Xi Jinping,Han ethnicity,was born in June1953 and is from Fuping,Shaanxi Province.He began his first job in January 1969 and joined the Communist Party of China（CPC）in January 1974.Xi graduated from School of Humani...Xi Jinping,Han ethnicity,was born in June1953 and is from Fuping,Shaanxi Province.He began his first job in January 1969 and joined the Communist Party of China（CPC）in January 1974.Xi graduated from School of Humanities and Social Sciences,Tsinghua University where he completed an inservice graduate program in Marxist theory and ideological and political education.He holds a Doctor of Law degree.展开更多
The use of an intemational currency is not just a natural market phenomenon; it relies heavily on international political foundations. The historical lessons of the four major international currencies--the pound, doll...The use of an intemational currency is not just a natural market phenomenon; it relies heavily on international political foundations. The historical lessons of the four major international currencies--the pound, dollar, euro and yen--show that a strong partner network and a favorable international institutional environment are the two major political foundations for the formation of a stable international currency. The rise of the renminbi, as a late starter looking to become a major international currency, depends not only on the requisite economic conditions but on governmental diplomacy aimed at attracting more monetary cooperation partners and creating international institutions that support its worldwide use. This strategy reinforces the political foundations for the rise of the renminbi. Building a network of partners supporting the renminbi as an international currency and creating a system of international monetary institutions are the real tests of the issuing country＇s political leadership. This political leadership capacity has three dimensions： public trust founded on reputation building; a centripetal force driven by provision of benefits; and coercive force applied through sanctions. Comparatively speaking, the renminbi is still in the early stage of its ascent, so the development of its political infrastructure should concentrate mainly on gaining public trust through reputation-building and employing centripetal force involving provision of benefits.展开更多
There is a growing concern among central bankers that climate change poses not only serious environmental problems but also a potentialeconomic and financial crisis.This study first confirms a hypothesized theoretical...There is a growing concern among central bankers that climate change poses not only serious environmental problems but also a potentialeconomic and financial crisis.This study first confirms a hypothesized theoretical framework with different dimensions of the overall pre-paredness for climate related financial risk in the Fijian context,and then utilizes this framework to assess the present risk preparedness in Fiji.We tested two Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA)models in Structural Equation Modeling(SEM)Framework to analyse the survey data.Weevaluated these models using several fit indices.The first CFA model included four correlated latent factors defined by multiple indicators(items)reflecting four hypothesized dimensions.The four latent factors were correlated significantly.The second CFA model included a second-order multi-level constructs reflecting overall preparedness along with four constituent dimensions.The four dimensional factors showed sig-nificant and substantial loadings towards overall risk preparedness suggesting that there also exists an overall higher order construct.The modelfit indices showed that this second-order CFA model has an acceptable model fit.These results confirm that the four hypothesised dimensionsepolitical leadership(Political),administrative direction(Administration),international standards(Standards)and supervisory mechanisms(Supervision)eare identifiable and distinct aspects.In addition to the four dimensions,the results suggest that overall preparedness should alsobe tackled in a multi-level integrated manner.The results also reveal that political initiatives would be futile without proper administrativedirection and strong supervisory mechanisms.This theoretical framework can also be used to assess financial systems in other developingcountries with similar socioeconomic contexts.展开更多
文摘Xi Jinping,Han ethnicity,was born in June1953 and is from Fuping,Shaanxi Province.He began his first job in January 1969 and joined the Communist Party of China（CPC）in January 1974.Xi graduated from School of Humanities and Social Sciences,Tsinghua University where he completed an inservice graduate program in Marxist theory and ideological and political education.He holds a Doctor of Law degree.
文摘The use of an intemational currency is not just a natural market phenomenon; it relies heavily on international political foundations. The historical lessons of the four major international currencies--the pound, dollar, euro and yen--show that a strong partner network and a favorable international institutional environment are the two major political foundations for the formation of a stable international currency. The rise of the renminbi, as a late starter looking to become a major international currency, depends not only on the requisite economic conditions but on governmental diplomacy aimed at attracting more monetary cooperation partners and creating international institutions that support its worldwide use. This strategy reinforces the political foundations for the rise of the renminbi. Building a network of partners supporting the renminbi as an international currency and creating a system of international monetary institutions are the real tests of the issuing country＇s political leadership. This political leadership capacity has three dimensions： public trust founded on reputation building; a centripetal force driven by provision of benefits; and coercive force applied through sanctions. Comparatively speaking, the renminbi is still in the early stage of its ascent, so the development of its political infrastructure should concentrate mainly on gaining public trust through reputation-building and employing centripetal force involving provision of benefits.
文摘There is a growing concern among central bankers that climate change poses not only serious environmental problems but also a potentialeconomic and financial crisis.This study first confirms a hypothesized theoretical framework with different dimensions of the overall pre-paredness for climate related financial risk in the Fijian context,and then utilizes this framework to assess the present risk preparedness in Fiji.We tested two Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA)models in Structural Equation Modeling(SEM)Framework to analyse the survey data.Weevaluated these models using several fit indices.The first CFA model included four correlated latent factors defined by multiple indicators(items)reflecting four hypothesized dimensions.The four latent factors were correlated significantly.The second CFA model included a second-order multi-level constructs reflecting overall preparedness along with four constituent dimensions.The four dimensional factors showed sig-nificant and substantial loadings towards overall risk preparedness suggesting that there also exists an overall higher order construct.The modelfit indices showed that this second-order CFA model has an acceptable model fit.These results confirm that the four hypothesised dimensionsepolitical leadership(Political),administrative direction(Administration),international standards(Standards)and supervisory mechanisms(Supervision)eare identifiable and distinct aspects.In addition to the four dimensions,the results suggest that overall preparedness should alsobe tackled in a multi-level integrated manner.The results also reveal that political initiatives would be futile without proper administrativedirection and strong supervisory mechanisms.This theoretical framework can also be used to assess financial systems in other developingcountries with similar socioeconomic contexts.
