Transcription factor CabHLH035 promotes cold resistance and homeostasis of reactive oxygen species in pepper

Plant basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factors(TFs)play central roles in various abiotic stresses.However,its role in plant cold resistance is largely unknown.Previously,we characterised CaNAC035 in pepper,which positively regulates tolerance to cold,salt and drought stresses tolerance.Here,we identified CabHLH035,a CaNAC035-interacting protein in pepper.To explore its functions in cold stress tolerance,we silenced the gene in pepper via virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)and overexpressed the gene in Arabidopsis.The results showed that CabHLH035 expression was induced by cold treatment,and silencing of CabHLH035 decreased cold stress tolerance.Conversely,overexpression of CabHLH035 in Arabidopsis increased cold stress tolerance.To investigate homologs genes of C-repeat binding factor(CBF)pathway proteins and reactive oxygen species(ROS)marker gene expression blocking by CabHLH035,we performed yeast one-hybrid(Y1H),dual luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments.The results showed that CabHLH035 bound to the region upstream of the CaCBF1A and CaAPX promoters.Additionally,CaCBF1A bound to the CaDHN4 promoter.Taken together,our results showed that CabHLH035 plays a crucial role in cold stress tolerance and its potential as a target for breeding cold-resistant crops.The findings provide a basis for studying the functions and regulatory network of cold stress tolerance in pepper.

Melatonin mitigates cold-induced damage to pepper seedlings by promoting redox homeostasis and regulating antioxidant profiling

This study assessed the influence of exogenous ME in the mitigation of cold damage in pepper seedlings. Melatonin(ME) is a dynamic molecule that helps plants cope with stress in several ways. Cold stress(CS) is one of the most important environmental factors that restrict plant growth and yield. Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) is a valuable commercial crop, highly sensitive to CS. Thus, identifying an efficient strategy to mitigate cold damage is critical for long-term pepper production. For this purpose, the roots of pepper seedlings were pretreated with ME(5 μmol · L^(-1)) and exposed to CS for 7 d. The results indicated that CS suppressed pepper growth, hampered photosynthetic capacity, and damaged root architecture in pepper plants. In contrast, the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS), malondialdehyde(MDA), electrolyte leakage(EL), proline, and soluble sugars were enhanced in plants under CS. ME(5 μmol · L^(-1)) pretreatment reduced the negative effects of CS by recovering plant growth, root traits, gas exchange elements, and pigment molecules compared to CS control treatment. Furthermore, ME application efficiently reduced oxidative stress markers [hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)), superoxide ion(O_(2)^(·-)), EL, and MDA] while increasing proline and soluble sugar content in pepper leaves. ME application combined with CS further increased antioxidant enzymes and related gene expression. Collectively, our results confirmed the mitigating potential of ME supplementation for CS by maintaining pepper seedling growth,improving the photosynthesis apparatus, regulating pigments, and osmolyte content.

Variety Selection and Green Cultivation Technology of Courtyard Ornamental and Edible Peppers

In order to comply with the development trend of the multifunctional use of peppers,we conducted an investigation into the characteristics and features of varieties,potting management techniques,and the methods of extending the fruit ornamental period and other aspects of courtyard ornamental and edible peppers.A set of cultivation techniques suitable for courtyard ornamental and edible peppers has been developed,including timely sowing and seedling,nutrient soil preparation,water and fertilizer management,trimming and pruning,preservation of flowers and fruits,green prevention and control of diseases and pests,harvesting,and so on.

Detection of Cyanide in Pollution-free Livestock Product Breeding Water by Ion Chromatography

In order to verify the accuracy of ion chromatography for cyanide detection,optimization conditions were studied,and comparison was made for the detection results of cyanide between titration and isonicotinic acid pyrazolone spectrophotometry. The results showed that ion chromatography has good linearity and reproducibility,with the recovery rate of 95%-105% and the limit of detection of 0. 001 mg/L. This method is simple,rapid,safe,selective,and suitable for the determination of cyanide in pollution-free livestock product breeding water.

Fine-mapping and transcriptome analysis of the photosensitive leaf-yellowing gene CaLY1 in pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)

Leaf color is directly related to altered photosynthesis.Hence,leaf yellowing mutants can be widely used for the researching plant physiology and functional genomes,for cultivating new varieties of popular horticultural plants,and for identifying hybrid purity(as markers).Here,we constructed a^(60)Co-γF_(2)population from the leaf-yellowing mutant R24 via radiation mutation with the inbred line WT21 of pepper.Genetic analysis showed that the leaf-yellowing of the mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene.By applying the Bulk Segregation Analysis and Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR markers,the leaf-yellowing gene CaLY1(Capsicum annuum Leaf yellow 1)was mapped on chromosome 9,SNP5791587-SNP6011215,with a size of 214.5 kb.One non-synonymous mutated gene Capana09g000166 was found in the interval.The gene encoded a Psb X,which is the core complex of PSⅡ.Transcriptome analysis further showed that 2301 differentially expressed genes were identified under shading treatment for 24 h in R24.The Gene Ontology enrichment pathways were related to photosynthesis light harvesting,cell wall,activity of quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase and flavonoid metabolic process,which likely regulate the response of pepper leaves to different light levels.Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the most abundant pathways were photosynthesis antenna proteins and metabolic.

A novel single-base mutation in CaSGR1 confers the stay-green phenotype in pepper

The stay-green trait is of considerable importance in extending the shelf life of green pepper fruit(Capsicum annuum L.)and in enhancing the appearance of ornamental plants.The study revealed the genetic and regulatory mechanisms of the stay-green trait in pepper,which will aid in the selection of ornamental pepper varieties.In this study,a pepper mutant with stay-green fruit named TNX348 was identified from a germplasm resource bank.Two segregating populations were constructed using the stay-green mutant TNX348 and then used in bulked segregant analysis combined with RNA sequencing and linkage analyses.The causal gene of the stay-green trait was mapped to an approximately 131-kb region,and a senescence-induced chloroplast protein gene,CaSGR1(Capana01g000359),was identified as a candidate gene.Sequencing analysis revealed a G→A single-base mutation of CaSGR1 in TNX348 that led to early termination of translation.Based on the single-base mutation,a single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)marker co-segregating with the stay-green trait was developed.Furthermore,in transcriptome analysis,expression patterns of 11 hormone transduction-related transcription factors,such as abscisic acid-insensitive(ABI),abscisic acidresponsive element-binding factor(ABF),and NAC transcription factor,were similar or opposite to that of CaSGR1.The results indicated that the transcription factors might mediate chlorophyll degradation by regulating the expression of CaSGR1.

Greenhouse Production Technical Procedure for Pollution-free Food

This procedure specifies production area environment, production technology, prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests, and production files of pollution-free foods by taking tomato as an example. This procedure is applicable to greenhouse production of pollution-free food in Shandong Province.

Occurrence and Pollution-free Control of Apolygus lucorum in Winter Jujube

In recent years, Apolygus htcorum has become the main pest of winter jujube. It sucks juice of young parts of winter jujube and causes falling of buds and flowers, leaf perforations, deformities and fall- off of fruits, leading to serious economic loss. Considering the occurrence characteristics and control problems, the distribution, occurrence regularity, damage characteristics and outbreak reasons of A. lucorum are overviewed and analyzed in this paper, and the pollution-free control measures are also put forward.

Evaluation on Heavy Metal Pollution of Soil in Pollution-free Agricultural Product Bases in Guangxi

Using data of 6 pollution-free agricultural product bases in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,this paper analyzed content of heavy metals,including arsenic(As),mercury(Hg),lead(Pb),cadmium(Cd),and chromium(Cr) in soil.After Pb,Cd,Cr,Hg and As content in soil is determined,it evaluated the pollution of soil using single factor pollution index method and Nemerow synthetic pollution index method in combination with evaluation standard of heavy metals in soil and grading standard for soil pollution.Analysis results indicate that As,Hg,Pb,Cd,Cr content is different in pollution-free agricultural product bases,but all conform to related standards and there is no standard exceeding problem.It is concluded that the quality of soil in pollution-free agricultural product bases is excellent,not polluted and completely meet requirements of evaluation standards,and suitable for developing pollution-free agricultural products.

Analysis on the Factors Influencing Pollution-free Vegetable Production: A Case Study of Shenzhen Huantong Farming Products Co. Ltd.

More than 170 vegetable farmers and vegetable production in 4 vegetable farms of Shenzhen Huantong Farming Products Co.Ltd.were investigated,and the factors affecting the quality of vegetable products were analyzed.The development strategies of pollution-free vegetables,such as strengthening training of vegetable farmers,reducing vegetable farmers’mobility and vegetable brand building,were put forward.

Red light induces salicylic acid accumulation by activating CaHY5 to enhance pepper resistance against Phytophthora capsici

Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)is frequently challenged by various pathogens,among which Phytophthora capsici is the most devastating to pepper production.Red light signal acts as a positive induction of plant resistance against multiple pathogens.However,little is known about how the red light signal affects pepper resistance to P.capsici infection(PCI).Here,we report that red light regulates salicylic acid(SA)accumulation by activating elongated hypocotyl5(CaHY5),a basic leucine zipper(bZIP)transcription factor,thereby decreasing pepper susceptibility to PCI.Exogenous SA treatment reduced pepper susceptibility to PCI,while silencing of CaPHYB(a red light photoreceptor)increased its susceptibility.PCI significantly induced CaHY5 expression,and silencing of CaHY5 reduced SA accumulation,accompanied by decreases in the expression levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 3(CaPAL3),CaPAL7,pathogenesis-related 1(CaPR1),and CaPR1L,which finally resulted in higher susceptibility of pepper to PCI.Moreover,CaHY5 was found to activate the expression of CaPAL3 and CaPAL7,which are essential for SA biosynthesis,by directly binding to their promoters.Further analysis revealed that exogenous SA treatment could restore the resistance of CaHY5-silenced pepper plants to PCI.Collectively,this study reveals a critical mechanism through which red light induces SA accumulation by regulating CaHY5-mediated CaPAL3 and CaPAL7 expression,leading to enhanced resistance to PCI.Moreover,red light-induced CaHY5 regulates pepper resistance to PCI,which may have implications for PCI control in protected vegetable production.

Microscopic and metabolic investigations disclose the factors that lead to skin cracking in chili-type pepper fruit varieties

The hydrophobic cuticle encasing the fruit skin surface plays critical roles during fruit development and post-harvest.Skin failure often results in the fruit surface cracking and forming a wound-periderm tissue made of suberin and lignin.The factors that make the fruit skin susceptible to cracking have yet to be fully understood.Herein,we investigated two varieties of chili peppers(Capsicum annuum L.),Numex Garnet,whose fruit has intact skin,and Vezena Slatka,whose fruit has cracked skin.Microscopical observations,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,biochemical and gene expression assays revealed that Vezena Slatka fruit form a thicker cuticle with greater levels of cutin monomers and hydroxycinnamic acids,and highly express key cutin-related genes.The skin of these fruit also had a lower epidermal cell density due to cells with very large perimeters,and highly express genes involved in epidermal cell differentiation.We demonstrate that skin cracking in the Vezena Slatka fruit is accompanied by a spatial accumulation of lignin-like polyphenolic compounds,without the formation of a typical wound-periderm tissues made of suberized cells.Lastly,we establish that skin cracking in chili-type pepper significantly affects fruit quality during post-harvest storage in a temperature-dependent manner.In conclusion,our data highlight cuticle thickness and epidermal cell density as two critical factors determining fruit skin susceptibility to cracking in chili-type pepper fruit.

Effect of Dandelion(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.)Intercropping with Different Plant Spacing on Blight and Growth of Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)

Intercropping of crops that can secrete bacteriostatic active substances can not only inhibit the occurrence of disease but also have an important effect on plant growth.However,the effects of dandelion intercropping on pepper blight control and pepper growth remain unclear.In this study,the control effect of dandelion on pepper blight was studied by inoculating the pepper leaves with Phytophthora infestans,and it also discusses the correlation of the occurrence of pepper epidemic disease with the pepper canopy environment,soil environment,pepper photo-synthesis,and yield index.The results showed that best plant distance for dandelion intercropping was 20 cm(P20),and the control effect reached 43.31%.As compared to the CK,SOD enzyme,POD enzyme,and PAL enzyme were significantly up-regulated during the growth of pepper;chlorophyll content in pepper leaves was significantly increased;photosynthetic characteristics were significantly increased;stem diameter and yield of crop pepper were effectively improved;and the quality of the pepper product was better,but intercropping dandelion resulted in a significant decrease of nutrients in the soil environment of pepper,so a reasonable intercropping distance was needed.The correlation analysis shows that the incidence of pepper blight(A)was significantly positively correlated with soil temperature(Q),intercellular carbon dioxide(L),and canopy air temperature(O).The incidence of capsicum blight(A)was significantly negatively correlated with chlorophyll content(F),net photo-synthetic rate(K),stomatal conductance(M),ww rate(N),soil sucrase activity(W),vitamin C(AB),and leaf PAL enzyme(J).Finally,it was deduced that intercropping dandelion could effectively control the occurrence of pepper blight while also demonstrating a complex interaction with the pepper growing environment.

Effects of Polygonatum odoratum Polysaccharides on the Quality of White Chili Peppers in Jars

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Polygonatum odoratum polysaccharides on the quality of white chili peppers in jars.[Methods]White chili peppers were pickled by adding different concentrations of P.odoratum polysaccharides with traditional pickling technology,and its nitrite content,pH and sensory quality were analyzed and detected.[Results]The results showed that,compared with the control group without adding P.odoratum polysaccharides,the nitrite content in white chili peppers in jars decreased after adding P.odoratum polysaccharides.When the addition amount of P.odoratum polysaccharides was 0.002%,the inhibition rate of nitrite reached the maximum.Under the same fermentation time,P.odoratum polysaccharides could significantly reduce the pH value of pickles.When the addition amount of P.odoratum polysaccharide was 0.002%and the pickling time was 3 months,the sensory quality of white chili peppers in jars was the best.At this point,white chili peppers in jars had rich aroma and tasted soft and sour,and the sour and salinity were suitable.As the fermentation time continued to increase,the chili aroma of white chili peppers in jars gradually decreased,and the sour taste became more pronounced.[Conclusions]This study can provide reference for the safety and quality control of white chili peppers in jars.

辣椒类胡萝卜素生物合成的分子遗传学研究进展

辣椒(Capsicumspp.)属于茄科辣椒属,作为一种蔬菜和香料作物在世界各地得到广泛栽培。除作为烹饪食材和香料应用外,辣椒在制药和化妆品领域也有广泛的用途。类胡萝卜素是一类天然色素的总称,参与植物许多重要的代谢过程,如光合作用、光保护、光形态建成和生长发育等。类胡萝卜素具有多种生物活性,是辣椒果实主要的营养物质之一,培育类胡萝卜素含量更高的辣椒品种需要全面深入了解其生物合成及其调控的分子机制。分子生物学和生物技术的发展促进了类胡萝卜素生物合成基因的鉴定,为培育类胡萝卜素含量更高的辣椒新品种提供了机会。该文描述了类胡萝卜素的生理作用、类胡萝卜素与辣椒果实颜色、类胡萝卜素生物合成途径、辣椒类胡萝卜素生物合成途径的结构基因及调控因子、辣椒果实颜色的分子遗传学及与辣椒果实颜色有关的QTL位点等方面的研究进展。牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸合成酶(GGPS)、八氢番茄红素合成酶(PSY)、八氢番茄红素脱氢酶(PDS)、ζ-胡萝卜素去饱和酶(ZDS)、番茄红素环化酶(LCY)、辣椒红素-辣椒玉红素合成酶(CCS)等是辣椒类胡萝卜素生物合成通路的端口酶和限速酶,其表达丰度和活性高低直接调控辣椒体内类胡萝卜素的含量。MYB306、DIVARICATA1、BBX20等转录因子参与辣椒类胡萝卜素生物合成的调控。类胡萝卜素生物合成和调控基因的多样性决定类胡萝卜素单体的数量和含量,影响辣椒果实呈现的颜色。基于目前研究进展,该文对未来辣椒类胡萝卜素代谢研究进行了展望,以期为今后培育富含类胡萝卜素的生物强化型辣椒新品种提供新思路。

四川辣椒炭疽病菌鉴定及防治药剂筛选研究

为明确四川辣椒产区辣椒炭疽病致病菌株,筛选有效防治药剂,采集并分离鉴定了资阳、盐源等7个辣椒产区的辣椒炭疽病菌,采用菌丝生长速率法测定10种杀菌剂对辣椒炭疽病菌的室内毒力,采用离体果实法测定6种杀菌剂对辣椒炭疽病的防治效果。结果表明,7个辣椒产区分离到的辣椒炭疽病菌均为Colletotrichum scovillei;C.scovillei菌丝对咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑、氟啶胺、腈菌唑敏感性较高;6种杀菌剂对辣椒炭疽病均有较好的防治效果,防效由高到低依次为咪鲜胺(95.66%)>戊唑醇(92.43%)>氟环唑(81.00%)>腈菌唑(75.29%)>氟啶胺(72.40%)>苯醚甲环唑(67.67%)。

基于主成分和聚类分析7个深绿线椒品种的商品品质和产量评价

【目的】探明深绿线椒品种的商品品质和产量差异,为贵州辣椒产业品种结构调整和优势区域布局提供科学依据。【方法】以7个深绿线椒品种(长辣七号、湘辣17号、卓椒七号、卓椒八号、香辣八号、红冠303、泰丰五号)为研究对象,采用SPSS 26.0进行变异系数分析和主成分分析,Origin 2022进行相关性和聚类分析,对其商品品质与产量进行综合评价。【结果】7个深绿线椒品种的商品品质及产量性状变异系数为6.91%~28.17%,其中,以果形指数变异系数最小,单果鲜重的变异系数最大;单果鲜重与果纵径、鲜椒产量与干物质含量分别呈极显著相关性,果纵径与果横径、单果鲜重与果横径、干椒产量与单株挂果数、单株挂果数与果纵径、单株挂果数与单果鲜重、单果鲜重与干物质含量分别呈显著相关性。基于深绿线椒品种的9个性状,通过主成分分析建立综合表现评价模型,得出品种卓椒七号的综合表现最佳,其产量最高,达2410 kg/667m^(2)。聚类分析将7个线椒品种分为适合鲜加工(长辣七号、红冠303、香辣八号和湘辣17号)、既适合鲜加工又适合干加工(泰丰五号和卓椒八号)及适合绿熟期采收上市(卓椒七号)3类。【结论】7个深绿线椒品种的多样性丰富,单果鲜重、果横径、果纵径、单株挂果数是构成鲜椒产量的主要因素,单株挂果数是构成干椒产量的主要因素;卓椒七号鲜椒产量最高,适合在绿熟期采收上市;卓椒八号果形和果肉厚适中,鲜椒和干椒产量中上,是理想的加工型辣椒品种。

辣椒新品种云干椒7号的选育

云干椒7号是以自交系258-1-2-3-1X-1为母本,以丘北辣椒优异单株390-1-1为父本配制而成的干制辣椒一代杂种。植株生长势及分枝性强,中熟,定植至采收约100 d(天),坐果率高;果实线形,老熟果深红色,平均果长11.5 cm,横径1.1 cm,干制后果面光滑油亮,平均单果干质量1.3 g,香辣味浓,辣椒素含量0.12%,VC含量1570.13 mg·kg^(-1);抗疫病,每667 m^(2)鲜椒产量920~1080 kg,干椒产量230~270 kg,制干率约25%,适宜云南省文山、曲靖、昭通、楚雄等干椒主产区及海拔2200 m以下的小果干椒类型地区春季栽培。

簇生朝天椒新品种国塔612的选育

国塔612是以MS两用系18-Y420为母本,以自交系18-Y423为父本配制而成的簇生朝天椒一代杂种。中熟,生长势强,坐果集中,分枝能力强,有效分枝8~10个。果实簇生,单簇8~12个果,单株结果数80~100个,青熟果绿色,商品果红色;果实指形,纵径约7.5 cm,横径约1.2 cm,果肉厚约0.15 cm,单果质量约7 g,VC含量1176.0 mg·kg^(-1)(FW),辣椒素含量740.83 mg·kg^(-1)(DW),辣味浓,抗烟草花叶病毒(TMV),中抗疫病,干鲜两用,脱水快,易干制,鲜椒产量1560 kg·(667 m^(2))-1左右,干椒产量390 kg·(667 m^(2))-1左右,适合河南地区露地种植。

温室辣椒自动补苗机构控制系统设计与试验

针对辣椒培育过程中会出现一定量劣苗影响穴盘苗一致性,且目前移栽机械自动化程度低、移栽效果不理想的问题,依照农艺要求规范设计了机-电-气一体的自动补苗机构控制系统。阐述了自动补苗机构工作原理和系统结构,结合传感器和执行器布局和剔补苗运行机制设计了补苗机构控制系统软件和硬件。参照移栽手工作要求,设计气路系统并进行相关计算。对45天辣椒幼苗进行移栽补苗试验,以水平移动速率、取苗深度、含水率为试验因子,剔苗成功率、移栽成功率为衡量指标,设计三因素三水平正交试验,结果表明:水平移栽速率对剔苗成功率和移栽成功率影响较小,移栽手运行平稳,剔苗成功率平均值为94%,移栽成功率为91.1%,表明自动补苗机构性能可靠。