Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): Exploring Its Impact on Obstetrical Outcomes

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) disrupts ovulation leading to both infertility and miscarriage;yet, its impact on obstetrical outcomes remains largely uncertain due to conflicting findings. We analyzed data from the CDC Pregnancy Risk Assessment of Monitoring System, specifically Standard Core and Phase 8 responses, with 9549 respondents across the United States through SPSS 28 software in this cross-sectional study. Two variables assessed PCOS status in respondents: history of PCOS and PCOS during pregnancy. With a history of PCOS, there were significantly increased odds of diabetic (OR 1.665, p < 0.001), hypertensive disorders (OR 1.589, p < 0.001) during pregnancy, neonatal mortality (OR 1.550, p < 0.001), cesarean section (C/S) (OR 1.489, p < 0.001), and preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) (OR 2.081, p < 0.001). With PCOS diagnosed during pregnancy, there were significantly greater odds of diabetes (OR 3.278, p < 0.001), hypertensive disorders (OR 2.935, p < 0.001) during pregnancy, and significantly decreased risk for small for gestational age (2 standard deviations) (OR 0.337, p = 0.024). PCOS is a significant risk factor that contributes to maternal morbidity. Our results support the hypothesis that PCOS’ impact extends well into a woman’s obstetrical journey, with varying degrees of associated adverse maternal and fetal risks. Preliminary pathophysiologic explanations associated with PCOS gestational diabetes include pre-existing insulin resistance. Meanwhile, altered placentation and endovascular changes associated with PCOS secondary to a baseline deranged metabolic environment predispose patients to developing hypertensive disorders, PPROM, and preterm delivery. Associations between neonatal mortality and C/S can be attributed to elevated maternal body mass index. The pathophysiologic link between PCOS and the above obstetrical outcomes still remains unknown, necessitating further investigation;however, this study identifies the outcomes that require the most attention at this time.

Adult-Type Granulosa Cell Tumor with Similar Clinical Findings Seen during Ovarian Cystectomy Performed at the Same Time as Laparoscopic Ovarian Drilling for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: An Extremely Rare Case

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major cause of anovulatory infertility. Laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) is a treatment for PCOS that allows the laparoscopic identification of other intra-abdominal lesions and the provision of diagnostic treatment. This study reports a case of PCOS with an ovarian mass in which LOD was aggressively used and a granulosa cell tumor (GCT) was found. A 34-year-old woman with secondary amenorrhea and irregular menstrual cycles presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain of unknown etiology. Imaging studies revealed a 6-cm left ovarian mass with an internal appearance suggestive of a hemorrhage. The patient’s secondary amenorrhea was subsequently diagnosed as PCOS, and LOD was performed to preserve her fertility. Simultaneously, a cystectomy was performed to evaluate the tumor in the left ovary;the diagnosis was adult-type GCT. Although concomitant GCT and PCOS are extremely rare, the two conditions have similar clinical manifestations. In women of reproductive age, the impact of surgery on future fertility should be considered, and the initial surgical technique should be chosen carefully.

Automatic Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Using Wrapper Methodology with Deep Learning Techniques

One of the significant health issues affecting women that impacts their fertility and results in serious health concerns is Polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS).Consequently,timely screening of polycystic ovarian syndrome can help in the process of recovery.Finding a method to aid doctors in this procedure was crucial due to the difficulties in detecting this condition.This research aimed to determine whether it is possible to optimize the detection of PCOS utilizing Deep Learning algorithms and methodologies.Additionally,feature selection methods that produce the most important subset of features can speed up calculation and enhance the effectiveness of classifiers.In this research,the tri-stage wrapper method is used because it reduces the computation time.The proposed study for the Automatic diagnosis of PCOS contains preprocessing,data normalization,feature selection,and classification.A dataset with 39 characteristics,including metabolism,neuroimaging,hormones,and biochemical information for 541 subjects,was employed in this scenario.To start,this research pre-processed the information.Next for feature selection,a tri-stage wrapper method such as Mutual Information,ReliefF,Chi-Square,and Xvariance is used.Then,various classification methods are tested and trained.Deep learning techniques including convolutional neural network(CNN),multi-layer perceptron(MLP),Recurrent neural network(RNN),and Bi long short-term memory(Bi-LSTM)are utilized for categorization.The experimental finding demonstrates that with effective feature extraction process using tri stage wrapper method+CNN delivers the highest precision(97%),high accuracy(98.67%),and recall(89%)when compared with other machine learning algorithms.

Association between the Different Phenotypes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and the Outcome in in Vitro Fertilization at Human Reproductive Center Paul et Chantal Biya-Yaoundé

Background: In Vitro Fertilization/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (IVF/ICSI) represents the final step in the management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). Our objective was to study the association between PCOS phenotypes and IVF/ICSI results in women admitted to Gynaecological Endoscopic Surgery and Human Reproductive Teaching Hospital (CHRACERH). Material and Method: We carried out a cohort study with historical-prospective data collection over a period of seven years (January 2016 to March 2023) at Chracerh. PCOS patients were subdivided into 4 subgroups A, B, C and D. Results: We recruited 128 patients including 64 PCOS patients divided into four phenotypes and 64 non-PCOS patients constituting the control group. Phenotype D without hyperandrogenism had used the lowest dose of gonadotropins, i.e. 1939.7 ± 454.3 IU, and had produced a greater quantity of estradiol on the day ovulation was triggered (6529.8 ± 4324.8 ng/ml). The average number of punctured follicles and mature oocytes were higher in the phenotype D group. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) occurred mainly in phenotype D (3/35), with an estimated prevalence of 2.3%. The fertilization rate seemed lower in the hyperandrogenic phenotypes A, B, C compared to the group without hyperandrogenism without significant difference (p = 0.461). The biological pregnancy rate and live birth rate were comparable between the different groups. Conclusion: Phenotype D used less dose of gonadotropins. Biological pregnancy and live birth rates were comparable between the different phenotypes.

A novel herbal combination ameliorates ovarian dysfunction and regulates altered biochemical parameters in rats with letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective:To investigate the potential activity of novel herbal combination and novel herbal formulation(syrup)in female Sprague Dawley rats with letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).Methods:Forty-two rats were randomly divided into seven groups with six rats in each group.Group 1 received 0.5%carboxy methylcellulose orally for 37 days and served as the normal control group.Group 2 was orally administered with letrozole of 1 mg/kg for 21 days and served as the PCOS induction group without treatment.Group 3 to 7 were administered with letrozole of 1 mg/kg for 21 days orally to induce PCOS,and then respectively received clomiphene citrate at 1 mg/kg,100 and 200 mg/kg of novel herbal combination,200 mg/kg of novel herbal formulation(syrup),and 400 mg/kg of marketed formulation of Pushyanuga churna,once daily for 15 days.Effects of the novel herbal combination and its syrup formulation were evaluated on the hormonal profile,the levels of antioxidants,the lipid profile and on the ovarian morphology,using letrozole-induced PCOS model in rats.Results:Letrozole caused alterations in hormonal levels and lipid levels similar to PCOS and ovarian histology showed presence of ovarian cysts confirming the induction of PCOS in rats.On treatment with the novel herbal combination and its syrup formulation in PCOS-induced rats,the altered hormonal and lipid profiles showed significant recovery to normal levels.Ovarian histology confirmed the restoration of folliculogenesis in the PCOS-induced rats.The treatment with the syrup formulation of novel herbal combination was found to be more effective than novel herbal combination and showed better recovery in various parameters evaluated.The results of the study,however,suggested that treatment with novel herbal combination and its syrup formulation provided minimal protection against oxidative stress caused due to the induction of PCOS.Conclusions:The integrated approach for management of PCOS is to counterbalance the limitations associated with modern therapy.Both the novel herbal combination and the syrup formulation of novel herbal combination show efficacy in the management of PCOS in rats and restore folliculogenesis in the ovary.The syrup formulation of novel herbal combination is most effective in the management of PCOS and shows potential to be developed as an adjuvant therapeutic agent.

Metformin effect on internal carotid artery blood flow assessed by area under the curve of carotid artery Doppler in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

BACKGROUND Insulin resistance(IR)was reported in most polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS)cases.Metformin,a biguanide drug,successfully reduced IR.Homeostatic Model Assessment for IR(HOMA-IR)and Doppler parameters assessed metformin's effectiveness.AIM To verify whether the area under the curve of the internal carotid artery(AUC-ICA)Doppler wave can be a useful marker for assessing IR among PCOS cases who presented with menstrual irregularity and were treated with metformin over 6 mo.METHODS An observational,cross-sectional study recruited 54 eligible PCOS women;the anthropometrics were as follows:age,body mass index(BMI),menstrual cycle days,biochemical serum cholesterol,low and high-density lipoprotein,sex hormone-binding globulin,fasting blood glucose,and HOMA-IR,hormonal testosterone,luteinizing hormone over follicle-stimulating hormone ratio,and ultrasonic pulsatility index(PI)and resistance index(RI),carotid artery intima-media thickness(CIMT)and(AUC-ICA)parameters were initially recorded and repeated 3 mo and 6 mo later with metformin tab 500 mg;three times/day for 6 mo.In addition,AUC-ICA was assessed by taking repeated systolic and diastolic wave height measurements.RESULTS Metformin caused a progressive reduction in BMI,menstrual cycle days,biochemical hormonal,and Doppler parameters(CIMT,PI,RI,and AUC-ICA).AUC-ICA correlated strongly to all PCOS parameters.AUC-ICA correlated inversely with treatment time(r=-0.98,P<0.001)and positively with HOMA-IR(r=0.98,P<0.0001).Via the best subset regression model,the AUC-ICA had the highest predictive value for HOMA-IR.CONCLUSION AUC-ICA preceded PI,RI,and CIMT with a strong,meaningful correlation to all PCOS parameters,making it a reliable marker for the assessment of IR,especially during metformin therapy.Further studies are recommended to promote the application in practice.

Effect of Mitochondrial Function of Ovarian Granulosa Cells on In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer Outcomes in Obese Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients

Objective:To investigate the effect of abnormal ovarian granulosa cell metabolism on in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer(IVF-ET)outcomes in obese polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)patients.Methods:Patients with PCOS who met the study criteria were screened according to the inclusion criteria.A total of 32 patients with obese PCOS were recruited into the study group,and 39 patients with non-obese PCOS were recruited into the control group.The general data(age,body mass index,and years of infertility),insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR),follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH),granulosa cell mitochondrial function,and IVF-ET outcome of patients in the study group and control group were retrospectively analyzed.Results:The differences in age and years of infertility between the study group and the control group were insignificant(P>0.05),and the body mass index(BMI)of the study group and control group was 30.5±1.24 kg/m2 and 22.3±1.12 kg/m2,respectively,in which the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05);the HOMA-IR of the study group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05);the reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05),and the ATP content in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05);comparing the FSH and LH levels between the two groups,the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05);the rate of IVF-ET failure was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group.Conclusion:PCOS is a complex endocrine disorder,and obesity is one of the independent risk factors for the development of PCOS.

Myo-inositol versus metformin effects on clinical features, endocrine and metabolic profiles in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized controlled trial

Objective:To compare the effectiveness of inositol and metformin on the clinical characteristics,and endocrine and metabolic profiles of infertile polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS)women from Vietnam.Methods:From June 2018 to August 2022,a randomized trial was undertaken at the Hue Center for Endocrinology and Reproduction on infertile women aged 18 to 40 years with polycystic ovarian syndrome.The clinical,endocrine,and metabolic features of these individuals were assessed before and after 3 months of treatment with 2 g of inositol or 1700 mg of metformin per day.Natural pregnancy rates,adverse effects,and tolerance of inositol were recorded.Results:The study included 171 infertile PCOS women who were eligible to participate and took part in the baseline assessment,of whom 132 women participated in data analysis after 3 months.After metformin treatment,42.1%of women with oligomenorrhea experienced regular menstruation.Metformin significantly lowered body mass index(BMI),waist circumference and testosterone levels,but had no effect on other clinical characteristics,endocrine profiles,or metabolic profiles.29.2%Of women reported experiencing side effects.21%Of them attained pregnancy,which resulted in 17.1%of live births.In the inositol group,the rate of regular cycle increased by 18.2%and the total testosterone concentration significantly decreased.In overweight/obese women with PCOS,inositol significantly decreased weight,BMI,waist and hip circumferences(P<0.05).100%Of women tolerated inositol and continued treatment.18.9%Of them became pregnant,leading to 17%of live births.Conclusions:Metformin and inositol can improve weight and waist circumference in overweight/obese infertile women with PCOS.Metformin is associated with a higher rate of regular menstruation,whereas inositol is associated with a lower rate of adverse effects.The spontaneous conception,clinical pregnancy,and live birth rates between two groups are comparable.

Defining the role of bariatric surgery in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women.To meet PCOS criteria,women must have a combination of hyperandrogenism,anovulation and ultrasound findings.Almost 10% of all reproductive age women worldwide show signs of PCOS.Although women often seek care for gynecological or body image concerns,many PCOS women are at risk for metabolic syndrome (MS).Many of the metabolic consequences are overlooked and un-dertreated by physicians because these patients tend to be young,reproductive age women.MS and obesity coexist commonly with PCOS.These young women are predisposed to glucose abnormalities and ulti-mately diabetes mellitus,dyslipidemia and eventually cardiovascular disease.Bariatric surgery can be an ef-fective means of weight loss in PCOS women.Surgical techniques have become safer and less invasive over time and have been found to be effective in achieving significant weight loss.Surgical options have also in-creased,giving patients more choices.Bariatric surgery may prevent or reverse metabolic syndrome.Bariatric surgery may also have reproductive benefits in PCOS patients.Although bariatric surgery has historically been performed in older,reproductive aged women,it has recently gained favor in adolescents as well.This is of particular importance due to the prevalence of both PCOS and MS in adolescents.Treatment of PCOS and MS certainly requires a combination of medical therapy,psychological support and lifestyle modifications.These treatments are difficult and often frustrating for pa-tients and physicians.Bariatric surgery can be effective in achieving significant weight loss,restoration of the hypothalamic pituitary axis,reduction of cardiovascular risk and even in improving pregnancy outcomes.Ulti-mately,bariatric surgery should be considered part of the treatment in PCOS women,especially in those with MS.

Flexible GnRH Antagonist Protocol versus Progestin-primed Ovarian Stimulation (PPOS) Protocol in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Comparison of Clinical Outcomes and Ovarian Response

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. Progestin-primed ovarian stimulation (PPOS) protocol, which used oral progestin to prevent premature luteinizing hormone (LH) surges in ovarian stimulation, has been proved to be effective and safe in patients with PCOS. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of PPOS protocol with that of the traditional gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol in patients with PCOS. A total of 157 patients undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) were recruited into this study. The patients were divided into two groups by the stimulation protocols: the GnRH antagonist protocol group and the PPOS protocol group. There was no significant difference in the clinical characteristics between the two groups. Dose and duration of gonadotropin were higher in the PPOS protocol group. Estradiol levels on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration were significantly lower in the PPOS protocol group. Fertilization rates and the number of good quality embryos were similar between the two groups. Remarkably, we found 6 patients with moderate ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in the GnRH antagonist protocol group but 0 in the PPOS protocol group. A total of 127 women completed their frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of clinical pregnancy rate per transfer, implantation rate, first-trimester miscarriage rate and on-going pregnancy rate per transfer. To conclude, PPOS protocol decreased the incidence of OHSS without adversely affecting clinical outcomes in patients with PCOS.

Apoptosis and Expression of Protein TRAIL in Granulosa Cells of Rats with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

The relationship between apoptosis of granulosa cells and follicle development arrest in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) rats, and the contribution of tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) in apoptosis of granulosa cells were explored. By using sodium prasterone sulfate rat PCOS model was induced. The apoptosis of granulosa cells in ovaries of rats was observed by TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL), and the expression of TRAIL protein and mRNA in granulosa cells was detected by using immunhistochemical staining and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) respectively. The apoptotic rate and the expression of protein TRAIL in granulosa cells were significantly higher in antral follicles from the PCOS rats than in those from the control rats (P<0.01, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in apoptotic rate and the expression of TRAIL protein in granulosa cells of preantral follicles between the PCOS rats and the control rats (P>0.05). No apoptosis and the expression of TRAIL protein in granulosa cells of primordial follicles were found in the two groups. The expression of TRAIL mRNA was significantly stronger in granulosa cells from the PCOS rats than in those from the con- trol rats (P<0.01). It was suggested that the apoptotic rate in granulosa cells was significantly higher in antral follicle from the PCOS rats than in those from the control rats. TRAIL played a role in regu- lating the apoptosis of granulosa cells in PCOS rats.

Assessing and treating insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS) is a highly prevalent hormonal and metabolic disorder among reproductive aged women worldwide.Women with PCOS have widely varying phenotypes and seek medical care for differing reasons.In addition to concern for menstrual cycle function,ovulation,hirsutism and acne,many PCOS women have abnormal glucose metabolism.While diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance are easily diagnosed,the diagnosis of and concern for insulin resistance as a precursor disorder is underappreciated.Insulin resistance may be the first important marker of metabolic disease in PCOS women at risk for metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease.

Clinical Value of Serum Anti-Mullerian Hormone and Inhibin B in Prediction of Ovarian Response in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

The present study aimed to investigate the clinical value of serum anti-mullerian hormone（AMH） and inhibin B（INHB） in predicting the ovarian response of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome（PCOS）. A total of 120 PCOS patients were enrolled and divided into three groups in terms of the ovarian response： a low-response group（n=36）, a normal-response group（n=44）, and a high-response group（n=40）. The serum AMH and INHB levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. The follicle stimulating hormone（FSH）, luteinizing hormone（LH）, and estradiol（E2） levels were determined by chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay. The correlation of the serum AMH and INHB levels with other indicators was analyzed. A receiver operating characteristic（ROC） curve was established to analyze the prediction of ovarian response by AMH and INHB. The results showed that there were significant differences in age, body mass index（BMI）, FSH, total gonadotropin-releasing hormone（Gn RH）, LH, E2, and antral follicle counts（AFCs） between the groups（P〈0.05）. The serum AMH and INHB levels were increased significantly with the ovarian response of PCOS patients increasing（P〈0.05）. The serum AMH and INHB levels were negatively correlated with the age, BMI, FSH level, Gn, and E2 levels（P〈0.05）. They were positively correlated with the LH levels and AFCs（P〈0.05）. ROC curve analysis of serum AMH and INHB in prediction of a low ovarian response showed that the area under the ROC curve（AUC） value of the serum AMH level was 0.817, with a cut-off value of 1.29 ng/m L. The sensitivity and specificity were 71.2% and 79.6%, respectively. The AUC value of serum INHB was 0.674, with a cut-off value of 38.65 ng/m L, and the sensitivity and specificity were 50.7% and 74.5%, respectively. ROC curve analysis showed when the serum AMH and INHB levels were used to predict a high ovarian response, the AUC value of the serum AMH level was 0.742, with a cut-off value of 2.84 ng/m L, and the sensitivity and specificity were 72.7% and 65.9%, respectively; the AUC value of the serum INHB level was 0.551 with a cut-off of 45.76 ng/m L, and the sensitivity and specificity were 76.3% and 40.2%, respectively. It was suggested the serum AMH and INHB levels have high clinical value in predicting the ovarian response of PCOS patients.

Expression of Resistin mRNA in Adipose Tissue of Rat Model with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Its Implication

Summary: To investigate the relationship between the insulin resistance (IR) of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) rat model induced by dehydroeplandrosterone (DHEA) and hormonal changes in the ovarium and the resistin mRNA levels in adipose tissue, 21-day-old female SD rats were divided into two groups in pairs. The rats in group 1 were injected daily (s.c) with DHEA for up to 20 days and the rats in group 2 injected with oil at the same time. Ovarian weight, serum insulin levels and sex hormone levels in rat blood of both groups were determined. Oral glucose tolerance tests, light microscopic and electronic microscopic examination were performed. The levels of resistin mRNA in adipose tissue were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Our results showed that the ovarian weight in group 1 was greater than that in group 2 (P<0.05). The ovaria in group 1 showed multiple follicular cysts, The serum testeosterone and etrasdiol concentration were significantly higher in group 1 than those in group 2 (P<0.001 and P<0.05 respectively), so as the fasting serum glucose (P<0.001) and fasting serum insulin (P<0.05). The value of 1/FINS×FGC was significantly higher in group 1 than that in group 2 (P<0.001). Moreover, the resistin mRNA level of white adipose tissue in the DHEA-induced group was significantly higher than that in the control rats (P<0.05). It is concluded that the DHEA-induced PCOS rat models were similar to those of the patients with PCOS, and the IR was observed. Resistin secreted by adipose tissue may mediate IR in PCOS, and it is likely involved in the pathogenesis and development of PCOS.

Randomized controlled trial of Letrozole versus Clomiphene citrate for induction of ovulation in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): A Malaysian experience

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Letrozole versus Clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) with infertility. Methods: This was a prospective randomized trial involving 150 women with PCOS attending the Infertility Clinic at three hospitals in Malaysia. During the initial visit, anthropometric measurements and baseline investigations were performed. Patients were randomized to 5.0 mg Letrozole daily (75 patients) or 100 mg Clomiphene citrate daily (75 patients) from the fifth until the ninth day of menstruation. Serial transvaginal scans were performed to see the dominant follicles, endometrial thickness and number of follicles. Transvaginal scans were performed serially to look for evidence of ovulation. Results: The subjects were homogenously distributed. The difference between Letrozole and Clomiphene citrate for ovulation rate was 59 (78.7%) versus 40 (53.3%). Patients taking Letrozole exhibited a mean endometrial thickness (ET) at mid cycle of menses (Day 11-D14) of9.2 mm(SD ± 2.3) versus8.4 mm(SD ± 2.2) for patients taking Clomiphene citrate, and these differences were statistically significant

Risk factors of polycystic ovarian syndrome among Li People

Objective: To study the relevant risk factors of polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS) of Li People so as to provide basis for early diagnosis and treatment of PCOS. Methods: With casecontrol study method, 285 cases of PCOS of Li People were as recruited case group, and 580 cases of non-PCOS of female Li People as control group. Questionnaire was adopted to collect data regarding risk factors of PCOS, then the risk factors of PCOS was searched by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: Multivariate analysis showed that the risk factors of PCOS included in menstrual cycle disorder(OR=5.824), bad mood(OR=2.852), family history of diabetes(OR=7.008), family history of infertility(OR=11.953), menstrual irregularity of mother(OR=2.557) and lack of physical exercise(OR=1.866). Conclusions: To target the high risk factors of menstrual cycle disorder, family history of diabetes, family history of infertility, family history of diabetes, bad mood and lack of physical exercise of female population, we should implement early screen, diagnose and treatment of POCS in order to reduce the incidence rate of PCOS and improve prognosis of PCOS.

Study on Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome with Infertility by Combined Therapy of Chinese Herbal Medicine and Compound Cyproterone Acetate

Objective: To evaluate the effect of combined therapy of Chinese herbal medicine and compound cyproterone acetate (CPA) in treating non-obesity polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and to explore its mechanism in improving withdrawal ovulation. Methods: Eighty-six patients of non-obesity P-COS, typed as Shen-deficiency with blood stasis Syndrome or Shen-deficiency with Phlegm-Dampness Syndrome by Syndrome Differentiation in traditional Chines medicine, were randomly divided into three groups: (1) The TCM group (n = 26) was treated with Chinese drugs for 6 menstrual cycles; (2) The western medicine (WM) group (n=30) was treated with 1 tablet of CPA for 21 days, with the treatment beginning from the 5th day of menstruation. The treatment was given for 3 menstrual cycles by repetitious medication, which stopped and restarted on the 5th day of withdrawal bleeding. Then the ovulation promoting therapy was applied by using clomifene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin (CC/hCG) for 3 menstrual cycles; (3) The TCM-WM group (n=30) was treated with the medications used for the above two groups. The menstrual cycle, the volume and duration of the menstruation, as well as the improvement of acne and pilosis [Ferriman-Gallway (F-G) scoring] were observed after 3 cycles ended. Moreover, condition of ovulation was monitored by B-ultrasonography at the 4th- 6th cycle and status of pregnancy was observed. Results: Compared with before treatment, the blood level of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) in all 3 groups after treatment significantly decreased (P<0. 05), with its ratio to follicle-stimulating hormone (LH/FSH) recovered to normal, but without markedly change in levels of FSH, estradiol (E2) and prolactin (PRL). The menstrual cycle in most patients got regular and acne significantly alleviated (P<0. 05), and the improvement of infrequent menstruation and acne was better in the WM group and the TCM-WM group than that in the TCM group, but pilosis showed no significant improvement in all three groups. The periodical ovulation rate in the TCM-WM group (73. 1%) and the WM group (68. 3%) was significantly higher than that in the TCM group (40%). The pregnancy rate in the TCM-WM group (53. 8%) was significantly higher than that in the other two groups (26.1% and 25% respectively, all P<0.05). Conclusion: Using combined therapy of TCM and composite CPA followed by o-vulation promoting agents of TCM and WM to treat patients of non-obesity PCOS could relieve the clinical symptoms, improve the abnormal blood level of sex hormones and significantly elevate the pregnancy rate.

Clinical Observation of Jiawei Buzhong Yiqi Decoction in the Treatment of Obese Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

[Objectives] To observe the clinical efficacy of Jiawei Buzhong Yiqi Decoction in the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS).[Methods]Obese patients with PCOS were recruited for the study in September 2014-December 2016 from Chinese medicine gynecological clinic in the affiliated hospital of Hubei University of Medicine.All these patients were given one dose of Jiawei Buzhong Yiqi Decoction one time a day for three months.Body mass index(BMI) was measured before and after treatment.Sex hormone levels and ovulation were measured,and the improvement of clinical symptoms was compared before and after treatment.[Results] After treatment,the levels of BMI and serum luteinizing hormone(LH),testosterone(T) were significantly decreased,and the level of serum estradiol(E2) was significantly higher than that before treatment.Ovarian enlargement and polycystic changes,menstrual cycle,menstrual flow and menstrual period were improved in varying degrees.[Conclusions] Jiawei Buzhong Yiqi Decoction has a good clinical effect in the treatment of obese PCOS.

Study of Mutation in Tyrosine Protein Kinase of Insulin Receptor Gene in Patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Objective To explore the molecular mechanism of insulin resistance in the patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)Methods Polymerase chain reaction, silver staining-single strand conformation poly-morphism(PCR-SSCP) and DNA direct sequencing were used to detect the mutation of insulin receptor (INSR) gene in exon 17-21 with the abdominal wall adipose tissue from 31 patients with PCOS (PCOS Group) and 30 patients with pure hysteromyoma in reproductive lift (Control Group).Results Tiventy-two variant SSCP patterns in exon 17 of INSR gene were detected. Direct sequence analysis of exon 17 showed that homozygous nonsense mutation was two alleles single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the codon 1058 (CAC→CAT). Exons 18-21were not detected with any significantly mutation. The INSR gene His1058C→ T substitution collecting rate and insulin resistance were significantly higher in the PCOS group than in the control group (P = 0. 0293, P<0. 05, P<0. 01). Conclusion It is suggested that the SNP in codon 1058 of the INSR gene might be related with the insulin resistance in PCOS patients, which has hereditary tendency. And the missense mutation,nonsense mutation and frameshift mutation at exons 18-21 in tyrosine protein kinase region of INSR gene for PCOS patients were not frequently observed.

Prevalence and characteristics of polycystic ovarian syndrome in a sample of infertile Kurdish women attending IVF infertility center in maternity teaching hospital of Erbil City

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and to compare the clinical, hormonal and ultrasonography features between infertile women with or without PCOS. Design: A descriptive, comparative study. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted from May 1, 2007 to August 1, 2008, in the Infertility Care and IVF center in Maternity Teaching Hospital, Erbil city, Kurdistan region, North ofIraq. A total of 320 infertile women aged 18 - 45 years, were evaluated for clinical features (oligo-/amenorrhea, hirsutism), body mass index, waist-hip ratio (WHR) and hormonal measures. Transvaginal ultrasonography was used to assess the ovarian morphology. The Rotterdam 2003 criteria adopted by the European Society for Human reproduction and Embryology and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine were used to diagnose cases of PCOS. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS version 15. Results: The prevalence of PCOS was 33%. There were a significant differences between the two groups in terms of oligo-/amenorrhea, hirsutism, WHR, and ovarian ultrasound features. There were no significant differences between the two groups in correlations between the level of obesity with the incidences of anovulation, hyperandrogenemia and hirsutism or with hormonal features. Conclusions: A high prevalence rate of PCOS was observed among infertile women attending IVF center using the Rotterdam 2003 criteria for diagnosis.