Analysis of Water Pollution Factors in the Downstream Water Functional Area of Songyuan City of the Songhua River

Jihei buffer zone of the Second Songhua River in lower reaches of Songyuan City of the Songhua River was taken as the research object,and the current water quality,point source and non-point source pollution,and regional social and economic conditions of the buffer zone and its upstream water functional area were investigated.According to pollution sources and pollutant carrying capacity of water functional areas,analysis on main pollution factors in buffer zone was completed.

Analysis of Total Antimony in Fresh Fruit and Pollution Evaluation in Hunan Province

[ Objective] The content of total antimony （Sb） in fresh fruit was investigated and its pollution was evaluated, to provide the basic data for diet exposure evaluation. [ Method] The content of total Sb in 194 samples was detected by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry （HG-AFS）, and the Sb pollution in several fruits was evaluated by the method of single factor pollution index. [ Result ] The mean of total Sb was 0. 005 6 mg/kg, and the median was 0.003 8 mg/kg. The minimum value was not detected while the maximum value was O. 21 mg/kg, and the confidence interval was ND-O. 019 mg/kg （PS-P95）. The medi- ans of total Sb content in different fruits successively were dragon fruit （0.011 0 mg/kg） 〉 kiwi fruit （0.008 0 mg/kg） 〉 peach （0.006 0 mg/kg）. According to the method of single factor pollution index, the index from all samples was less than 0.2, suggesting that the samples involved were under the normal background value. [ Conclusion ] The Sb was detected in all samples but under the background value, and it was concluded that there was no Sb pollution in fresh fruit in Hunan Province.

Study on the correlation between ambient environment-meteorological factors and the number of visits of acute otitis media,Lanzhou,China

To investigate the correlation between environmental-meteorological factors and daily visits for acute otitis media(AOM)in Lanzhou,China.Methods:Data were collected in 2014e2016 by the Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at two hospitals in Lanzhou.Relevant information,including age,sex and visiting time,was collected.Environmental data included air quality index,PM10,PM2.5,O3,CO,NO2 and SO2,and meteorological data included daily average temperature(T,C),daily mean atmospheric pressure(AP,hPa),daily average relative humidity(RH,%)and daily mean wind speed(W,m/s).The SPSS22.0 software was used to generate Spearman correlation coefficients in descriptive statistical analysis,and the R3.5.0 software was used to calculate relative risk(RR)and to obtain exposure-response curves.The relationship between meteorological-environmental parameters and daily AOM visits was summarized.Results:Correlations were identified between daily AOM visits and CO,O3,SO2,CO,NO2,PM2.5 and PM10 levels.NO2,SO2,CO,AP,RH and T levels significantly correlated with daily AOM visits with a lag exposure-response pattern.The effects of CO,NO2,SO2 and AP on daily AOM visits were significantly stronger compared to other factors(P<0.01).O3,W,T and RH were negatively correlated with daily AOM visits.The highest RR lagged by 3e4 days.Conclusions:The number of daily AOM visits appeared to be correlated with short-term exposure to mixed air pollutants and meteorological factors from 2014 through 2016 in Lanzhou.

Observations of atmospheric pollutants at Lhasa during 2014-2015:Pollution status and the influence of meteorological factors

Atmospheric pollutants including SO_2, NO_2, CO, O_3 and inhalable particulate matter（PM2.5 and PM10） were monitored continuously from March 2014 to February 2015 to investigate characteristics of air pollution at Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau. Species exhibited similar seasonal variations except O_3, with the peaks in winter but low valleys in summer. The maximum O_3 concentration was observed in spring, followed by summer, autumn, and winter. The positive correlation between O_3 and PM10 in spring indicated similar sources of them, and was assumed to be turbulent transport. Temperature was the dominant meteorological factor for most species in spring. High temperature accelerates O_3 photochemistry, and favors air disturbance which is conductive to dust resuspension in spring. Relative humidity（RH） and atmospheric pressure were the main meteorological factors in summer. RH showed negative correlations with species, while atmospheric pressure posed opposite situation. Wind speed（WS） was the dominant meteorological factor in autumn, the negative correlations between WS and species indicated diffusion by wind. Most species showed non-significant correlations with meteorological factors in winter, indicating the dependence of pollution on source emission rather than restriction by meteorology. Pollution weather character indicated that emissions were from biomass burning and dust suspension, and meteorological factors also played an important role. Air stream injection from the stratosphere was observed during O_3 pollution period. Air parcels from Southwest Asia were observed during air pollution period in winter. An enhancement in air pollutants such as O_3 would be expected in the future, more attention should be given to countermeasures for prevention of air pollution in the future.

Environment Elements and Polution Factors Systemativally Identifying and Bolting in Environment Impact Assessment

This paper puts forwards a practical way aimed at environmental impact assessment of construction items on basis of systematically classifivcation to deal with environmental favtors through identifying and bolting to all kinds of environmental factors of construction items

Characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China

To understand the pollution characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China, total suspended particulate （TSP） and PMI0 samples were collected in cities of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan from December 2011 to January 2012, and heavy metals of Cd, Pb, Cr, and As were analyzed. It shows that the average TSP concentration in Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan were （183 ± 73）, （201± 84） and （190 ±66） μg/m3 respectively, and the average PM10 were （171 ± 82）, （178 ± 65） and （179 ± 55） μg/m3 respectively. The lowest TSP and PM10 concentrations occurred at the background Shaping site of Changsha. The average ratio of p（PM10）/p（TSP） was 91.9%, ranging from 81.3% to 98.9%. Concerning heavy metals, in TSP samples, the concentration of Cr, As, Cd and Pb were 28.8-56.5, 18.1-76.3, 3.9-26.1 and 148.0-460.9 ng/m3, respectively, while in PMI0 samples, were 16.4--42.1, 15.5-67.9, 3.3-22.2 and 127.9-389.3 ng/m3, respectively. The enrichment factor of Cd was the highest, followed by Pb and As, while that of Cr was the lowest.

Distribution and assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediment of Yellow River, China

Large amounts of heavy metals discharged by industrial cities that are located along the middle reach of Yellow River, China have detrimental impacts on both the ecological environment and human health. In this study, fourteen surface sediment samples were taken in the middle reach of the Yellow River. Contents of Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd, As were measured, and the pollution status was assessed using three widely used pollution assessment methods, including the single factor index method, Nemerow pollution index method and potential ecological risk index. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals followed the order： Zn 〉 Cr 〉 Cu 〉 Ni 〉 Pb 〉 As 〉 Cd. Nearly 50% of sites had Cu and Cr accumulation. The concentration of Cu at the Yiluo River exceeded the secondary standard value of the Environmental quality standard for soils. Comparison of heavy metal concentrations between this study and other selected rivers indicated that Cu and Cr may be the major pollutants in our case. The single factor index indicated that many samples were at high levels of pollution for Cu and Cd; the Nemerow pollution index indicated that the Yihe River, Luohe River, Yiluo River and Huayuankou were polluted. According to the results of potential ecological risk assessment, Cd in the tributaries of Luo River, Yihe River,and Yiluo River showed high risk toward the ecosystem and human health, Cd in Huanyuankou and Cu in Yiluo River showed a middle level of risk and other samples were at a low level of risk.

Evaluation of heavy metal contamination hazards in nuisance dust particles, in Kurdistan Province, western Iran

The effects of natural andgeochemical factors depending on heavy metal contamination in nuisance dust particles were evaluated. The nuisance dust particles were sampled using passive deposit gauge method for one year from April2010 to March2011 and the obtained samples were measured for the total contents and the contamination levels of Fe, Mn, Cu and As usinggeo-accumulation index （Igeo ）, enrichment factor （EF） and the integrated pollution index （IPI）. The results showed that, the contamination levels of Fe and Mn based on Igeo values, were uncontaminated （Igeo 〈 0） （variations of the Igeo index was from -3.11 to -1.751 for Fe, from -0.630 to -1.925 for Mn）, while the values of Cu and As were demonstrated to have moderate contamination based on Igeo values （variations of Igeo index was from -1.125 to 0.848 for Cu, and from -2.002 to 1.249 for As）. The analysis of EF also revealed minor to moderate enrichment for Mn （1.215-4.214）, minor to moderately severe enrichment for Cu （2.791-6.484）, and As （1.370-8.462）, respectively. The variation of the IPI index also showed low to moderate level of heavy metal pollution in nuisance dust particulates （0.511-1.829）. The analysis of the results also approved that the natural processes andgeochemical variables （the changing meteorological parameters） can significantly affect the availability of heavy metals in nuisance dust particles in Western Iran.

A Comparison of the Physical and Optical Properties of Anthropogenic Air Pollutants and Mineral Dust over Northwest China

Emissions of mineral dust and its mixing with anthropogenic air pollutants affect both regional and global climates. Our fieldwork in late spring 2007（April 25-June 15） measured the physical and optical properties of dust storms mixed with local air pollutants at a rural site about 48 km southeast of central Lanzhou. Levels of air pollutants and aerosol optical properties were observed during the experiment, with concentrations of NOx（6.8 ± 3.3 ppb, average ± standard deviation）, CO（694 ± 486 ppb）, SO2（6.2 ±10 ppb）, O3（50.7 ± 13.1 ppb）, and PM10（172 ± 180 μg m-3）, and aerosol scattering coefficient（164 ±89 Mm-1; 1 Mm = 106m） and absorption coefficient（11.7 ± 6.6 Mm-1）, all much lower than the values observed during air pollution episodes in urban areas. During a major dust storm, the mass concentration of PM10 reached 4072 μg m-3, approximately 21-fold higher than in non-dust storm periods. The mixing ratios of trace gases declined noticeably after a cold front passed through. The observed CO/SO2 and CO/NOx ratios during air pollution episodes were 4.2-18.3 and 13.7-80.5, respectively, compared with the corresponding ratios of 38.1-255.7 and 18.0-245.9 during non-pollution periods. Our investigations suggest that dust storms have a significant influence on air quality in areas far from their source, and this large-scale transport of dust and air pollutants produces major uncertainties in the quantification of the global effects of emissions over Northwest China.