To promote the utilization of renewable energy,such as photovoltaics,this paper proposes an optimal flexibility dispatch method for demand-side resources(DSR)based on the Stackelberg game theory.First,the concept of t...To promote the utilization of renewable energy,such as photovoltaics,this paper proposes an optimal flexibility dispatch method for demand-side resources(DSR)based on the Stackelberg game theory.First,the concept of the generalized DSR is analyzed and flexibility models for various DSR are constructed.Second,owing to the characteristics of small capacity but large-scale,an outer approximation is proposed to describe the aggregate flexibility of DSR.Then,the optimal flexibility dispatch model of DSR based on the Stackelberg game is established and a decentralized solution algorithm is designed to obtain the Stackelberg equilibrium.Finally,the actual data are utilized for the case study and the results show that,compared to the traditional centralized optimization method,the proposed optimal flexibility dispatch method can not only reduce the net load variability of the DSR aggregator but is beneficial for all DSR owners,which is more suitable for practical applications.展开更多
我国正逐步制定和完善能源系统用户侧的降碳政策,住宅电采暖系统运行面临新的发展契机与挑战。为提升电采暖系统运行中电热能源利用率,实现采暖用能环节经济低碳化运行,以碳税定价政策作为环境成本价格背景,提出考虑家用电器电热特性的...我国正逐步制定和完善能源系统用户侧的降碳政策,住宅电采暖系统运行面临新的发展契机与挑战。为提升电采暖系统运行中电热能源利用率,实现采暖用能环节经济低碳化运行,以碳税定价政策作为环境成本价格背景,提出考虑家用电器电热特性的分散式电采暖集群经济低碳调控策略。首先,以电器设备运行中的电热特性作为分类依据,对室内电器运行情况进行分类聚合预测,并计算电器运行热增益作为采暖热源的补充。其次,根据分散式电采暖用户建筑和采暖设备热力学特性,构建电采暖“经济-低碳”运行优化模型,采用显式模型预测控制(explicit model predictive control,EMPC)技术对模型进行求解。最后,通过算例仿真对比分析可知,所提调控策略可用于分散式采暖用户集群的实时调控,实现电采暖系统运行经济性、低碳化目标。展开更多
This study utilizes machine learning and,more specifically,reinforcement learning(RL)to allow for an optimized,real-time operation of large numbers of decentral flexible assets on private household scale in the electr...This study utilizes machine learning and,more specifically,reinforcement learning(RL)to allow for an optimized,real-time operation of large numbers of decentral flexible assets on private household scale in the electricity domain.The potential and current obstacles of RL are demonstrated and a guide for interested practitioners is provided on how to tackle similar tasks without advanced skills in neural network programming.For the application in the energy domain it is demonstrated that state-of-the-art RL algorithms can be trained to control potentially millions of small-scale assets in private households.In detail,the applied RL algorithm outperforms common heuristic algorithms and only falls slightly short of the results provided by linear optimization,but at less than a thousandth of the simulation time.Thus,RL paves the way for aggregators of flexible energy assets to optimize profit over multiple use cases in a smart energy grid and thus also provide valuable grid services and a more sustainable operation of private energy assets.展开更多
基金supported by Science and Technology Project of State Grid Hebei Electric Power Company(SGHE0000DKJS2000228)
文摘To promote the utilization of renewable energy,such as photovoltaics,this paper proposes an optimal flexibility dispatch method for demand-side resources(DSR)based on the Stackelberg game theory.First,the concept of the generalized DSR is analyzed and flexibility models for various DSR are constructed.Second,owing to the characteristics of small capacity but large-scale,an outer approximation is proposed to describe the aggregate flexibility of DSR.Then,the optimal flexibility dispatch model of DSR based on the Stackelberg game is established and a decentralized solution algorithm is designed to obtain the Stackelberg equilibrium.Finally,the actual data are utilized for the case study and the results show that,compared to the traditional centralized optimization method,the proposed optimal flexibility dispatch method can not only reduce the net load variability of the DSR aggregator but is beneficial for all DSR owners,which is more suitable for practical applications.
文摘我国正逐步制定和完善能源系统用户侧的降碳政策,住宅电采暖系统运行面临新的发展契机与挑战。为提升电采暖系统运行中电热能源利用率,实现采暖用能环节经济低碳化运行,以碳税定价政策作为环境成本价格背景,提出考虑家用电器电热特性的分散式电采暖集群经济低碳调控策略。首先,以电器设备运行中的电热特性作为分类依据,对室内电器运行情况进行分类聚合预测,并计算电器运行热增益作为采暖热源的补充。其次,根据分散式电采暖用户建筑和采暖设备热力学特性,构建电采暖“经济-低碳”运行优化模型,采用显式模型预测控制(explicit model predictive control,EMPC)技术对模型进行求解。最后,通过算例仿真对比分析可知,所提调控策略可用于分散式采暖用户集群的实时调控,实现电采暖系统运行经济性、低碳化目标。
基金funding by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research(BMBF)obtained for the Kopernikus Project“ENSURE”(funding nos.03SFK1HO and 03SFK1C0-2)as well as helpful comments received from two anonymous reviewers.
文摘This study utilizes machine learning and,more specifically,reinforcement learning(RL)to allow for an optimized,real-time operation of large numbers of decentral flexible assets on private household scale in the electricity domain.The potential and current obstacles of RL are demonstrated and a guide for interested practitioners is provided on how to tackle similar tasks without advanced skills in neural network programming.For the application in the energy domain it is demonstrated that state-of-the-art RL algorithms can be trained to control potentially millions of small-scale assets in private households.In detail,the applied RL algorithm outperforms common heuristic algorithms and only falls slightly short of the results provided by linear optimization,but at less than a thousandth of the simulation time.Thus,RL paves the way for aggregators of flexible energy assets to optimize profit over multiple use cases in a smart energy grid and thus also provide valuable grid services and a more sustainable operation of private energy assets.
