Removal of Dye Using Lignin-Based Biochar/Poly(ester amide urethane)Nanocomposites from Contaminated Wastewater

The pursuit of incorporating eco-friendly reinforcing agents in polymer composites has accentuated the exploration of various natural biomass-derived materials.The burgeoning environmental crisis spurred by the discharge of synthetic dyes into wastewater has catalyzed the search for effective and sustainable treatment technologies.Among the various sorbent materials explored,biochar,being renewable,has gained prominence due to its excellent adsorption properties and environmental sustainability.It has also emerged as a focal point for its potential to replace other conventional reinforcing agents,viz.,fumed silica,aluminum oxide,treated clays,etc.This study introduces a novel class of polymer nanocomposites comprising of lignin-based biochar particles and poly(ester amide urethane)matrix via a feasible method.The structural evaluation of these nanocomposites was accomplished using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and powder X-ray diffraction.The polymer nanocomposites exhibited superior mechanical properties with an increment in tensile strength factor by 45%in comparison to its pristine matrix,along with an excellent toughness value of 90.22 MJm^(−3)at a low loading amount of only 1 wt%.The composites showed excellent improvement in thermal properties with a sharp rise in the glass transition temperature(Tg)value from−28.15℃to 84℃,while also championing sustainability through inherent biodegradability attributes.Beyond their structural prowess,these polymer nanocomposites demonstrated excellent potential as adsorbents,displaying efficient removal of malachite green and tartrazine dyes from aqueous systems with a removal efficiency of 87.25%and 73.98%,respectively.The kinetics study revealed the pseudo second order model to be the precision tool to assess the dye removal study.Complementing this,the Langmuir adsorption isotherm provided a framework to assess the sorption features of the polymer nanocomposites.Overall,these renewable biochar integrated polymer matrices boast remarkable recovery capabilities up to seven cycles of usage with an excellent dye recovery percentage of 95.21%for the last cycle,thereby defining sustainability as well as economic feasibility.

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity Study of Some New Arginine-based Biodegradable Poly （Ester Urethane）s and Poly （Ester Urea）s

Bactericidal activity of some arginine based biodegradable polymers-PEURs （poly （ester urethane）s） and PEUs （poly （ester urea）s） with low cytotoxicity was studied in in vitro experiments. Various bacterial strains both Gram-positive and Gram-negative were used to explore the bactericidal activity of the cationic polymers. As the test objects, the following microorganisms were used： Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium album, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli, Actinomyces griseus and Aspergillus niger. The obtained results showed that the new cationic polymers suppressed the growth of the studied microorganisms and the bactericidal activity of the tested cationic polymers strongly depending on their chemical structure.

Synthesis of Bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-toluene-2, 4-diurethane for Main Chain Liquid Crystalline Poly(urethane-ester)s

A new methodology was advanced that mesogenic cores appeared after theformation of urethane groups and during the monomer-to-polymer transition. A newdiphenol monomer, bis(4'-hydroxy-phenyl)-toluene-2 (BHPTU), was obtainedby the reaction of 2,4-tolulene diisocyanate with hydroquinone in dioxane or N,N-dimethyl-acetandde. The reaction process was monitored by FTIR, and the product was investigated bylH NMR and elemental analysis (EA). A liquid crystalline poly(urethane-ester) was obtainedusing the BHPTU monomer.

LARGELY IMPROVED BLOOD COMPATIBILITY OF POLYURETHANE BY BLENDING WITH FLUORINATED PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE POLYURETHANE

The improvement of biocompatibility of polyurethanes was investigated.The results demonstrate that the blood compatibility of polyurethanes can be further improved by just simply mixing with the fluorinated phosphatidylcholine poly(carbonate urethane)s(FPCPCUs).The solution blending was done by mixing poly(ether urethane)(PEU)with FPCPCU in different compositions.An increased blood compatibility of the blend films was observed with the increase of FPCPCU content,and when FPCPCU content reached to 40 wt%(40F...

SELF-ASSEMBLED MICRO-DOMAINS ON THE UPPERMOST SURFACE OF FLUORINATED POLY(CARBONATE URETHANE)S WITH FLUORINATED SIDE CHAIN ATTACHED ON HARD SEGMENTS

The surface phase separated structure of polyurethanes is always desired due to the advantage of better biocompatibility, compared with the homogeneous one. The key issue is how to control and characterize the surface morphology. In this work, we report the uppermost surface morphology of fluorinated poly(carbonate urethane)s with fluorinated side chains attached to hard segments as studied by AFM, XPS and contact angle measurement. A self-assembled micro-domain with the fluorinated side chain standing up on the uppermost surface has been proposed for polyurethane with higher fluorinated content, based on the result obtained.

Silk Fibroin-modified Poly(butadiene) urethane Films and Their Effects on Fibroblast Viability

Surface-modified poly(butadiene)urethane (PBTU) films with silk fibroin (SF) were prepared by simple chemical method under the normal temperature. The physical properties and biological behaviour of the SF-modified PBTU film were evaluated. The results showed that the SF-modified PBTU films kept the tenacity and pliability very well, and could overcome rigid and brittle weaks of silk fibroin films. The morphology of SF in the PBTU film was dendritic aggregations, and the water-contact angle measurement indicated that the surface hydrophilicity of modified films was apparently enhanced. The biocompatibility of PBTU films was improved due to the change of surface components. The degree of platelet adhesion and the cell viability of rat embryo dermal fibroblasts seeded on PBTU films, SF films, and SF-modified PBTU films were measured by counting platelets before and after they contacted the films and MTT assay, respectively. The results indicated that platelet adhesion resistance and cell viability on the modified film were greatly superior to those on the PBTU film and the compound interface had good stability in the air.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Aqueous Dispersion Poly[urethane-(disperse blue 14)-urethane] Dye

A novel polymeric dye of aqueous dispersion poly[urethane-(disperse blue 14)-urethane] was synthesized based on poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), 2, 4-tolylene diisocyanate (TDI), klimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), disperse blue 14 and triethylamine (TEA) depending on a modified acetone process. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify Lhe structure of the polymeric dye, indicating an obvious carbonyl stretching absorption in disperse blue 14. The polymer was also characterized by the analysis of DSC, TGA, WAXD and UV-Vis spectroscopy.

Surface Modification of Polycarbonate Urethane by Covalent Linkage of Heparin with a PEG Spacer

Heparin was grafted onto polycarbonate urethane (PCU) surface via a three-step procedure utilizing α, ωdiamino-poly(ethylene glycol) (APEG, M n =2 000) as a spacer. In the first step, isocyanate functional groups were introduced onto PCU surface by the treatment of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in the presence of di-n-butyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) as a catalyst. In the second step, APEG was linked to the PCU surface to obtain the APEG conjugated PCU surface (PCU-APEG). In the third step, heparin was covalently coupled with PCU-APEG in the presence of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamidopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC). The amount of heparin (1.639 μg/cm 2 ) covalently immobilized on the PCU-APEG surface was determined by the toluidine blue method. The modified surface was characterized by water contact angle, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The hemocompatibility was preliminarily studied by platelet adhesion test. The results indicated that heparin was successfully grafted onto the PCU surface, and meanwhile the hydrophilicity and hemocompatibility of the modified PCU surface were improved significantly compared with the blank PCU surface.

PREPARATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE)/ URETHANE ACRYLATE COPOLYMERS

The urethane acrylate(UA) was made of poly(tetramethylenc oxide), 4,4’-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. A series of poly(methyl methacrylate) / urethane acrylate copolymers was prepared by using a redox initiating system. The copolymers had cross linked structures and two-phase morphologies as indicated by the results of the dynamic mechanical measurement and swelling test.

Electrode Effects on Polyurethane Soft Actuator

A polymer soft actuator is under investigation using a poly urethane elastomer film that bends by means of an applied voltage, which is based on the electrostriction. Bending experiments were performed under different metal electrodes deposited the both sides of the film. Even if the thickness of the both electrodes?is the same, the metal of the both electrodes?is desirable to be the same to bend more. It is suggested that the balance of the physical properties of the both metal is critical for larger bending.

Response to Applied Voltage to Polyurethane Soft Actuators with Loaded Weights

We are investigating a polymer soft actuator using a poly urethane elastomer film that bends by an applied voltage, which is based on the electrostriction. In this article, the bending magnitude was studied in a weight-loaded condition. It was found that the thinner film can bend the more without any load, but that the film of 200-μm thickness gave the largest bending when weights were loaded. The thickness of some degree is critical for large bending torque.

SYNTHESIS OF POLY ( ETHER-URETHANE) CONTAINING PENDANT AMINO GROUP

This paper is concerned with the synthesis of poly (ether-urethane) with pendant amino groups. The copolyether produced by ring opening copolymerization of tetrahydrofuran and epibromohydrin was treated with sodium azide in dimethylformamide to form azido substituted copolyether. The poly (ether-urethane) made from it was subjected to reduction reaction to convert azido group to amino group. The stress-strain behavior and dynamic-mechanical properties of poly (ether-urethane) containing pendant amino groups were studied.

Fluorinated Hyperbranched Poly(urea-urethane)s Containing Reactive Groups: Synthesis, Characterization and Application on Cotton Fabric

A series of hyperbranched poly(urea-urethane)s (HPUs) containing short fluoroalkyl chain and reactive groups (HPUFs) capable as hydrophobic and oleophobic coating materials were synthesized. The obtained polymers were characterized by FTIR(fouier transform-infrared spectroscopy), 1H NMR(nuclear magnetic resonance), 13C NMR, 19F NMR, GPC(gel permeation chromatography), TGA(thermogravimetric analyzer), and XPS(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analyses. Highly hydrophobic and oleophobic cotton fabrics could be achieved from these fluorinated hyperbranched polymers by solution-immersion coating method. The static contact angles reached to 143°, 114°, and 92° for water, hexadecane, and decane, respectively. The water and oil repellency ratings were 90 and 6, respectively, and still kept 80 and 5, respectively, after 10 soaping cycles at 50℃.

Effects of Processing Variables on the Morphology and Diameter of Electrospun Poly(amino acid ester)phosphazene Nanofibers

Poly[（alanino ethyl ester）0.67 （glycino ethyl ester）0.33 phosphazene] （PAGP） was synthesized, and morphology and diameter of the electrospun PAGP nanofibers were systematically evaluated by using a cool field emission scanning electron microscope （SEM） with changing the important processing variables such as applied voltage, polymeric concentration, and ambient temperature. The average diameter of PAGP nanofibers was inversely proportional to the applied voltage, but increased with the increase of solution concentration. Lower environmental temperature was unfavorable due to the nanofibers conglutination.

Apoptosis of A549 cells by small interfering RNA targeting survivin delivery using poly-β-amino ester/guanidinylated O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles

Gene-based therapeutics has emerged as a promising approach for human cancer therapy. Among a variety of non-viral vectors, polymer vectors are particularly attractive due to their safety and multivalent groups on their surface. This study focuses on guanidinylated O-carboxymethyl chitosan(GOCMCS) along with poly-β-amino ester(PBAE) for si RNA delivery. Binding efficiency of PBAE/si RNA/GOCMCS nanoparticles were characterized by gel electrophoresis. The si RNA-loaded nanoparticles were found to be stable in the presence of RNase A, serum and BALF respectively. Fine particle fraction(FPF) which was determined by a two-stage impinger(TSI) was 57.8% ± 2.6%. The particle size and zeta potential of the nanoparticles were 153.8 ± 12.54 nm and + 12.2 ± 4.94 m V. In vitro cell transfection studies were carried out with A549 cells. The cellular uptake was significantly increased. When the cells were incubated with si Survivin-loaded nanoparticles, it could induce 26.83% ± 0.59% apoptosis of A549 cells and the gene silencing level of survivin expression in A549 cells were 30.93% ± 2.27%. The results suggested that PBAE/GOCMCS nanoparticle was a very promising gene delivery carrier.

Effect of Hyperbranched Poly(amine-ester) Grafted Nano-SiO_2 on Reinforcement and Toughness of PVC

Nano-SiO2 was modified using silane coupling agent （KH-550） and hyperbranched poly（amine-ester） respectively, and Poly（vinyl chloride） （PVC）/modified nano-SiO2 composites were made by melt-blending. The composites＇ structures andmechanical properties were characterized by transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, sanning electronic microscopy（SEM） and electronic universal testing machine. The results. show that nano-SiO2 grafted by hyperbranched poly （amine-ester） increases obviously in dispersion in PVC matrix, and mechanical properties of PVC are effectively improved. Moreover, it was found that mechanical properties of PVC/nano-SiO2 composites reach the best when weight percent of nano-SiO2 in PVC matrix is 1%. Compared with crude PVC, the tensile strength of hyperbranched poly （amine-ester） grafted nano-SiO2/ PVC composite increases by 24.68 % and its break elongation, flexural strength and impact strength increase by 15.73%, 4.07% and 1 841.84%, respectively. Moreover, the processing of the composites is improved.

New Phase Transfer Agent for Dye: Application for Hyperbranched Poly (ester-amine)

Hydrophilic hyperbranched poly(ester-amine) (HPEA) synthesized from diethanolamine and methyl acrylate was used as phase transfer agent for the first time to transfer methyl orange (MO) from water into chloroform. This process was quantified by UV-Vis spectra. A possible mechanism was put forward based on the formation of amphiphilic aggregates.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HYPERBRANCHED POLY(ESTER-AMIDE)S BASED ON GALLIC ACID AND DL-2-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID

A novel AB3-type monomer was prepared from gallic acid and DL-2-aminobutyric acid, and used for the synthesis of the biocompatible hyperbranched poly(ester-amide)s by self-polycondensation. The polymers were characterized via FTIR and NMR spectroscopy and thermal analysis, and the average degree of branching of the polymers was estimated to be 0.75. The polymers with abundant acetyl end groups were found to be amorphous with lower intrinsic viscosity, better thermal stability and excellent solubility.

Hyperbranched Poly(amide-ester) Mildly Synthesized and Its Characterization

AB2-type-prepolymerized monomer was rapidly （2 h） prepared at room temperature （25 ℃） using commercially available maleic anhydride （MA） and diethanolamine （DEA） as raw materials. By employing toluene-p-sulfonic acid as a catalyzer, a series of hyperbranched poly（amide-ester） （HBPAE） were successfully synthesized from prepared AB2 monomer by solution condensation polymerization through ＂one-step process＂ or ＂pseudo one-step process＂ （using pentaerythritol as a center core）. The processes were carried out at high temperature of 120 ℃ for 6 h in air atmosphere （inert protection free） with reduced pressure distillation （0.08--0.096 MPa）. The results of FT-IR, UV-Vis, TGA, and intrinsic viscosity testing by Ubbelodhe viscometer showed that the prepared HBPAEs possess three-dimensional configuration with unsaturated conjugate structure, large numbers of branches and numerous terminal hydroxyl groups. These result in their low viscosity, high solubility and thermal stability.

Facile Route to Aromatic Hyperbranched Poly(ester amines)

The aromatic hyperbranched poly（ester amines）（AHPEAs） were successfully synthesized via the mild condensation of N-4-cyanobenzyl diethanolamine hydrogenchloride as an AB2 monomer in concentrated HCI. The polymerization was monitored by FTIR to suppose the reasonable reaction mechanism. The degree of branching was determined to be 0.55 by 1H NMR with an increased conversion of up to 96%. The glass transition temperature was measured by differential scanning calorimetry to range from -19 to 15℃ The molecular weights and polydispersities were investigated by gel permeation chromatography.