of urban forest in China, so it was identified as a case study site in Urban Forestry Policy Project Co-funded by EC. The name of the project is "Developing Policy Formulation and Implementation Tools for Providing Support for Ecological Forest Management in China’s Urban and Peri-Urban Areas". Experts from the project team have conducted a field survey on urban forestry policy in Hangzhou for one week. Through the field survey and the workshop, the experts understand the current development of urban forestry, the management institutions, the policy framework, the policy- making and the implementation procedure in Hangzhou. The impacts of urban policy and experiences of urban forest planning and management were analyzed. Finally, the main existing problems of urban forestry development were concluded and related policy recommendations in Hangzhou were provided.展开更多
Disaster science and scholarship are forever expanding and there are increasing calls to base disaster risk reduction policies on the evidence produced by such work.Using examples and argument,this opinion piece exami...Disaster science and scholarship are forever expanding and there are increasing calls to base disaster risk reduction policies on the evidence produced by such work.Using examples and argument,this opinion piece examines the nature of evidence.It defines evidence-based practice and considers how it has developed and become important to disaster risk reduction.A definition of what constitutes evidence is difficult to achieve but it must be made in relation to whether the data and information collected can usefully be interpreted and employed to change things for the better.Case histories from past and present centuries show that evidence can sometimes be argued over endlessly.In other cases it is roundly ignored.In yet other instances,false conclusions derived from evidence can become evidence in their own right.Nevertheless,there are situations in disaster risk reduction in which evidence is sorely needed but is clearly lacking.The effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures is one such area.In conclusion,evidence is valuable,above all if there is willingness to use it to support policy formulation,especially in a simple,transparent manner.Subjective interpretation can never be entirely removed from the use of evidence,and evidence alone will not stimulate the policy formulators to improve their decision making.展开更多
文摘Cultural heritage does not have direct economic benefits. However, if properly managed it can stimulate social cohesions, improving the environment and have beneficial economic spin offs for the local communities. This paper discusses the role of communities in the formulation of the policies concerning their local environment. It argues that community engagement by policy makers is important in giving legitimacy and ownership of the policies. Furthermore, this paper discusses the potential of cultural heritage in diversifying the economy in Botswana. This paper recommends for the re-assessment of the relationship between the state and local communities which is critical in resuscitating the seemingly ailing community business organizations. In conclusion, it argues for the sustainable management of cultural heritage as a social and economic resource in the next 50 years of Botswana's independence.
文摘A review of 115 studies on Australian local area traffic management(LATM)schemes covers network planning,computer modelling,overall design considerations,the deployment of various traffic control devices,project evaluation and numerous before and after case studies.However,no research has been published about the formulation of LATM policies and the processes involved that were formulated during the 1970s and 1980s and aimed at discouraging non-local through traffic in residential areas,improving road safety,and improving environmental amenity through physical devices.This paper develops a conceptual model of the interactions amongst institutions of government(state and local),organisations(national research institutes and universities),and civil society(the consulting industry,lobby groups and community action groups).The model is implemented through a series of unstructured interviews with key players involved with research and advocacy,capacity building,and state government policy makers that determined:who was responsible for the governance of LATM schemes?What were the respective roles of institutions and organisations in relation to the early formulation of policies and plans,especially issues of authority?Who were the key players in these institutions and organisations?To what extent did external influences of ideas by overseas agents(policy transfer)occur in decision making?A recently implemented LATM scheme(Seven Ways)by Waverley Council describes the latest approaches,including community participation.The conclusions note the importance of a society investing in road research,having universities capable of delivering high-quality professional development programs,and having a consulting industry that is willing to deliver innovative,practical advice to local governments.Suggestions are made about areas for further research.
文摘Hangzhou is a typical city on the establishment of urban forest in China, so it was identified as a case study site in Urban Forestry Policy Project Co-funded by EC. The name of the project is "Developing Policy Formulation and Implementation Tools for Providing Support for Ecological Forest Management in China’s Urban and Peri-Urban Areas". Experts from the project team have conducted a field survey on urban forestry policy in Hangzhou for one week. Through the field survey and the workshop, the experts understand the current development of urban forestry, the management institutions, the policy framework, the policy- making and the implementation procedure in Hangzhou. The impacts of urban policy and experiences of urban forest planning and management were analyzed. Finally, the main existing problems of urban forestry development were concluded and related policy recommendations in Hangzhou were provided.
基金A shorter,preliminary version of this article appeared in http://www.emergency-planning.blogspot.co.uk/2014/07/on-evidence-based-practice.html.The work was stimulated by an Understanding Risk conference sponsored by the World Bank.
文摘Disaster science and scholarship are forever expanding and there are increasing calls to base disaster risk reduction policies on the evidence produced by such work.Using examples and argument,this opinion piece examines the nature of evidence.It defines evidence-based practice and considers how it has developed and become important to disaster risk reduction.A definition of what constitutes evidence is difficult to achieve but it must be made in relation to whether the data and information collected can usefully be interpreted and employed to change things for the better.Case histories from past and present centuries show that evidence can sometimes be argued over endlessly.In other cases it is roundly ignored.In yet other instances,false conclusions derived from evidence can become evidence in their own right.Nevertheless,there are situations in disaster risk reduction in which evidence is sorely needed but is clearly lacking.The effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures is one such area.In conclusion,evidence is valuable,above all if there is willingness to use it to support policy formulation,especially in a simple,transparent manner.Subjective interpretation can never be entirely removed from the use of evidence,and evidence alone will not stimulate the policy formulators to improve their decision making.
