Political Reform in Brazil and Contradictions in the Legal Understanding of Party Loyalty

The Superior Electoral Court anticipated the political reform with the creation of party loyalty, reproduced in infra constitutional legislation by Law n°. 13.165/2015. The change in the electoral system allows imagine the foundation of a State Parties in Brazilian democracy. Although most constitutions incorporate the virtual mandate idea, or representative, according thought of Burke and Sieyes, the democratic legitimacy requires control mechanisms and accountability of representatives to the population, including legal. It takes up to the imperative mandate, not in Rousseauian molds, but tied to party guidelines, founding party mandates. The ownership of the mandate by the political party moves towards the strengthening of key players who are partisan associations in the electoral process. On the other hand, it is not obvious that political parties meet the necessary conditions for the establishment of an imperative mandate tied to party deliberations, since patent oligarchic and bureaucratic character of much of them, whose process of deliberation and choice of leaders and political positions do not require internal democracy. This reflection induces the political and party system to wonder if the role they playing in democracy helps to combat political inequality or strength it, by analyzing the dynamics of party migration in Brazil.

Economic reform as a precursor to political reform for development–does China have a model for resource-rich African Muslim countries?

Having gone through colonial exploitation for centuries,most of the colonies after independence from the West were confronted with two models.Contrary to the free market capitalist system based on power-sharing,some of the newly independent countries opted for an authoritarian model and ended up with unjust/distorted development based on exclusivist institutions.Despite having rich-resource endowments with less pressure of population,these countries essentially failed to promote inclusive economic institutions to ensure private property and an unbiased system of law which,in turn,would unleash the immense potentials based on incentives,talent and skills highly required for enhancing productivity and prosperity.The authoritarian but good governance(GG)under state-led development of East Asian miracle economies,in general,and China,in particular,pursuing the goal of economic modernisation before political reform made spectacular achievements in less than quarter of a century.But some of the resource-rich African countries,being unable to remain immune from the vested interest/political lobby groups,failed to make economic reform being promoted by agricultureled development to facilitate political reform subsequently.Based on the main research question of this paper,it will be argued that the massive economic reform as that of China in terms of agriculture-led development can gradually set the stage for subsequent political reform.Based on the historical evidence of successful authoritarian development model,this paper argues in favour of Chinese style of gradualist development using incentives through empowering the households as well as individuals in materialising their potentials.However,only the effective inclusive institutions as experienced by way of ensuring all sorts of public and private goods can help the resource-rich African Muslim countries to pursue economic prosperity with fair distribution of economic,political and socio-cultural power resources.This,in turn,can help restore a‘feeling of togetherness’or what one of the greatest scholars of Islam-Ibn Khaldun-terms as‘Asabiya’for achieving a comprehensive,inclusive and sustainable development made possible by GG as opposed to liberal democracy.

Political Reform and Sustainable Development in China

Because China has been uniquely successful in pursuing maximum growth and political stability, it now faces new challenges of sustainability. The essence of sustainable development in an increasingly prosperous and complex China is to avoid crises. Avoiding crises requires both strategic political guidance of the market in order to avoid economic crises, and modernization of politics in order to avoid societal crises. Government must ensure that the economic base is broadened, that citizens are not exposed to excessive risk by market forces, and that inputs and outputs of production do not degrade or exhaust the environment. Meanwhile, the diversification of Chinese society requires political modernization, including comprehensive expansion of the rule of law, transparency, active citizen participation, and democratization within the Party. While these two directions of reform are different, they depend on one another for their success in the long term.

Stepping Forward In Political Reform

It seems that the bulk of foreign media reports about China’s reforms have limited their focus to changes in China’s economic setup with little mention paid to its political reform.Actually,since China carried out the reform and opening-up policy in 1978,it has not only made fundamental changes to its economic system but also implemented a series of important reforms to its political

Thoughts on the Reform of Ideological and Political Teaching of “Tuina Manipulation”

Based on the current problems in the teaching of“Tuina Manipulation”course in our school,and the requirements of ideological and political teaching reform in the background of the new era,on the basis of consulting related literature and experience of actual teaching conditions,exploring the integration of ideological and political education elements into massage An effective way of teaching courses,put forward the ideas of Tuina ideological and political teaching reform.Ultimately,it will achieve the goal of“integrated”teaching of basic tuina courses,professional skills practice,moral quality improvement,comprehensive quality training,and training a group of high-quality and high-level Chinese medicine talents that meet the needs of social development.

The Return of Confucianism in China： Legitimacy and the Rule of the Communist Party of China

In countries with long histories, traditional culture plays an essential role in shaping social norms and influencing contemporary development. Confucianism, one of the world＇s oldest philosophies, justified the legitimacy of imperial China for about two thousand years but was attacked from the late Qing to the end of the Cultural Revolution. Ever since Deng Xiao-ping＇s economic reform, the Communist Party of China＇s legitimacy has been undermined, so the CPC has been facing a legitimacy crisis. The New Confucianism Movement has encouraged many scholars and officials to integrate a Sinolized Marxism and Confucianism dynamic for the CPC to employ as a legitimacy tool. This paper argues that Confucianism can help the CPC relegitimize its rule in China by using nationalism to strengthen traditional legitimacy and political, economic, and diplomatic development to increase its performance legitimacy.