The Leisure Style of Men of Letters in the Late Ming Dynasty and Its Social Influence

This paper explored the background of the leisure boom among the literati in the late Ming Dynasty from the aspects of politics, economy, ideology and social environment, and elaborated the leisure styles of the literati in terms of enjoying a sightseeing tour, sampling wine and tea, appreciating and collecting calligraphy and painting works, favoring theatergoing, indulging in dallying with prostitutes, practicing meditation, and building gardens, and analyzed the influence of their leisure styles on the painting and calligraphy art, drama, literary creation, garden construction and other aspects of the society at that time. It is hoped that this paper can provide a deep understanding of social politics, economy, ideology and culture in the late Ming Dynasty and a reference for the development of the current leisure tourism.

Overview of the plague in the late Ming Dynasty and its prevention and control measures

The plague of the late Ming Dynasty(15511644 C.E.)was long lasting,affected a wide range of the population,and had serious consequences.The purpose of this study is to review the medical system in place at the time and the measures instituted to prevent and control the plague during the late Ming Dynasty.Information on the history of the Ming Dynasty(13681644 C.E.),local chronicles,and related research literature were consulted and analyzed in terms of duration,geographical area,and other dimensions of the epidemic.Because of the abnormal climate,wide range of natural disasters,and the impact of war,the epidemic spread over a wide area during the late Ming Dynasty.The government’s epidemic prevention measures were affected by war and other factors,resulting in poor control of the outbreak.However,in terms of the medical system in place during the Ming Dynasty,some of the thinking and methods of prevention and control of the plague were historical and progressive.Some outstanding physicians such as Wu Youke(15821652 C.E.)appeared during this period.His theory of plague prevention and control had a profound influence on the formation and development of pestilence deterrence in later generations.In the late Ming Dynasty,rich experiences and measures of prevention and control were accumulated in the struggle against the plague.These methods and experiences also have a significant,positive guiding influence on the prevention and control of plague in the present day.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpart essay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolution of the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy is so far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre that presents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores the literature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paper proposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

Literary Construction of Liang Qichao's China Dream in Late Qing Dynasty--Based on the Perspective of Liang Qichao's Political Novels

Liang Qichao actually influenced Chinese society of late Qing dynasty in a great and profound way.H e founded several political newspapers,pioneered a literary style called political commentary and wrote many political fictions,which fully embody his deep thinking over China’s destiny at that time under impacts of western politics as well as his practical activities.H is political fiction does not only pioneer new forms and contents of modern fiction,but also play a crucial role in leading numerous writers to construct a"Chinese Dream"literature by granting politics as theme of fiction and shaping of political heroes.W hat’s more,his political fiction also becomes a basis of integration between literature and politics.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpartessay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolutionof the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy isso far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre thatpresents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores theliterature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paperproposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

关系恶化与形象逆转:明中后期佛郎机负面形象的多重建构

佛郎机是新航路开辟后明代中国对葡萄牙和西班牙的称谓,因为关系恶化,明代中国人心目中的佛郎机形象极具负面色彩。这一负面形象的建构成型大体经历四个阶段。葡萄牙人在广东沿海的蛮横举动和不法行为是促成其负面形象初步生成的根本原因;葡萄牙人北上闽浙,以及他们与倭寇、海盗的合流,使得佛郎机之负面形象得以延续;葡萄牙人在中国澳门的无序扩张及其对中国国家安全的冲击挑战,让澳夷佛郎机的负面形象日益固化;西班牙人对旅菲华人的奴役、迫害与大规模屠杀,为闽南士民丑诋佛郎机的形塑运动再添动力,吕宋佛郎机形象与葡萄牙人形象相互叠加,最终整合成明代负面佛郎机形象。佛郎机负面形象的生成与延续,是明代中葡、中西关系负向互动的产物,并对双边关系的发展演变造成负面影响。

重审晚明:从文人士夫的知识世界谈起

“晚明文学”的图景是五四新文化运动的产物,在古今中西的参照系中,被赋予与现代性接榫的近世性特征。这幅图景为反思五四以来的学术模式提供了样例,也成为重审晚明文学文化的契机。重审的目标在于将该时期出现的种种变化,还原至当时文化与社会的前后关系中,聚焦于古典人文学术,探求晚明文人士夫的知识世界及其背后的思想范型。这一知识世界承续自明中期,因复古的价值导向与私人刻书业等物质性条件,而有系统之变,令相关生产与传播产生诸多新特点。将晚明与前后时段联结起来作长时段考察,还促发我们重新思考复古运动与性灵思潮的关系、从文章博学到考据学风的变易路径等一系列问题。

明遗民集序书写的纪传与想象

别集序在文体初创时期,就已经确立了传记写作的传统。明末清初的遗民通过诗文来回应国家和自我身份认同等问题。这种回应体现在别集序的书写中,使其中的纪传部分更加注重真实性的表达。然而,由于别集序的主观创作空间较大,真实与想象的成分在遗民的别集序中交织在一起,这无疑影响了通过“知人论世”的传统批评方法所得批评主张的有效性。此外,集序作者往往通过个人经历的想象和性情的投射来塑造遗民的形象。这种塑造可能源于作者真实情感的流露,也可能出于对经典文本的模仿。因此,遗民集序中的人物形象可能与他们的历史行为存在差异,这进一步影响了集序所传达的文学批评要素的接受和传播。

大一统意识在晚清国家危机中的内聚作用与发生机制

中国传统的“大一统”意识在数千年岁月中,被形塑与积淀成一种政治传统与思想认同,展现出了强劲内聚作用。鸦片战争后,晚清中国遭遇了一系列内外重大冲击,经历了政治价值及共同体认同危机,其所以能维持中华文明主体性,有多方面的影响因素,而“大一统”意识的内聚作用尤为关键。“大一统”意识的内聚作用,借由儒家传统文化的辐射力与影响力得以巩固和强化,在客观上给辽阔疆域内的多数成员带来了共同体认同所必备的自信心与自豪感。在晚清抵御西方军事入侵与文化冲击的历史进程中,这种内聚力成为动员和号召社会的最有力要素,维系了中华文明的连续性,使得近代中国得以分而不裂,危而不亡。

中晚明诸名家文学创作工夫论概述

中晚明文学工夫论或承于传统的文学艺术工夫论,或根于朱熹格物致知之工夫论,或鉴于王学致良知的工夫论,或源于禅宗明心见性的工夫论,或合孟子的“知言”“养气”工夫为一体。如李东阳、王世贞、胡应麟、许学夷等人的文体工夫论重视学养、强调对文体规范、篇章字句之法的掌握;唐顺之、李贽、袁宏道等人的文学创作主体工夫论指向心性的修炼、知识的效用,主体精神的大解脱;王阳明倡导在心性本体上下工夫,至刘宗周、黄宗羲等则主张以工夫作为“存养”身心锻炼的本体。这亦势必影响其文学创作观念。充分认识中晚明诸名家文学创作工夫论的价值,对重新建构与阐释明代文学批评体系具有重要的理论意义。

隐于书院:一种“中间状态”的出处选择——以元末徽州士人赵汸和郑玉为中心

元末朝廷和地方势力对士人的征召,多少存在竞争和笼络人才的意味。士人的出处机遇,从庙堂与山林的二元区分,转向元廷、地方势力和山林的多元格局。面对各方征召,徽州士人赵汸和郑玉抱以“旁观者”的不合作心态。随着徽州路脱离元廷控制,二人对于政治的疏离态度有所淡化,而“忠元”情结渐趋加深。志在山林却又难以与政治完全绝缘,兼具官方和民间双重性质的书院,成为士人安身立命的绝佳之所。隐于书院,是一种“中间状态”的出处选择。赵汸和郑玉的处境、心态和归宿,是观察古代尤其是易代之际士人生存境遇的一个窗口。

红夷大炮传入与晚明战法更新

明朝启祯时期,随着西洋火器被广泛运用于军事实践,中国军队已逐渐摸索出围绕红夷大炮的水陆新战法。在攻城方面,基于传统城墙高大坚厚的特点,明军将红夷炮击战与旧有穴城战结合起来,创造出“上推垛,下穴城”的攻城新战术。在守城方面,明军初步形成以敌台、角台之西式红夷大炮为点,城墙之上中式轻型锻铁炮为面,点面结合、远近兼备的新型城防火力体系。在野战方面,明军的车营战术也显露出类似城防作战的新思路,红夷大炮不仅用于镇守车营“阵门”,也被用来压制敌人炮兵火力。在水战方面,明军将以红夷大炮为核心的炮击战术和以火箭、火砖等为核心的纵火战术有机融合,不断完善,推动了侧舷炮舰与炮击战术的协同发展。晚明时代围绕红夷大炮展开的水陆新战法,是西洋军事技术与中国军事传统相结合的产物,体现了中西合璧的战术特征,彰显了中国军事的创新能力和整体活力。

血缘·文化·政治:晚清新小说的父子伦理叙事

在20世纪初“道德革命”和救亡图存的历史语境中,晚清新小说父子伦理叙事一方面批判中国传统父为子纲的伦理文化,另一方面又从中国传统文化和西方现代新学中汲取话语资源建构父子关系,呈现出血缘亲情、伦理文化和国族政治相互交织的文学景观。从审父叙事与慈父想象、子承父志、子报父仇三个方面分析晚清新小说父子伦理叙事内容和写作策略,可以看到晚清新小说父子伦理叙事与晚清伦理变革、救亡革命思潮之间交汇互动和互为生发的共生关系。

交往的情趣:元末明初江南诗人的风雅之好

元末明初诗歌创作呈现丰富、多面的色彩,江南诗人的题画唱和即为其中之一。在社会乱离背景下,江南诗人以题画表达时代之思、离别之情和隐逸之趣,体现出不同一般题画诗的创作趣味和文化内涵。他们以题画送别、交往唱和、共赏题诗等方式,共同促成了这一时期江南诗坛的兴盛景象。元末明初江南诗人在文学交往过程中展现的风雅之好,是构成该时期诗歌创作景观的重要面向。今人建构元末明初诗史图像,江南诗人的题画唱和之作应进入关注视野。

羽卫黄昏:崇祯朝与南明时期勇卫营研究

勇卫营设置于明末崇祯年间,由四卫营、勇士营改编而成,是崇祯帝即位后京营改革的关键一环。勇卫营虽称天子禁卫,却常年四方作战,或北御清兵,或南征流寇,战果颇著,是明廷倚重的重要军事力量。崇祯十五年(1642年),督理勇卫营太监刘元斌因“杀良冒功”被崇祯帝诛杀,成为勇卫营重要的转折点。“杀良冒功”并非刘被杀的真正原因,是否存在杀良冒功之事亦存疑,这恰是崇祯朝政治气氛的独有特色。甲申之变后,南明各政权亦设勇卫营,但其战斗力不可与崇祯朝勇卫营相论,且常成为各方夺权斗争的主角,其命运与各政权兴衰息息相关,并最终与南明政权一起灭亡。勇卫营的历史是晚明军事史的重要组成部分,见证了晚明政局的发展变迁,也是晚明朝廷政治公信力崩溃的真实体现。

明代山左底层文人的日常书写与晚年心态解析——以王克笃的散曲集《适暮稿》为考察对象

通过对王克笃散曲集《适暮稿》中日常生活书写的细读与研究,分析了他自足、自适、清高、自遣、淑世、喟世、哀穷的复杂心态,认为这些心态的产生与其生活环境、身份地位、年龄时段、个体性情、治生观念有着疏密不同的关系。

书院讲学与晚明理学传播——以“东林书院网络”为中心的考察

晚明是理学传播较活跃的时期,书院是理学传播的重要场域之一。晚明书院学人秉承修正儒脉的立说宗旨,思考理学传播中淑世精神的传递,通过讲会、结社等方式在书院或书院之外弘扬己说,构建传播网络,形成了以东林书院为代表的多个波及全国、影响社会深层结构的学派群体,对晚明清初学统构建和学术传承起到了重要作用。

晚清国家翻译的海外实践——以“法政丛编”编译为例

晚清留日学生组织湖北法政编辑社编译出版了中国近代第一套大型法政丛书——“法政丛编”。本文基于国家翻译理论,对“法政丛编”的编译动因、文本特点和实践特征进行了研究。研究发现,“法政丛编”编译受晚清改良法律、营办新学、奖励游学等因素的驱动,呈现出翻译环境优越、译者资源集聚、语言文化邻近等特征,但同时也存在翻译组织具有临时性、管理体系较为松散、资源配备有限等局限性。“法政丛编”丰富了我国国家翻译实践的类型,对之加以深入探究有助于推动新时代国家翻译理论和实践的发展。

历史仪式礼貌视域下晚清奏折道歉语研究

本研究以曾国藩的奏折为语料,基于Kádár的仪式礼貌理论,从历史语用学视角探究晚清奏疏道歉言语行为的仪式化表达、语用策略及权利义务关系内涵。研究发现,晚清臣子以固定的体例和词句实现仪式框架下的规约道歉表达,或在直接向皇帝道歉的同时,基于直陈过失、自我贬损和情感抒发等策略,使用直接道歉、维护面子等手段实现非规约性表达。晚清道歉语具备等级性、目的性和责任性的特征。利用这两种仪式化言语表达方式,晚清道歉语作用于仪式群体道德秩序的感知与修复,构建君臣间道德秩序。本研究丰富了历史仪式礼貌的语料范围,同时为从语言学角度探讨晚清君臣关系提供了佐证。