Once a popular injectable filler,polyacrylamide hydrogel(PAAG)has been banned in China since 2006 due to its unclear safety and long-term complications.However,it is still being used worldwide because of its huge comm...Once a popular injectable filler,polyacrylamide hydrogel(PAAG)has been banned in China since 2006 due to its unclear safety and long-term complications.However,it is still being used worldwide because of its huge commercial profit,leading to emerging complications and an urgent need for standardized clinical management.This review aimed to assess the properties,safety,and complications of PAAG and treatment strategies for its removal.展开更多
Objective To determine residual acrylamide in medical polyacrylamide hydrogel by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy （HPLC-MS）. Methods After 13C3 labeled acrylamide was added, the sample...Objective To determine residual acrylamide in medical polyacrylamide hydrogel by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy （HPLC-MS）. Methods After 13C3 labeled acrylamide was added, the sample was extracted with water and then cleaned up with ExtrelutTM 20. The polyacrylamide hydrogel sample and 20 clinical cases were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS and isotope dilution quantifying technique in selected reaction monitoring （SRM） mode. Results Acrylamide was separated from polyacrylamide hydrogel. The concentration of acrylamide in polyacrylamide hydrogel ranged from 3.9×10^-9 to 3.1×10^- 8g/L in the 20 clinical cases. The peak area was favorable linear and the range was up to 3 000 μg/L. The recovery rate was 103.1% with a relative standard deviation （RSD） of 6.20%, when the mark level was 50 lag/L. Conelusion HPLC-MS is a rapid, accurate, and sensitive method for the determination of residual acrylamide in medical polyacrylamide hydrogel.展开更多
The aqueous polymerization of acrylamide and crosslinking with N,N-methylenebisacrylamide afforded hydrogelsdisplaying high levels of light scattering (poor optical clarity). Enhancement of the optical clarity within ...The aqueous polymerization of acrylamide and crosslinking with N,N-methylenebisacrylamide afforded hydrogelsdisplaying high levels of light scattering (poor optical clarity). Enhancement of the optical clarity within a polyacrylamide(PAm) hydrogel was accomplished through the implementation of 'refractive index matching'. Water-soluble additives wereutilised to better match the refractive index inhomogeneities throughout a given hydrogel. This resulted in lower lightscattering within the system and hence improved clarity. Amino acids, sugars, polymers, and other water-soluble additivessuch as glycerol were investigated by this methodology. Most additives investigaed displayed potential for effectivelyreducing the light scattering within a PAm hydrogel as a function of increased additive concentration. On increasing therefractive index of the water medium, the overall refractive index of a PAm hydrogel was also observed to increase. Thisprovided a quantitative means of determining the effectiveness of a given additive for improving the optical clarity within ahydrogel.展开更多
A pH-sensitive modified polyacrylamide hydrogel was prepared by two steps and the modified polyacrylamide was characterized by ^1HNMR spectrum. The surface morphology and swelling behavior of the hydrogels were invest...A pH-sensitive modified polyacrylamide hydrogel was prepared by two steps and the modified polyacrylamide was characterized by ^1HNMR spectrum. The surface morphology and swelling behavior of the hydrogels were investigated.展开更多
A novel core-shell hydrogel bead was fabricated for effective removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions.The core,made of sodium alginate-g-polyacrylamide and attapulgite nanofibers,was cross-linked by Calci...A novel core-shell hydrogel bead was fabricated for effective removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions.The core,made of sodium alginate-g-polyacrylamide and attapulgite nanofibers,was cross-linked by Calcium ions(Ca^(2+)).The shell,composed of a chitosan/activated carbon mixture,was then coated onto the core.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the grafting polymerization of acrylamide onto sodium alginate.Scanning electron microscopy images showed the core-shell structure.The core exhibited a high water uptake ratio,facilitating the diffusion of methylene blue into the core.During the diffusion process,the methylene blue was first adsorbed by the shell and then further adsorbed by the core.Adsorption tests showed that the coreshell structure had a larger adsorption capacity than the core alone.The shell effectively enhanced the adsorption capacity to methylene blue compared to the single core.Methylene blue was adsorbed by activated carbon and chitosan in the shell,and the residual methylene blue diffused into the core and was further adsorbed.展开更多
Hydrogels based on acrylamide (AA) and sodium methacrylate (NMA) as ionic monomer were prepared by solution polymerization using N,N’-methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBA) or ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGMA) as crossli...Hydrogels based on acrylamide (AA) and sodium methacrylate (NMA) as ionic monomer were prepared by solution polymerization using N,N’-methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBA) or ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGMA) as crosslinkers and Ammonium Persulfate (APS) and N,N,N’,N’-Te-tramethyl-ethylenediamine (TMEDA) as initiators. Swelling behavior was greatly affected by NMA content near phase transition. Increasing ionic monomer concentration compared to total monomer one led to high expansion in water, oscillating around 285 g/g for MBA and 325 g/g for EGMA crosslinker, above 20% of NMA. Dynamic Light Scattering experiments were performed and, for both crosslinkers, the dynamic correlation length (ξ) decreased with increasing NMA content, contributing to diminish hydrogels spatial inhomogeneities.展开更多
A series of nonionic polyacrylamide hydrogels, using acrylamide as monomer and N,N＇-methylene diacrylamide as crosslinking agent, were prepared by the free radical polymerization in aqueous solution. Swelling equilib...A series of nonionic polyacrylamide hydrogels, using acrylamide as monomer and N,N＇-methylene diacrylamide as crosslinking agent, were prepared by the free radical polymerization in aqueous solution. Swelling equilibria for the gels were carried out in aqueous solutions of NaCl, KCI, CaCl2, Na2HPO4 and K2HPO4 with concentration ranging from 10^-3 to 5mol/kgH2O at 25 ℃. Experimental results revealed that the chlorides and phosphates cause a different behavior at higher salt concentration. The swelling ratio increases with increasing concentration of chlorides salts, while decreases with the increased phosphates salt concentration. The phenomena seem to be related to the different interactions of chloride and hydrogen phosphate ions with the network groups. Furthermore, the effects of different concentration of crosslinking agent and total monomers on gel swelling performance were also investigated.展开更多
Semi-interpenetrating(semi-IPN)hydrogels formed by the continuous interpenetration of cross-linked polymer network and linear non-crosslinked polymer with multifunctionality are widely used in biomedical and other fie...Semi-interpenetrating(semi-IPN)hydrogels formed by the continuous interpenetration of cross-linked polymer network and linear non-crosslinked polymer with multifunctionality are widely used in biomedical and other fields.However,the negative impact of linear polymer on the homogeneity of the cross-linked network often leads to a decrease in the mechanical properties of semi-IPN hydrogels and severely limits their applications.Herein,a bioinspired hydrogen-bonding induced phase separation strategy is presented to construct the tough semi-IPN polyvinylpyrrolidone/polyacrylamide hydrogels(named PVP/PAM hydrogels),including the linear polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP)and cross-linked polyacrylamide(PAM)network.The resultant PVPx/PAM hydrogels exhibit unique phase separation induced by the hydrogen bonding between PVP and PAM and affected by the amount of substance of PVP.Meanwhile,the phase separation of PVPx/PAM hydrogels results in excellent mechanical properties with a strain of 2590%,tensile strength of 0.28 MPa and toughness of 2.17 MJ/m^(3).More importantly,the hydrogen bonding between PVP and PAM firstly disrupts to dissipate energy under external forces,so the PVPx/PAM hydrogels exhibit good self-recovery properties and outperform chemically cross-linked PAM hydrogels in impact resistance and damping applications.It is believed that the PVPx/PAM hydrogels with hydrogen-bonding induced phase separation possess more potential application prospects.展开更多
Polyacrylamide hydrogel(PAAG)was once considered a safe,reliable,and compatible injected filler and was widely used in breast augmentation,rhinoplasty,and other cosmetic surgeries.However,numerous complications,such a...Polyacrylamide hydrogel(PAAG)was once considered a safe,reliable,and compatible injected filler and was widely used in breast augmentation,rhinoplasty,and other cosmetic surgeries.However,numerous complications,such as implant migration,have been observed after PAAG injections.Herein,we report a rare case of distant implant migration after PAAG injection for breast augmentation in which the material became displaced along the abdominal wall to the perineum and pelvic extraperitoneal space.After a well-prepared preoperative evaluation involving magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and computed tomography(CT)examinations and threedimensional hologram,debridement surgery was performed to remove the injected material.After the operation,the patient was followed up for two years and was not scheduled for a second operation.Postoperative complications of breast augmentation after PAAG injection,especially gel migration,still affect thousands of patients.Once material migration occurs,surgical removal becomes difficult.Early diagnosis and treatment are recommended.展开更多
Current animal models of nerve root compression due to lumbar disc herniation only assess the mechanical compression of nerve roots and the inflammatory response. Moreover, the pressure applied in these models is stat...Current animal models of nerve root compression due to lumbar disc herniation only assess the mechanical compression of nerve roots and the inflammatory response. Moreover, the pressure applied in these models is static, meaning that the nerve root cannot be dynamically compressed. This is very different from the pathogenesis of lumbar disc herniation. In this study, a chitosan/polyacrylamide double-network hydrogel was prepared by a simple two-step method. The swelling ratio of the double-network hydrogel increased with prolonged time, reaching 140. The compressive strength and compressive modulus of the hydrogel reached 53.6 and 0.34 MPa, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the hydrogel's crosslinked structure with many interconnecting pores. An MTT assay demonstrated that the number of viable cells in contact with the hydrogel extracts did not significantly change relative to the control surface. Thus, the hydrogel had good biocompatibility. Finally, the double-network hydrogel was used to compress the L4 nerve root of male sand rats to simulate lumbar disc herniation nerve root compression. The hydrogel remained in its original position after compression, and swelled with increasing time. Edema appeared around the nerve root and disappeared 3 weeks after operation. This chitosan/polyacrylamide double-network hydrogel has potential as a new implant material for animal models of lumbar nerve root compression. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Neurosurgical Institute of Beijing, Capital Medical University, China(approval No. 201601006) on July 29, 2016.展开更多
Interpenetrated polymer networks of chitosan (CHI), polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) were prepared by free radical polymerization. These hydrogels were either washed with double distilled water (CHI/PAA...Interpenetrated polymer networks of chitosan (CHI), polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) were prepared by free radical polymerization. These hydrogels were either washed with double distilled water (CHI/PAA/PAM) A or hydrolyzed with 1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH), (CHI/PAA/PAM) S. Both types of hydrogels were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, microstructural techniques and compressive mechanical testing. Finally, hydrogels were loaded with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and release followed at different pHs. Infrared spectra analysis showed correspondence between hydrogels and monomer feed compositions. Hydrolyzed hydrogels, had increased water content and pH swelling dependence. Compression modulus of swelled hydrolyzed hydrogels decreased with increasing equilibrium water content. Higher BSA loadings were achieved on hydrolyzed hydrogels due to their high water content and porosity. Protein release from hydrogels was low (≤ 20% after 10 hours) at pH 1.2, but sustained release was observed at pH 6.8 and 7.4. The integrity of the protein released at 6.8 and 7.4 by hydrolyzed hydrogels was unaffected. The hydrogles showed no cytotoxic effects on human skin dermal fibroblasts as determined by MTT assay except for two compositions of (CHI/PAA/PAM) A samples, which after seven days presented a viability lower than 80% respect to the control.展开更多
文摘Once a popular injectable filler,polyacrylamide hydrogel(PAAG)has been banned in China since 2006 due to its unclear safety and long-term complications.However,it is still being used worldwide because of its huge commercial profit,leading to emerging complications and an urgent need for standardized clinical management.This review aimed to assess the properties,safety,and complications of PAAG and treatment strategies for its removal.
文摘Objective To determine residual acrylamide in medical polyacrylamide hydrogel by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy （HPLC-MS）. Methods After 13C3 labeled acrylamide was added, the sample was extracted with water and then cleaned up with ExtrelutTM 20. The polyacrylamide hydrogel sample and 20 clinical cases were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS and isotope dilution quantifying technique in selected reaction monitoring （SRM） mode. Results Acrylamide was separated from polyacrylamide hydrogel. The concentration of acrylamide in polyacrylamide hydrogel ranged from 3.9×10^-9 to 3.1×10^- 8g/L in the 20 clinical cases. The peak area was favorable linear and the range was up to 3 000 μg/L. The recovery rate was 103.1% with a relative standard deviation （RSD） of 6.20%, when the mark level was 50 lag/L. Conelusion HPLC-MS is a rapid, accurate, and sensitive method for the determination of residual acrylamide in medical polyacrylamide hydrogel.
基金This work was financially supported through a sub-contract from Syracuse University under contract F30602-98C-0105
文摘The aqueous polymerization of acrylamide and crosslinking with N,N-methylenebisacrylamide afforded hydrogelsdisplaying high levels of light scattering (poor optical clarity). Enhancement of the optical clarity within a polyacrylamide(PAm) hydrogel was accomplished through the implementation of 'refractive index matching'. Water-soluble additives wereutilised to better match the refractive index inhomogeneities throughout a given hydrogel. This resulted in lower lightscattering within the system and hence improved clarity. Amino acids, sugars, polymers, and other water-soluble additivessuch as glycerol were investigated by this methodology. Most additives investigaed displayed potential for effectivelyreducing the light scattering within a PAm hydrogel as a function of increased additive concentration. On increasing therefractive index of the water medium, the overall refractive index of a PAm hydrogel was also observed to increase. Thisprovided a quantitative means of determining the effectiveness of a given additive for improving the optical clarity within ahydrogel.
文摘A pH-sensitive modified polyacrylamide hydrogel was prepared by two steps and the modified polyacrylamide was characterized by ^1HNMR spectrum. The surface morphology and swelling behavior of the hydrogels were investigated.
文摘A novel core-shell hydrogel bead was fabricated for effective removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions.The core,made of sodium alginate-g-polyacrylamide and attapulgite nanofibers,was cross-linked by Calcium ions(Ca^(2+)).The shell,composed of a chitosan/activated carbon mixture,was then coated onto the core.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the grafting polymerization of acrylamide onto sodium alginate.Scanning electron microscopy images showed the core-shell structure.The core exhibited a high water uptake ratio,facilitating the diffusion of methylene blue into the core.During the diffusion process,the methylene blue was first adsorbed by the shell and then further adsorbed by the core.Adsorption tests showed that the coreshell structure had a larger adsorption capacity than the core alone.The shell effectively enhanced the adsorption capacity to methylene blue compared to the single core.Methylene blue was adsorbed by activated carbon and chitosan in the shell,and the residual methylene blue diffused into the core and was further adsorbed.
文摘Hydrogels based on acrylamide (AA) and sodium methacrylate (NMA) as ionic monomer were prepared by solution polymerization using N,N’-methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBA) or ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGMA) as crosslinkers and Ammonium Persulfate (APS) and N,N,N’,N’-Te-tramethyl-ethylenediamine (TMEDA) as initiators. Swelling behavior was greatly affected by NMA content near phase transition. Increasing ionic monomer concentration compared to total monomer one led to high expansion in water, oscillating around 285 g/g for MBA and 325 g/g for EGMA crosslinker, above 20% of NMA. Dynamic Light Scattering experiments were performed and, for both crosslinkers, the dynamic correlation length (ξ) decreased with increasing NMA content, contributing to diminish hydrogels spatial inhomogeneities.
基金Sci.and Tech. Ministry of Fujian (2005I010)Natural Sci. Foundation of Fujian (C0410006).
文摘A series of nonionic polyacrylamide hydrogels, using acrylamide as monomer and N,N＇-methylene diacrylamide as crosslinking agent, were prepared by the free radical polymerization in aqueous solution. Swelling equilibria for the gels were carried out in aqueous solutions of NaCl, KCI, CaCl2, Na2HPO4 and K2HPO4 with concentration ranging from 10^-3 to 5mol/kgH2O at 25 ℃. Experimental results revealed that the chlorides and phosphates cause a different behavior at higher salt concentration. The swelling ratio increases with increasing concentration of chlorides salts, while decreases with the increased phosphates salt concentration. The phenomena seem to be related to the different interactions of chloride and hydrogen phosphate ions with the network groups. Furthermore, the effects of different concentration of crosslinking agent and total monomers on gel swelling performance were also investigated.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52273210).
文摘Semi-interpenetrating(semi-IPN)hydrogels formed by the continuous interpenetration of cross-linked polymer network and linear non-crosslinked polymer with multifunctionality are widely used in biomedical and other fields.However,the negative impact of linear polymer on the homogeneity of the cross-linked network often leads to a decrease in the mechanical properties of semi-IPN hydrogels and severely limits their applications.Herein,a bioinspired hydrogen-bonding induced phase separation strategy is presented to construct the tough semi-IPN polyvinylpyrrolidone/polyacrylamide hydrogels(named PVP/PAM hydrogels),including the linear polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP)and cross-linked polyacrylamide(PAM)network.The resultant PVPx/PAM hydrogels exhibit unique phase separation induced by the hydrogen bonding between PVP and PAM and affected by the amount of substance of PVP.Meanwhile,the phase separation of PVPx/PAM hydrogels results in excellent mechanical properties with a strain of 2590%,tensile strength of 0.28 MPa and toughness of 2.17 MJ/m^(3).More importantly,the hydrogen bonding between PVP and PAM firstly disrupts to dissipate energy under external forces,so the PVPx/PAM hydrogels exhibit good self-recovery properties and outperform chemically cross-linked PAM hydrogels in impact resistance and damping applications.It is believed that the PVPx/PAM hydrogels with hydrogen-bonding induced phase separation possess more potential application prospects.
基金This work was supported by the Chongqing Higher Education Teaching Reform Project(grant no.193373).
文摘Polyacrylamide hydrogel(PAAG)was once considered a safe,reliable,and compatible injected filler and was widely used in breast augmentation,rhinoplasty,and other cosmetic surgeries.However,numerous complications,such as implant migration,have been observed after PAAG injections.Herein,we report a rare case of distant implant migration after PAAG injection for breast augmentation in which the material became displaced along the abdominal wall to the perineum and pelvic extraperitoneal space.After a well-prepared preoperative evaluation involving magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and computed tomography(CT)examinations and threedimensional hologram,debridement surgery was performed to remove the injected material.After the operation,the patient was followed up for two years and was not scheduled for a second operation.Postoperative complications of breast augmentation after PAAG injection,especially gel migration,still affect thousands of patients.Once material migration occurs,surgical removal becomes difficult.Early diagnosis and treatment are recommended.
基金supported by the High Levels of Health Technical Personnel in Beijing Health System of China,No.2013-3-050(to JZY)
文摘Current animal models of nerve root compression due to lumbar disc herniation only assess the mechanical compression of nerve roots and the inflammatory response. Moreover, the pressure applied in these models is static, meaning that the nerve root cannot be dynamically compressed. This is very different from the pathogenesis of lumbar disc herniation. In this study, a chitosan/polyacrylamide double-network hydrogel was prepared by a simple two-step method. The swelling ratio of the double-network hydrogel increased with prolonged time, reaching 140. The compressive strength and compressive modulus of the hydrogel reached 53.6 and 0.34 MPa, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the hydrogel's crosslinked structure with many interconnecting pores. An MTT assay demonstrated that the number of viable cells in contact with the hydrogel extracts did not significantly change relative to the control surface. Thus, the hydrogel had good biocompatibility. Finally, the double-network hydrogel was used to compress the L4 nerve root of male sand rats to simulate lumbar disc herniation nerve root compression. The hydrogel remained in its original position after compression, and swelled with increasing time. Edema appeared around the nerve root and disappeared 3 weeks after operation. This chitosan/polyacrylamide double-network hydrogel has potential as a new implant material for animal models of lumbar nerve root compression. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Neurosurgical Institute of Beijing, Capital Medical University, China(approval No. 201601006) on July 29, 2016.
文摘Interpenetrated polymer networks of chitosan (CHI), polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) were prepared by free radical polymerization. These hydrogels were either washed with double distilled water (CHI/PAA/PAM) A or hydrolyzed with 1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH), (CHI/PAA/PAM) S. Both types of hydrogels were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, microstructural techniques and compressive mechanical testing. Finally, hydrogels were loaded with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and release followed at different pHs. Infrared spectra analysis showed correspondence between hydrogels and monomer feed compositions. Hydrolyzed hydrogels, had increased water content and pH swelling dependence. Compression modulus of swelled hydrolyzed hydrogels decreased with increasing equilibrium water content. Higher BSA loadings were achieved on hydrolyzed hydrogels due to their high water content and porosity. Protein release from hydrogels was low (≤ 20% after 10 hours) at pH 1.2, but sustained release was observed at pH 6.8 and 7.4. The integrity of the protein released at 6.8 and 7.4 by hydrolyzed hydrogels was unaffected. The hydrogles showed no cytotoxic effects on human skin dermal fibroblasts as determined by MTT assay except for two compositions of (CHI/PAA/PAM) A samples, which after seven days presented a viability lower than 80% respect to the control.
