For pollution research with regard to urban surface runoff, most sampling strategies to date have focused on differences in land usage. With single land-use sampling, total surface runoff pollution effect cannot be ev...For pollution research with regard to urban surface runoff, most sampling strategies to date have focused on differences in land usage. With single land-use sampling, total surface runoff pollution effect cannot be evaluated unless every land usage spot is monitored. Through a new sampling strategy known as mixed stormwater sampling for a street community at discharge outlet adjacent to river, this study assessed the total urban surface runoff pollution effect caused by a variety of land uses and the pollutants washed off from the rain pipe system in the Futian River watershed in Shenzhen City of China. The water quality monitoring indices were COD (chemical oxygen demand), TSS (total suspend solid), TP (total phosphorus), TN (total nitrogen) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand). The sums of total pollution loads discharged into the river for the four indices of COD, TSS, TN, and TP over all seven rainfall events were very different. The mathematical model for simulating total pollution loads was established from discharge outlet mixed stormwater sampling of total pollution loads on the basis of four parameters: rainfall intensity, total land area, impervious land area, and pervious land area. In order to treat surface runoff pollution, the values of MFF30 (mass first flush ratio) and FF30 (first 30% of runoff volume) can be considered as split-flow control criteria to obtain more effective and economical design of structural BMPs (best management practices) facilities.展开更多
Due to its highly oscillating solution,the Helmholtz equation is numerically challenging to solve.To obtain a reasonable solution,a mesh size that is much smaller than the reciprocal of the wavenumber is typically req...Due to its highly oscillating solution,the Helmholtz equation is numerically challenging to solve.To obtain a reasonable solution,a mesh size that is much smaller than the reciprocal of the wavenumber is typically required(known as the pollution effect).High-order schemes are desirable,because they are better in mitigating the pollution effect.In this paper,we present a high-order compact finite difference method for 2D Helmholtz equations with singular sources,which can also handle any possible combinations of boundary conditions(Dirichlet,Neumann,and impedance)on a rectangular domain.Our method is sixth-order consistent for a constant wavenumber,and fifth-order consistent for a piecewise constant wavenumber.To reduce the pollution effect,we propose a new pollution minimization strategy that is based on the average truncation error of plane waves.Our numerical experiments demonstrate the superiority of our proposed finite difference scheme with reduced pollution effect to several state-of-the-art finite difference schemes,particularly in the critical pre-asymptotic region where kh is near 1 with k being the wavenumber and h the mesh size.展开更多
Air pollution has ever become a global major public health problem.Previous studies showed that air pollution is associated with excessive mortality and morbidity of respiratory disease[1-2].The extreme weather temper...Air pollution has ever become a global major public health problem.Previous studies showed that air pollution is associated with excessive mortality and morbidity of respiratory disease[1-2].The extreme weather temperature can impact human health and the thermal stresses can lead not only to direct deaths and illnesses,but also to aggravation of respiratory disease[3-4].Though the independent展开更多
Since the London fog in 1952, numerous epidemioLogical studies have revealed that both short-term and long-term exposure to air pollutants is associated with the development of diseases[1]. Up to date, the assessment ...Since the London fog in 1952, numerous epidemioLogical studies have revealed that both short-term and long-term exposure to air pollutants is associated with the development of diseases[1]. Up to date, the assessment of air quality on health and air quality standard establishment in developing countries were mainly relied on extrapolation based on the results from long-term cohort studies conducted in Europe and North America.展开更多
APEC conference was held in Beijing during November 3- 12,2014. Hohhot City and Baotou City fall into the peripheral key air pollution control cities in the " Beijing- Tianjin- Hebei" region. Inner Mongolia governme...APEC conference was held in Beijing during November 3- 12,2014. Hohhot City and Baotou City fall into the peripheral key air pollution control cities in the " Beijing- Tianjin- Hebei" region. Inner Mongolia government adopted powerful pollution control measures in the period of the conference. According to pollutant concentration data and meteorological data etc. in the course of the event and the same period of last year,the atmospheric pollution variations and control effect were discussed in this study. The results showed that during October 1- 25,2014,there were 16 days with air pollution in Hohhot City and 15 days with air pollution in Baotou City,respectively increasing by 8% and 34% compared with the same period of 2013,and the concentration of particulate matter was also higher than that of last year. During October 22- 24,2014,Hohhot and Baotou cities were polluted persistently. The variation features of hourly concentration of main pollutants PM(10) and PM2. 5were similar to those in the same period of 2013. That is,the pollutant concentration reached the maximum from 21:00 to 23:00,and the minimum appeared from 15: 00 to 19: 00 in the next day. In the course of the event,the concentration of particulate matter in the two cities stared to reduce greatly on October 26. From October 26 to November 13,there were no days with air pollution in Hohhot City,decreasing by 100% compared with the same period of 2013; there were five days with air pollution in Baotou City,and the numbers of days with slight,moderate and severe pollution reduced by 37%,100% and67% respectively compared with the same period of last year. The persistent air pollution from October 22 to the first 10 days of November was related to unfavorable meteorological conditions,and the meteorological condition in the same period of 2014 was even worse. In the course of the event,the Inner Mongolia Government adopted air pollution control measures around October 25 and began to adopt some powerful pollution control measures on November 1. As a result,air pollution in key cities has been controlled effectively. This event showed that urban atmospheric pollution problem can be resolved,and we should take an optimistic attitude towards this matter.展开更多
An experiment about the effect of diesel oil pollution on the model benthic ecosystem was conducted inthe land-based tank at the 3rd Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, in Xiamen, added with No.0 ...An experiment about the effect of diesel oil pollution on the model benthic ecosystem was conducted inthe land-based tank at the 3rd Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, in Xiamen, added with No.0 diesel oil at concentrations of 5, 25, 125, 625 mg/dm3 in water of series sub-tanks for 16 h. The changes in polychaete community were studied in the period of two weeks with results that though all concentrations did not basically altered the population structure and composition, the total biomass decreased significantly and individualstended to be smaller in size. The average weight of individual decreased with the increase of diesel pollutant stress.展开更多
Air pollution is among the leading global risks for mortality and responsible for increasing risk for chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of industrial zone air pollution on Masoro commun...Air pollution is among the leading global risks for mortality and responsible for increasing risk for chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of industrial zone air pollution on Masoro community and identify some health problems which are experienced in the communities. The key informants were selected using a purposive sampling technique and random sampling based on polluted areas. During this research, Kibagabaga hospital was consulted to identify different illness associated with air pollution in Ndera industrial zone. Respondents illustrated that a great part of emission came from industry, related activities and vehicles. The findings from the hospital illustrated that the respiratory, hypertension and diabetes dominated the illness in community due to air pollution from industrial zone, which was confirmed in this research with reference to the survey results. Air pollution is one of the greatest environmental threats and has been implicated for several adverse cardiovascular effects including arterial hypertension and diabetes. Air contamination provokes oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and autonomic nervous system imbalance that subsequently induce endothelial dysfunction and vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure. The respondents confirmed that the communities are aware of pollution and experienced the consequences of pollution such as cancer and other complicated illness.展开更多
Air pollution is known to be a major risk factor for cardiopulmonary disease, but this is unclear for cardiometabolic disease (e.g.diabetes). This is of considerable public health importance, given the nationwide epid...Air pollution is known to be a major risk factor for cardiopulmonary disease, but this is unclear for cardiometabolic disease (e.g.diabetes). This is of considerable public health importance, given the nationwide epidemic of diabetes, accompanied by severe air pollution, in China. The evidence so far remained inadequate to answer questions of whether individuals with cardiometabolic dysfunctions are susceptible to air pollution and whether air pollution exacerbates diabetes development via certain biological pathways. In this manuscript, we summarize the results and limitations of studies exploring these two topics and elaborate our design of a prospective panel study (SCOPE) as a solution. We assessed and compared the health effect of air pollution among pre-diabetic individuals and matched healthy controls through four repeated clinical visits over 1 year. Comprehensive evaluation was made to both health endpoints and exposure. The primary biomarkers were assessed to reveal the impact on multiple biological pathways, including glycolipid metabolism and insulin resistance, endothelial function, and inflammation. Detailed chemical and size fractional components of particulate matter were measured in this study, along with the application of personal monitors.The work should increase our understanding of how air pollution affects individuals with cardiometabolic dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms.展开更多
Concentrations of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) in soil samples from Tibetan Plateau were determined. The average concentration of total 2,3,7,8-P...Concentrations of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) in soil samples from Tibetan Plateau were determined. The average concentration of total 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs was(2.30 ± 1.02) pg/g, and World Health Organization Toxicity Equivalency(WHO-TEQ) average concentration was(0.013 ± 0.010)pg WHO-TEQ/g. The average concentration of ∑PCBs(7 indicator PCB and 12 dioxin like-PCB congeners) was(16.2 ± 9.25) pg/g, and WHO-TEQ average concentration was 0.043 ±0.049 pg WHO-TEQ/g. Comparing to previous studies in similar environmental conditions,PCDD/Fs and PCBs in this study showed a relatively lower concentration. The altitude dependences of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were also studied. Total organic carbon(TOC) normalized concentrations presented a quadratic relation with the altitudes, and an inflection could be found on the parabola of the total concentrations and some congeners of high concentration.The concentrations decreased with altitudes below about 4500 m above sea level(a.s.l.), while they increased with altitudes above it. These phenomena indicate that cold condensation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs would happen above 4500 m a.s.l, on the Tibetan Plateau.展开更多
In an effort to protect the quality of the water system, interest in non-point source pollution is increasing. Recently, studies of non-point sources pollution are continuing in relation to various land- use areas, bu...In an effort to protect the quality of the water system, interest in non-point source pollution is increasing. Recently, studies of non-point sources pollution are continuing in relation to various land- use areas, but such studies have not been fully conducted in railway facility sites. Using monitoring data of railway bridge area with concrete road-bed, the runoff characteristics, pollutant unit loads, and first flush criteria were assessed. Railway bridge area with concrete road-bed typically show the first flush effect, and the pollutant unit load was determined to be higher than other public facilities areas. Further, the first flush criteria show an effective rainfall amount of 7 mm. In other words, from the runoff of railway facilities, considerable amounts of non-point source pollutants are occurred, indicating the need to create best management practices which are adequate for railway facility sites.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education(No.108177)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50679049)
文摘For pollution research with regard to urban surface runoff, most sampling strategies to date have focused on differences in land usage. With single land-use sampling, total surface runoff pollution effect cannot be evaluated unless every land usage spot is monitored. Through a new sampling strategy known as mixed stormwater sampling for a street community at discharge outlet adjacent to river, this study assessed the total urban surface runoff pollution effect caused by a variety of land uses and the pollutants washed off from the rain pipe system in the Futian River watershed in Shenzhen City of China. The water quality monitoring indices were COD (chemical oxygen demand), TSS (total suspend solid), TP (total phosphorus), TN (total nitrogen) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand). The sums of total pollution loads discharged into the river for the four indices of COD, TSS, TN, and TP over all seven rainfall events were very different. The mathematical model for simulating total pollution loads was established from discharge outlet mixed stormwater sampling of total pollution loads on the basis of four parameters: rainfall intensity, total land area, impervious land area, and pervious land area. In order to treat surface runoff pollution, the values of MFF30 (mass first flush ratio) and FF30 (first 30% of runoff volume) can be considered as split-flow control criteria to obtain more effective and economical design of structural BMPs (best management practices) facilities.
基金supported in part by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council(NSERC)of Canada under Grant RGPIN-2019-04276,NSERC Postdoctoral Fellowship,Alberta Innovates and Alberta Advanced Education.
文摘Due to its highly oscillating solution,the Helmholtz equation is numerically challenging to solve.To obtain a reasonable solution,a mesh size that is much smaller than the reciprocal of the wavenumber is typically required(known as the pollution effect).High-order schemes are desirable,because they are better in mitigating the pollution effect.In this paper,we present a high-order compact finite difference method for 2D Helmholtz equations with singular sources,which can also handle any possible combinations of boundary conditions(Dirichlet,Neumann,and impedance)on a rectangular domain.Our method is sixth-order consistent for a constant wavenumber,and fifth-order consistent for a piecewise constant wavenumber.To reduce the pollution effect,we propose a new pollution minimization strategy that is based on the average truncation error of plane waves.Our numerical experiments demonstrate the superiority of our proposed finite difference scheme with reduced pollution effect to several state-of-the-art finite difference schemes,particularly in the critical pre-asymptotic region where kh is near 1 with k being the wavenumber and h the mesh size.
基金supported by the Gong-Yi Program of China Meteorological Administration(GYHY201106034)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41075103)
文摘Air pollution has ever become a global major public health problem.Previous studies showed that air pollution is associated with excessive mortality and morbidity of respiratory disease[1-2].The extreme weather temperature can impact human health and the thermal stresses can lead not only to direct deaths and illnesses,but also to aggravation of respiratory disease[3-4].Though the independent
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program (973 program) of China (2011CB503802)the Gong-Yi Program of the Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection (201209008)+2 种基金Shanghai Municipal Committee of Science and Technology (12dz1202602)Shanghai Health Bureau (GWDTR201212)the Scholarship Award for Excellent Doctoral Student granted by Ministry of Education (2011)
文摘Since the London fog in 1952, numerous epidemioLogical studies have revealed that both short-term and long-term exposure to air pollutants is associated with the development of diseases[1]. Up to date, the assessment of air quality on health and air quality standard establishment in developing countries were mainly relied on extrapolation based on the results from long-term cohort studies conducted in Europe and North America.
基金Supported by the Small-scale Service Construction Program of China Meteorological Administration(Construction of Environmental Meteorological Early Warning Service System in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,Changjiang River Delta and Zhujiang River Dalta)Expert Forecaster Innovation Panel of Dust Storm and Haze in Inner MongoliaSci-tech Innovation Program of Inner Mongolia Meteorological Bureau(nmqxkjcx201411)
文摘APEC conference was held in Beijing during November 3- 12,2014. Hohhot City and Baotou City fall into the peripheral key air pollution control cities in the " Beijing- Tianjin- Hebei" region. Inner Mongolia government adopted powerful pollution control measures in the period of the conference. According to pollutant concentration data and meteorological data etc. in the course of the event and the same period of last year,the atmospheric pollution variations and control effect were discussed in this study. The results showed that during October 1- 25,2014,there were 16 days with air pollution in Hohhot City and 15 days with air pollution in Baotou City,respectively increasing by 8% and 34% compared with the same period of 2013,and the concentration of particulate matter was also higher than that of last year. During October 22- 24,2014,Hohhot and Baotou cities were polluted persistently. The variation features of hourly concentration of main pollutants PM(10) and PM2. 5were similar to those in the same period of 2013. That is,the pollutant concentration reached the maximum from 21:00 to 23:00,and the minimum appeared from 15: 00 to 19: 00 in the next day. In the course of the event,the concentration of particulate matter in the two cities stared to reduce greatly on October 26. From October 26 to November 13,there were no days with air pollution in Hohhot City,decreasing by 100% compared with the same period of 2013; there were five days with air pollution in Baotou City,and the numbers of days with slight,moderate and severe pollution reduced by 37%,100% and67% respectively compared with the same period of last year. The persistent air pollution from October 22 to the first 10 days of November was related to unfavorable meteorological conditions,and the meteorological condition in the same period of 2014 was even worse. In the course of the event,the Inner Mongolia Government adopted air pollution control measures around October 25 and began to adopt some powerful pollution control measures on November 1. As a result,air pollution in key cities has been controlled effectively. This event showed that urban atmospheric pollution problem can be resolved,and we should take an optimistic attitude towards this matter.
文摘An experiment about the effect of diesel oil pollution on the model benthic ecosystem was conducted inthe land-based tank at the 3rd Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, in Xiamen, added with No.0 diesel oil at concentrations of 5, 25, 125, 625 mg/dm3 in water of series sub-tanks for 16 h. The changes in polychaete community were studied in the period of two weeks with results that though all concentrations did not basically altered the population structure and composition, the total biomass decreased significantly and individualstended to be smaller in size. The average weight of individual decreased with the increase of diesel pollutant stress.
文摘Air pollution is among the leading global risks for mortality and responsible for increasing risk for chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of industrial zone air pollution on Masoro community and identify some health problems which are experienced in the communities. The key informants were selected using a purposive sampling technique and random sampling based on polluted areas. During this research, Kibagabaga hospital was consulted to identify different illness associated with air pollution in Ndera industrial zone. Respondents illustrated that a great part of emission came from industry, related activities and vehicles. The findings from the hospital illustrated that the respiratory, hypertension and diabetes dominated the illness in community due to air pollution from industrial zone, which was confirmed in this research with reference to the survey results. Air pollution is one of the greatest environmental threats and has been implicated for several adverse cardiovascular effects including arterial hypertension and diabetes. Air contamination provokes oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and autonomic nervous system imbalance that subsequently induce endothelial dysfunction and vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure. The respondents confirmed that the communities are aware of pollution and experienced the consequences of pollution such as cancer and other complicated illness.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41421064,21190051, 41121004)the China Postdoc Science Foundation (154248)
文摘Air pollution is known to be a major risk factor for cardiopulmonary disease, but this is unclear for cardiometabolic disease (e.g.diabetes). This is of considerable public health importance, given the nationwide epidemic of diabetes, accompanied by severe air pollution, in China. The evidence so far remained inadequate to answer questions of whether individuals with cardiometabolic dysfunctions are susceptible to air pollution and whether air pollution exacerbates diabetes development via certain biological pathways. In this manuscript, we summarize the results and limitations of studies exploring these two topics and elaborate our design of a prospective panel study (SCOPE) as a solution. We assessed and compared the health effect of air pollution among pre-diabetic individuals and matched healthy controls through four repeated clinical visits over 1 year. Comprehensive evaluation was made to both health endpoints and exposure. The primary biomarkers were assessed to reveal the impact on multiple biological pathways, including glycolipid metabolism and insulin resistance, endothelial function, and inflammation. Detailed chemical and size fractional components of particulate matter were measured in this study, along with the application of personal monitors.The work should increase our understanding of how air pollution affects individuals with cardiometabolic dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2011CB201500)the Environmental Public Welfare Projects (No. 201209019)+1 种基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2012AA062803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21477150, 21321004)
文摘Concentrations of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) in soil samples from Tibetan Plateau were determined. The average concentration of total 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs was(2.30 ± 1.02) pg/g, and World Health Organization Toxicity Equivalency(WHO-TEQ) average concentration was(0.013 ± 0.010)pg WHO-TEQ/g. The average concentration of ∑PCBs(7 indicator PCB and 12 dioxin like-PCB congeners) was(16.2 ± 9.25) pg/g, and WHO-TEQ average concentration was 0.043 ±0.049 pg WHO-TEQ/g. Comparing to previous studies in similar environmental conditions,PCDD/Fs and PCBs in this study showed a relatively lower concentration. The altitude dependences of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were also studied. Total organic carbon(TOC) normalized concentrations presented a quadratic relation with the altitudes, and an inflection could be found on the parabola of the total concentrations and some congeners of high concentration.The concentrations decreased with altitudes below about 4500 m above sea level(a.s.l.), while they increased with altitudes above it. These phenomena indicate that cold condensation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs would happen above 4500 m a.s.l, on the Tibetan Plateau.
基金supported by the Construction & Transportation Technology Advancement Research Program by the KAIA under the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Korea
文摘In an effort to protect the quality of the water system, interest in non-point source pollution is increasing. Recently, studies of non-point sources pollution are continuing in relation to various land- use areas, but such studies have not been fully conducted in railway facility sites. Using monitoring data of railway bridge area with concrete road-bed, the runoff characteristics, pollutant unit loads, and first flush criteria were assessed. Railway bridge area with concrete road-bed typically show the first flush effect, and the pollutant unit load was determined to be higher than other public facilities areas. Further, the first flush criteria show an effective rainfall amount of 7 mm. In other words, from the runoff of railway facilities, considerable amounts of non-point source pollutants are occurred, indicating the need to create best management practices which are adequate for railway facility sites.