Thermal Behavior and Crystal Transition of Biodegradable Poly(butylenes adipate)Revealed by Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy

In the present study,thermal behavior and crystal transition of pure poly(butylene adipate)(PBA)upon heating process were investigated by FTIR spectroscopy.To gain further insight into the thermal behavior alteration and the phase transition of PBA,we performed two-dimensional(2D)correlation analysis.We found thatβ-form PBA crystal undergoes not only the melting process but also crystal transition upon the heating process.

Nanocellulose: Effect on Thermal, Structural, Molecular Mobility and Rheological Characteristics of Poly(Butylenes Adipate-Co-Butylene Terephthalate) Nanocomposites

The concern with environmental preservation is a very current and relevant topic. Regarding polymers, the search for potentially ecofriendly matters has been the subject of scientific research. In this context, this work aimed to study the effect of adding nanocellulose (nCE) with 1, 3, and 5 wt.% on poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT). Thermal, structural, relaxometric, and rheological assessments were carried out. Quantitative evaluation of PBAT copolymer by high field NMR revealed 56.4 and 43.6 m.% of the butylene adipate and butylene terephthalate segments, respectively. WAXD measurement on the deconvoluted diffraction patterns identified that nCE was a mixing of Cellulose I and Cellulose II polymorph structures. At any composition, nanocellulose interfered with the PBAT crystallisation process. Also, a series of new PBAT crystallographic planes appeared as a function of nanocellulose content. PBAT hydrogen molecular relaxation varied randomly with nanocellulose content and had a strong effect on the hydrogen relaxation. PBAT cold crystallisation and melting temperatures (Tcc and Tm) were almost unchangeable. Although Tcc did not change during polymer solidification from PBAT molten state, the sample’s degree of crystallinity varied with composition through the transcrystallization phenomenon. Nanocomposite thermal stability decreased possibly owing to the catalytic action of sulfonated amorphous cellulose chains. For the sample with 3 wt.% of nanocellulose, the highest values of complex viscosity and storage modulus were achieved.

THERMAL PROPERTY, MISCIBILITY AND CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-co-3-YDROXYHEXANOATE) AND POLY(BUTYLENE SUCCINATE-ADIPATE) (PHBHHX/PBSA) BLENDS

Blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) and poly(butylene succinate-adipate) (PBSA), both biodegradable semicrystalline polyesters, were prepared with the ratio of PHBHHx/PBSA ranging from 80/20 to 20/80 by melt mixing method. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA), polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and wide angle X-ray diffractometer (WAXD) were used to study the miscibility and crystallization behavior of PHBHHx/PBSA blends. Experimental results indicate that PHBHHx is immiscible with PBSA as shown by the almost unchanged glass transition temperature and the biphasic melt.

Enhanced Crystallization of Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)by a Self-assembly Nucleating Agent

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT)is a promising biodegradable flexible polymer but suffers from slow crystallization rate,making it less attractive for some applications like the injection-molded products in comparison with low-density polyethylene(LDPE).This work aimed to accelerate the crystallization of PBAT by adding a self-assembly nucleating agent octamethylenedicarboxylic dibenzoylhydrazide(OMBH).PBAT/OMBH composites with various OMBH contents(0 wt%,0.5 wt%,0.7 wt%,1 wt%,2 wt%,3 wt%and 5 wt%)were prepared through melt-mixing.The effect of OMBH on the crystallization behavior,morphologies and mechanical properties of PBAT was investigated.The highest nucleation efficiency value of 59.6%was achieved for PBAT with 0.7 wt%OMBH,much higher than that of 22.7%for PBAT with 0.7 wt%talc.Atomic force microscopy results showed that OMBH formed fine fibers and induced the formation of transcrystalline layers of PBAT.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)combined with two-dimensional correlation spectra suggested that the intermolecular dipole-dipole N—H…O=C interactions but not hydrogen bond between OMBH and PBAT promoted the crystallization of PBAT in the initial period of crystallization.The presence of OMBH did not change the crystal form of PBAT but had positive contribution in enhancing its crystallinity and mechanical properties.This work is essential for preparing PBAT with high crystallization rate,enhancing its potential applications in injection-molded products.

Upcycling of Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)into Dual Covalent Adaptable Networks through Chain Breaking-Crosslinking Strategy

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT),a widely studied biodegradable material,has not effectively addressed the problem of plastic waste.Taking into consideration the cost-effectiveness,upcycling PBAT should take precedence over direct composting degradation.The present work adopts a chain breaking-crosslinking strategy,upcycling PBAT into dual covalent adaptable networks(CANs).During the chainbreaking stage,the ammonolysis between PBAT and polyethyleneimine(PEI)established the primary crosslinked network.Subsequently,styrene maleic anhydride copolymer(SMA)reacted with the hydroxyl group,culminating in the formation of dual covalent adaptable networks.In contrast to PBAT,the PBAT-dual-CANs exhibited a notable Young's modulus of 239 MPa,alongside an inherent resistance to creep and solvents.Owing to catalysis from neighboring carboxyl group and excess hydroxyl groups,the PBAT-dual-CANs exhibited fast stress relaxation.Additionally,they could be recycled through extrusion and hot-press reprocessing,while retaining their biodegradability.This straightforward strategy offers a solution for dealing with plastic waste.

Alkylpolyglycoside inducing poly (butylene terephthalate) non-woven graft copolymerization of chitosan

In order to improve the wettability and biocompatibility of the poly （butylene terephthalate） non-woven （PBTNW）, the method of surface modification is used to graft copolymerization of chitosan （CS） onto the PBTNW under alkylpolyglycoside （APG） inducing. The product is thoroughly characterized with the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FrIR）, the electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis （ESCA）, the thermogravimetric （TG） and the scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. It is found that chitosan is successfully grafted onto PBTNW. In addition, the water contact angles, hemolysis tests and cytotoxicity evaluation tests show an improvement in wettability and biocompatihility as a result of graft copolymerization of chitosan. So the CS-grafted PBTNW exhibits greater superiority than the original PBTNW. The CS-grafted PBTNW can be a candidate for blood filter materials and other medical applications.

Enzymatic Degradation of Poly(butylenesuccinate)/Thermoplastic Starch Blend

The degradation of thermoplastic starch blend in the presence of commerciala-amylase and unpurified amylase of microbial origin was investigated.The blends consisting of thermoplastic starch and poly(butylene succinate)have potential use in packaging applications thus,it is essential to establish susceptibility to degradation.Molar mass loss,gravimetric weight loss,and molecular structure were evaluated.The changes in the surface were observed with scanning electron microscopy.It was confirmed that there was a significant difference in gravimetric weight loss between the blends degraded in two different solutions.Unpurified enzymes of microbial origin,produced by Rhizopus oryzae cultures decomposed analyzed materials more efficiently than purified commercial ones.Moreover,it was proved that in applied conditions,the molar mass of PBS fraction did not change significantly.

Improving Polylactide Toughness by Plasticizing with Low Molecular Weight Polylactide-Poly(Butylene Succinate)Copolymer

A low-molecular-weight polylactide-poly(butylene succinate)(PLA-PBS)copolymer was synthesized and incorporated into polylactide(PLA)as a novel toughening agent by solvent casting.The copolymer had the same chemical structure and function as PLA and it was used as a plasticizer to PLA.The copolymer was blended with PLA at a weight ratio from 2 to 10 wt%.Phase separation between PLA and PLA-PBS was not observed from their scanning electron microscopy(SEM)images and the crystal structure of PLA almost remained unchanged based on the X-ray diffraction(XRD)measurement.The melt flow index(MFI)of the blends was higher as the amount of PLA-PBS increased,indicating that the block copolymer did improve the mobility of the PLA chains.Moreover,tensile tests revealed that PLA with greater PLA-PBS copolymer exhibited higher elongation at break and it reached the maximum at 8 wt%of PLA-PBS in PLA,which was around 6 times higher than that of pure PLA.Furthermore,the glass transition temperature,measured by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),markedly decreased with an increasing amount of the copolymer as it decreased from 61.2℃ for pure PLA to 41.3℃when it was blended with 10 wt%PLA-PBS copolymer.Therefore,the PLA-PBS copolymer was shown to be a promising plasticizer for fully biobased and toughened PLA.

DSC Study of Thermal Properties of Biodegradable Poly(Butylene Succinate-co-terephthalate)

Poly （ butylene succinate ） （ PBS ）, poly （ butylene terephthalate） （PBT） and poly （butylene succirmte-coterephthalate） （PBST）s were synthesized from dimethyl succinate and/or dimethyl terephthalate reacting with 1,4- butanediol through a process of transesterification/ polycondmsation in the presence of a high effective catalyst and characterized by means of GPC and DSC. The investigation was mainly focused on the influence of content of terephthalate units on the molecular weight and thermal properties of resulting polymers. It is revealed that the melting temperature and crystallinity of synthesized polymers decrease first with the increase of terephthalate units, then shift to rise gradually by DSC measurements. The results of Flory equation suggest sequence structure of PBSTs is random.

TRANSESTERIFICATION OF POLY(BISPHENOL A CARBONATE) WITH AROMATIC AND ALIPHATIC SEGMENTS IN BUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE-CAPROLACTONE COPOLYESTER

In this article, the transesterification of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (PC) with butylene terephthalate-caprolactone copolyester at a weight ratio 50/50 (BCL(21)) was thoroughly investigated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ('H-NMR), in conjunction with a model compound. The 1 H-NMR results of the annealed blend PC/BCL(21) show that the formation of bisphenol A-terephthalate ester units is the same as in the annealed blend of PC with PBT, and the transesterification actually occurs between PC and butylene terephthalate (BT) segments in BCL(21). By comparison with the model compound bisphenol A dibutyrate, the new signal appearing at δ= 2.56 in the 1H-NMR spectrum confirms the existence of bisphenol A caprolactone ester units resulting from the exchange reaction of PC with caprolactone (CL) segments. 1H-NMR analysis of the transesterification rates reveals that the reaction of PC with aromatic and aliphatic segments in BCL(21) proceeds in a random manner. The miscibility of the blend PC/BCL(21) copolyester is favorable for the transesterification of PC with BT segments and CL segments.

Construction and evaluation of co-electrospun poly (butylene succinate)/gelatin materials as potential vascular grafts

In this study,a series of poly(butylene succinate)(PBSU)/gelatin composites were prepared by electrospinning.The morphology,physicochemical analysis,biomechanical properties,biocompatibility,and biodegradability of the materials were evaluated.The results showed that the ultimate tensile stress of the vascular PBSU/gelatin grafts at(95/5),(90/10),(85/15),and(80/20)was(4.17±0.54)MPa,(3.81±0.44)MPa,2.94±0.69 MPa and 2.11±0.72 MPa respectively,and the burst pressure was(282.7±22.3)kPa,(295.3±3.9)kPa,(306.8±13.9)kPa and(307.6±9.0)kPa respectively,which met the requirements of tissue-engineered blood vessels.Furthermore,the addition of gelatin improved the hydrophilicity and degradation properties of PBSU,thus enhancing cell adhesion and promoting the inward growth of vascular smooth muscle cells.In summary,the research in this paper provides a useful reference for the preparation and optimization of vascular scaffolds.

Influencing Factors and Process on <i>in Situ</i>Degradation of Poly(<i>Butylene Succinate</i>) Film by Strain <i>Bionectria ochroleuca</i>BFM-X1 in Soil

This is the first report on the PBS film degraded by any Bionectria ochroleuca fungal strain. The fungal strain BFM-X1 was isolated from an air environment on a vegetable field and was capable of degrading poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). The taxonomic identity of the strain BFM-X1 was confirmed to be Bionectria ochroleuca (showing a 99% similarity to B. ochroleuca in a BLAST search) through an ITS rRNA analysis. The bio-degradation of the PBS film by strain BFM-X1 was studied. Approximately 97.9% of the PBS film was degraded after strain BFM-X1 was inoculated at 28?C for 14 days. The degradation efficiency of BFM-X1 against PBS film under different soil environmental conditions was characterized. The results indicated that 62.78% of the PBS film loss was recorded in a 30-d experimental run in a sterile soil environment indoors. On adding strain BFM-X1 to a soil sample, the PBS degradation rate accelerated approximately fivefold. Furthermore, both temperature and humidity influenced the in situ degradation of the PBS by strain BFM-X1, and temperature may be the major regulating factor. The degradation was particularly effective in the warm season, with 90% of weight loss occurring in July and August. Scanning electron microscope observations showed surface changes to the film during the degradation process, which suggested that strain BFM-X1preferentially degraded an amorphous part of the film from the surface. These results suggested that the strain B. ochroleuca BFM-X1 was a new resource for degrading PBS film and has high potential in the bioremediation of PBS-plastic-contaminated soil

Crystallization and Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Coir Fiber Reinforced Poly(Butylene Succinate)Biocomposites

The crystallization behavior,crystal morphology and form,and viscoelastic behavior of poly(butylene succinate)(PBS)and coir fiber/PBS composites(CPB)were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),polarized optical microscopy(POM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA).The results of DSC measurement show that the crystallization temperature increases with the filling of coir fibers.POM images reveal that the spherulitic size and crystallization behavior of PBS are influenced by the coir fibers in the composites.XRD curves show that the crystal form of pure PBS and CPB are remaining almost identical.In addition,the storage modulus of CPB significantly increases comparing with the pure PBS.This predicted the dimensional stability and improved load-deformation temperature.In conclusion,the addition of coir fibers has a significant effect on the thermal properties of the matrix.

1,4-环己烷二甲醇改性PBAT共聚酯的合成及性能

为提高降解塑料聚对苯二甲酸/己二酸丁二酯(PBAT)的力学性能、热性能及加工性能,在PBAT的分子链中引入1,4-环己烷二甲醇(CHDM)单体,采用熔融缩聚法,制备了一系列不同CHDM含量的新型聚对苯二甲酸-co-己二酸环己烷二甲酯/对苯二甲酸-co-己二酸丁二酯(PBCAT)。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、液固两用核磁共振仪对共聚酯进行结构表征;利用乌氏黏度计、万能电子拉伸机、差示扫描量热仪、维卡软化点测试机、接触角测量仪分别测试了共聚酯的黏均分子量、力学性能、热性能和亲水性。结果表明,随着CHDM物质的量的增加,PBCAT共聚酯的熔点和结晶温度均呈现先降低后升高的趋势,熔点由136℃降至114℃,然后升至123℃,结晶温度由90℃降至46℃,然后升至61℃,结晶度下降。当PBCAT共聚酯的黏均分子量可达126 075 g/mol,水接触角均小于90°,材料具有良好的亲水性能。当CHDM物质的量占醇总量的25%时,PBCAT共聚酯综合性能最好,拉伸强度为20.74 MPa,与PBAT相比,提升了17%,且该共聚酯结晶度小,熔融温度较PBAT降低了7.4℃,维卡软化点达到127.4℃。

聚丁二酸丁二醇酯熔融缩聚增黏特性

为解决生物可降解聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)长期正常储存过程中易发生降解而导致分子量下降的难题,通过熔融缩聚增黏方法实现了PBS分子量的提升。研究了反应温度、反应时间、初始特性黏度以及熔体膜厚等对PBS特性黏度、分子量、热性能和流变性能的影响。结果表明:PBS分子量随熔融缩聚增黏温度升高而升高;220℃反应60min,PBS特性黏度即可从1.049dL/g升至2.072dL/g;PBS初始黏度越低其增黏速率越高;而PBS的熔体膜厚与其增黏反应速率呈反比;PBS特性黏度的升高导致结晶困难,进而使其熔点下降。流变测试结果表明随着特性黏度升高,PBS熔体强度与热稳定性均提升,能满足重新加工和使用的需求,通过熔融再聚合方法可有效解决PBS因降解而无法满足其后续加工和使用需求的难题。

淀粉的改性及其对淀粉/PBAT/碳酸钙复合材料结构和性能的影响

采用甘油、六偏磷酸钠(SHMP)和聚乙二醇(PEG)改性木薯淀粉并制备改性淀粉/聚己二酸对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)/碳酸钙复合材料,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、热失重分析仪(TG)等对改性淀粉和复合材料进行分析,研究改性淀粉对复合材料结构和性能的影响。结果表明,甘油的外增塑作用和PEG、SHMP的内增塑作用使淀粉化学结构改变、无定形成分增加,淀粉颗粒由饱满的圆球状变成了不规则的大颗粒,250℃前稳定性提高,250℃后稳定性降低,有利于使用加工和热分解,不同改性剂改性淀粉结晶熔融行为存在差异;复合不会改变PBAT、碳酸钙和淀粉的原有晶型,但相容性的差异导致复合材料热性能和力学性能的差异,改性淀粉增加了复合材料的韧性,甘油、SHMP和PEG的协同改性使淀粉与PBAT、碳酸钙的相容性最佳,复合材料的综合性能最好。

木质素在合成可降解高分子材料中的应用研究进展

简述了木质素的结构、特性和分类情况,并综述了近年来国内外使用木质素来增强和改善聚对苯二甲酸-己二酸丁二酯、聚乳酸、聚己内酯和聚丁二酸丁二酯等合成可降解高分子材料性能的研究进展。指出木质素与合成可降解高分子材料复合可以赋予复合材料多种功能特性,如紫外屏蔽、抗菌、阻隔等,并能改善材料的生物降解性能,同时实现降本增效的目标。最后提出当前木质素与合成可降解高分子材料复合材料工业化生产应用存在的问题,并对木质素基全生物降解复合材料的未来研究趋势进行展望。

界面强化增容反应程度对PLA/PBAT共混物结构和性能的影响

通过熔融共混法将具有不同环氧含量的界面增容剂(Joncryl ADR-4400和Joncryl ADR-4468)引入聚乳酸(PLA)/聚对苯二甲酸-己二酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)共混物中,并采用转矩流变仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪、差示扫描量热仪、动态热机械分析仪、流变仪、电子万能试验机和扫描电子显微镜等仪器研究界面增容反应程度对PLA/PBAT共混物微观分子链行为及宏观性能的影响。结果表明,界面增容剂结构中的环氧基团通过与PLA和PBAT的羟基或羧基反应,在两相界面处形成微交联结构,增强两相界面的相互作用,最终提高共混物的力学性能。材料的宏观性能测试表明,与环氧当量较高的ADR-4400相比,ADR-4468的引入形成了更加完善的微交联结构,界面相互作用更强,使PLA/PBAT/ADR-4468共混物中PLA的玻璃化转变温度提高至54.7℃。当ADR-4468添加量为0.75%时,PLA/PBAT/ADR-4468共混物拉伸强度达36.4 MPa,断裂伸长率达302%,缺口冲击强度可达9.6 kJ/m^(2),较未改性PLA/PBAT分别提高18%、560%和69%,材料刚韧平衡性优良。

硅油/PBAT复合材料的制备及耐热性能研究

聚己二酸-对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)作为生物可降解材料在包装领域应用广泛,但存在耐热稳定性差、易受环境影响发生老化等问题。本文采用熔融共混的方法,制备了不同添加比的端羟基硅油(SO)/PBAT复合材料,探讨耐热添加助剂对PBAT热稳定性和可降解性能的影响。结果表明,复合材料具有更好的耐热性,当SO质量分数达0.6%时,最终分解温度提高到411.02℃,热分解速率较纯PBAT降低了10.34%。SO的添加显著延缓了PBAT的热氧老化,SO/PBAT降解稳定性得到提升,热氧降解30 d后0.6%SO/PBAT的拉伸强度保持率较纯PBAT提高了27.48%,质量损失率较纯PBAT降低了20.78%。此外,复合材料的分子量下降幅度减缓,低场核磁反演曲线说明SO的添加并未改变PBAT的热氧老化机理。

二步共混法制备PBAT/PGA材料及其性能

采用二步共混法制备改性聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯/聚乙醇酸(PBAT/PGA)共混物,其中,添加多元环氧化合物(ADR)为扩链剂和反应增容剂。首先通过第一步高温熔融共混(235℃),制备得到PBAT/PGA二元预混物;随后添加ADR进行低温共混(170℃),最终得到(PBAT/PGA)/ADR二步法共混物。并采用常见的一步共混法来制备同样配比的PBAT/PGA/ADR共混物作为比照。研究不同加工方式和ADR添加量对共混物流变行为、微观形貌和拉伸性能等方面的影响。结果表明,采用二步共混法,可在保持较大PGA分散相尺寸的同时,又能兼顾改善PBAT/PGA两相界面相容性。相对于PBAT/PGA(65/35)二元共混物和一步法共混物,二步法共混物在拉伸屈服强度、拉伸弹性模量和断裂伸长率方面具有更为均衡的性能。如当ADR添加量为0.8份时,(PBAT/PGA)/ADR(65/35/0.8)二步法共混物的拉伸屈服强度、拉伸弹性模量和断裂伸长率可分别达到11.57 MPa,160.88 MPa和309.5%。此外,测试结果表明,相对于二步法共混物,ADR的扩链/支化反应对一步法共混物流变行为的影响更为显著。