Radix Polygoni Multiflori Praeparata and Dioscorea Bulbifera Rhizome Decoctions Display Combined Effects Detected by a Three-Probe Drug Cocktail with Substrates of Rat Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

Objectives: Radix Polygoni Multiflori Praeparata (RPMP) and Dioscorea Bulbifera Rhizomes (DBR) are used in Chinese herbal medicine and have been frequently reported for adverse reactions on liver. In this research, we aimed to evaluate in vivo effects of RPMP and DBR on rat cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A2) with their respective substrates as probes. Methods: Rats were orally administered RPMP, DBR and RPMP/DBR combination at 12, 10 and (12 + 10) g/kg, respectively, or saline as a control, once daily for 7 days. Thereafter, a cocktail containing 10 mg/kg caffeine, 20 mg/kg chlorzoxazone and 10 mg/kg dapsone was tail vein injected to rats. At defined time points, plasma drug concentrations were simultaneously evaluated by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters simulated by DAS software were used to assess RPMP and/or DBR effects on cytochrome P450 enzymes activity. ANOVA and Dunnett’s test were used for data analysis. Results: Caffeine metabolism was enhanced in RPMP animals and reduced after pretreatment with DBR, but no effect was observed in RPMP/DBR combination group. Chlorzoxazone and dapsone metabolism was enhanced in both RPMP and DBR groups and consequently in combination group. The data suggested that RPMP independently induces rat CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A2 activity, while DBR independently inhibits activity of rat CYP1A2 and induces that of CYP2E1 and CYP3A2. RPMP/DBR combination showed no significant benefit compared with the two drugs alone and even showed a neutralized effect in CYP1A2 activity. Conclusions: Caution is needed when RPMP and/or DBR are co-administered with drugs metabolized by human CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4.

Hematopoietic effect of small molecular fraction of Polygoni multiflori Radix Praeparata in cyclophosphamide-induced anemia mice

The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effects of a small molecular fraction(SMF) of Polygoni multiflori Radix Praeparata(PMRP) in a cyclophosphamide(CTX) induced anemia mouse model. Small molecular fraction of PMRP was prepared and identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(HPLC-Q-TOF-MS). In pharmacology, we examined the peripheral hemogram and thymus and spleen index. The content of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor(GM-CSF) in serum was mensurated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA);The level of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC), and malondialdehyde(MDA) in serum and spleen tissue homogenate were detected, and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX) was assayed in spleen. The results show that SMF can significantly accelerate the recovery of peripheral hemogram, increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and GM-CSF in serum and spleen. SMF also increases the number of spleen cells, improves bone marrow pathology. In conclusion, the SMF of PMRP promoted the recovery of hematopoietic function in a CTX-induced anemia mouse, which can support SMF to be used as an adjunct to chemotherapy to counteract its side effects.

Screening and Identifying Hepatotoxic Components in Polygoni multiflori Radix and Polygoni multiflori Radix Praeparata

Objective: In this study, the hepatotoxic components of Polygoni multiflori Radix and Polygoni multiflori Radix Praeparata(known as Heshouwu [HSW] and Zhiheshouwu [ZHSW] in China, respectively) were screened, isolated, and identified. Materials and Methods: The ethanol extracts of HSW and ZHSW were separated into 80 fractions according to their polarity in the preparation liquid phase. Chang liver cell line was used to screen the toxic components of HSW and ZHSW in vitro. The obtained toxic mixture was further collected, isolated, and identified to confirm the hepatotoxic compounds of HSW and ZHSW. Results: The identifid hepatotoxic compounds include 2,3,5,4’-tetrah ydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, emodin, physcion-8-O-β-d-glucoside, physcion, and citreorosein, the fist two among them were the main components of HSW and ZHSW. After processing of HSW, the contents of 2,3,5,4’-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside and emodin in ZHSW were signifiantly decreased. Conclusions: The traditional processing with herb has signifiant effects on the components, especially the toxic components, in the extract of HSW and is an effective method to reduce its toxicity.

何首乌及其中成药制剂导致的中草药相关肝损伤的回顾性研究

目的:观察何首乌、润燥止痒胶囊和百乐眠胶囊引起的中草药相关肝损伤(HILI)在接受中医药治疗人群中的可能发生率,探索其危险因素。方法:以2020年1月至2022年6月在上海中医药大学附属曙光医院门诊接受中医药治疗时曾运用何首乌、润燥止痒胶囊、百乐眠胶囊的患者为研究对象,分析HILI发生的可能性。结果:运用何首乌导致HILI的可能发生率为2.64‰,运用润燥止痒胶囊导致HILI的可能发生率为2.40‰,运用百乐眠胶囊导致HILI的可能发生率为2.06‰。甲状腺疾病是影响服用百乐眠胶囊患者HILI发生的危险因素(P<0.001)。结论:何首乌及其中成药制剂导致的中草药相关肝损伤发生率较低,应当正确评价中草药相关肝损伤,安全合理应用中药。

Chronic toxicity of both raw and processed Polygoni Multiflori Radix on rats

Recently, adverse effects of Polygoni Multiflori Radix（PMR） and Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata（PMRP） have attracted intensive attention worldwide. These adverse effects most occurred in cases with high dose of prolonged medication course. Liver is usually the target organ of these adverse effects. In the present research, we performed in vivo chronic toxicity study and aimed to evaluate relationships between major constituents of water extractions and total anthraquinone of PMR and PMRP and chronic toxicity. SD rats of both sexes were given water extractions as well as total anthraquinone of PMR and PMRP for 12 weeks. We evaluated basic biochemical indexes, conducted microscopic observations of main organs and assessed early indicators of liver and renal fibrosis. Simvastatin, with hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia as its main therapeutic areas, was investigated in our study. Component-toxicity relationships were also discussed. Five male rats died in our study, while all female rats survived, suggesting that some gender differences might be involved. Body weight was significantly changed, and basic biochemical indexes were sporadically occurred during the research. Pathological examinations on liver and kidney showed slight alternations after 12 weeks without dose-dependent relationship. Increase in serum laminin（LN） was observed in almost all male rats, indicating that the risks of liver or kidney fibrosis still existed, especially for males, although no fibrosis was found in the pathological examination of liver and kidney. No major and severe adverse effects were observed after 12 weeks of administration of PMR and PMRP. Regular safety monitoring is still necessary during medication in order to prevent possible risks.

制何首乌的炮制工艺、化学成分和药理活性研究进展

制何首乌是何首乌Polygonum multiforum Thunb.的炮制加工品,主要成分包括二苯乙烯苷类、蒽醌类、黄酮类、生物碱类、酚酸类等,具有抗氧化、补血、抗肿瘤、降血糖、抗炎等药理作用,临床上使用广泛。炮制工艺主要为黑豆汁炖制、蒸制、九蒸九制和炆制,炮制后颜色加深,成分含量也会发生变化。通过查阅国内外文献,发现对制何首乌的研究相较于何首乌而言不够全面,因此对近20年来报道的制何首乌炮制工艺、化学成分、药理活性的研究进行系统综述,为进一步开发制何首乌提供参考。

指纹图谱技术结合化学计量学方法鉴别制首乌产地的研究

目的建立一种指纹图谱技术结合化学计量学方法的制首乌产地快速鉴别方法。方法建立33批不同产地制首乌的指纹图谱并对其进行相似度评价,对色谱峰信息进行偏最小二乘判别法分析(PLS-DA)和线性判别分析。结果以对照指纹图谱为参照,不同批次药材间化学成分及含量差异较小,采用指纹图谱结合相似度的评价方法无法对其产地进行区分;选取PLS-DA分析法,基于变量权重重要性排序(VIP)值确定其中的差异标志物,由此建立不同产地制首乌的线性判别函数模型并对不同产地制首乌进行预测,模型对测试集的验证结果良好。结论指纹图谱技术结合化学计量学方法可作为一种有效鉴别不同产地制首乌的方法。

制何首乌3种成分在动脉粥样硬化大鼠血浆中的测定

目的测定制何首乌Polygoni multiflori Radix Praeparata 3种成分在动脉粥样硬化大鼠血浆中的含有量。方法大鼠灌胃制何首乌CMC-Na溶液后,采集血浆。HPLC分析采用Hypersil C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相乙腈-0.03%磷酸,梯度洗脱;体积流量0.9 m L/min;检测波长280 nm,柱温30℃。DAS2.0软件绘制血药浓度-时间曲线,计算药动学参数。结果二苯乙烯苷、大黄素、大黄素甲醚分别在61.25~6 125μg/L(r=0.999 8)、12.6~3 150μg/L(r=0.999 3)、24.1~6 030μg/L(r=0.999 5)范围内线性关系良好,方法回收率99.5%~105.8%,RSD 1.3%~3.3%;提取回收率87.2%~96.3%,RSD 3.2%~5.9%。3种成分的药动学行为均符合二室模型,但其在血浆中的含有量远低于在药材中。结论二苯乙烯苷、大黄素和大黄素甲醚在动脉粥样硬化大鼠血浆中生物利用率较低,可能与灌胃制何首乌后成分的肠道吸收有关。

何首乌提取液对犬心肌缺血再灌注损伤的预防作用实验研究

将30只健康犬随机分成三组。Ⅰ组对照组，Ⅱ组再灌注期间用药组，Ⅲ组全程用药组。造成急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型，测定静脉血中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性，脂质过氧化物（LPO）含量，心肌梗塞面积和梗塞程度，评估何首乌提取液对犬急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤的预防作用。结果发现，Ⅱ、Ⅲ组SOD，CAT活性升高，Ⅰ组则明显降低，LPO含量呈相反改变。Ⅱ、Ⅲ组心肌梗塞范围较Ⅰ组明显缩小，且程度明显减轻。提示：何首乌提取液对犬急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤具有良好的预防作用，值得进一步研究。

均匀设计优选微波辅助萃取何首乌中有效成分的研究

目的 研究微波辅助萃取何首乌的提取工艺。方法 以总蒽醌和 2 ,3,5 ,4′-四羟基二苯乙烯 - 2 - O-β- D -葡萄糖苷 (二苯乙烯苷 )的含量为指标 ,通过均匀设计的方法 ,采用连续微波辐射方法进行微波萃取工艺的优化。结果 微波功率、微波辐射时间、溶剂浓度、溶剂用量、原料浸泡时间对何首乌中有效成分的提取具有交互作用 ,优选出的最佳工艺条件为 :微波功率 340 W、微波辐射时间 10 min、溶剂乙醇浓度 95 %、固液比为 1∶ 5、浸泡时间 1h。结论 通过验证实验表明 ,所建立的数学模型是合理的。

何首乌及首乌藤中二蒽酮类成分研究进展

何首乌和首乌藤分别为蓼科植物何首乌Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.的干燥块根和藤茎,具有多种药理活性,为传统药用植物,且在我国分布广泛。然而,近年来关于何首乌及首乌藤所引起的肝损伤风险已经引起了国家药品监督管理局的高度关注。目前,何首乌和首乌藤的肝毒性成分尚不明确。文献报道何首乌中首次分离得到的二蒽酮类成分具有潜在的肝毒性,因此从该类成分的提取分离、在线鉴别、毒性评价和含量测定等方面对其进行综述,为该类成分与何首乌肝毒性的相关性研究提供参考。

基于转运体的何首乌致肝损伤作用机制探讨

目的:阐明长期给药何首乌醇提物(PME)和水提物(PMW)致大鼠肝损伤的可能机制。方法:分别制备PME和PMW。雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、阳性对照异硫氰酸α-萘酯(ANIT 100 mg·kg)组、PMW组(15 g·kg)、PME组(12 g·kg)。PME、PMW组大鼠给药剂量相当于60 g·kg生药量,约为临床最大量的110倍,灌胃给药42 d,每日给药1次。ANIT组于第40天灌胃给药1次。采用试剂盒方法检测大鼠血清生化指标丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总胆红素(TBIL)水平;采用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色法检测大鼠肝脏病理变化;采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)测定给药后大鼠肝脏组织中胆汁酸、胆红素代谢相关转运体有机阴离子转运多肽1a1(OATP1a1)、OATP1b2、多药耐药相关蛋白2(MRP2)、MRP3、胆盐外排泵(BSEP)、Na~+-牛磺胆酸共转运多肽(NTCP)、乳腺癌耐药蛋白(BCRP)、P-糖蛋白(P-gp)mRNA表达水平。结果:与对照组比较,PMW组大鼠血清中AST水平显著降低(P<0.05),ALT和ALP水平显著升高(P<0.05);PME组大鼠血清中AST水平显著降低(P<0.05),ALT、TBA和ALP水平显著升高(P<0.01);PMW组于PME组TBIL水平差异无统计学意义。病理结果显示,PME、PMW给药后均可引起不同程度的肝损伤,并且PME组表现更为严重。qRT-PCR结果表明,PMW和PME可同时影响胆红素和胆汁酸代谢过程中摄取和外排转运体的表达,均可显著下调外排转运体MRP2、BCRP mRNA表达水平,上调摄取转运体OATP1a1、OATP1b2 mRNA表达水平;PME可显著下调BSEP、P-gp、NTCP mRNA表达水平;PMW可显著上调NTCP、BSEP、P-gp mRNA水平;两者对MRP3 mRNA表达水平影响差异无统计学意义。结论:经过长期诱导后,PME、PMW均可引起大鼠肝损伤,其作用机制与影响胆红素和胆汁酸相关转运体相关,PME和PMW引发肝损伤程度存在差异,可能与两者对具体转运蛋白的作用不同相关。

何首乌中大黄素的提取方法研究

目的 :建立中药何首乌中大黄素的提取方法。方法 :以何首乌中大黄素为指标 ,用高效液相色谱法进行分析测定 ,系统考察不同溶剂、不同提取方式对大黄素提取率的影响 ,并用正交试验法进一步优选提取条件。结果 :用 7倍量 80 %乙醇回流提取 2次 ( 2h/次 )的提取方法可以获得较高的大黄素提取率。结论 :溶剂种类和提取方式对何首乌中大黄素的提取效率有较大影响。

德庆何首乌提取物对成骨细胞增殖的影响

[目的]观察何首乌提取物对体外培养新生大鼠颅骨成骨细胞增殖及量效关系。[方法]在新生大鼠颅骨成骨细胞体系中加入不同浓度的提取物,分别于加药后24、48和72 h用MTT法检测细胞的增殖。[结果]何首乌乙酸乙酯提取物能促进大鼠颅骨成骨细胞的增殖,试验中最佳作用浓度为0.1 mg/ml。[结论]何首乌乙酸乙酯提取物可促进成骨细胞的增值。

何首乌炮制前、后水溶性糖含量的比较研究

目的：比较何首乌炮制前、后水溶性糖的含量。方法：采用硫酸-蒽酮比色法测定何首乌生品及其炮制品中水溶性总糖、单糖-低聚糖、多糖的含量，结果：葡萄糖检测浓度在0．06～0．60mg／ml范围内与吸收度线性关系良好；水溶性总糖、单糖-低聚糖平均回收率分别为99．2％（RSD=2．3％）、99．7％（RSD=2．5％）。结论：何首乌炮制后水溶性总糖含量升高，其中单糖低聚糖、多糖均有所增加，以多糖含量增加为主。

乌龙丹流浸膏质量标准研究

目的:建立乌龙丹的质量控制方法.方法:应用TLC法对首乌、黄芪进行定性鉴别,应用高效液相色谱法测定葛根素的含量.色谱条件:流速1 ml/min,流动相:甲醇∶乙腈∶0.025 mol/L磷酸20∶4∶76,检测波长:250 nm.结果:薄层色谱定性方法简便、灵敏、专属性强;葛根素在0.052 5～0.735μg范围之内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 5.平均回收率99.18%,RSD=1.55%.结论:此法简便、准确,可有效控制产品质量.

制何首乌和白蒺藜对小鼠毒性作用的实验研究

目的:研究制何首乌和白蒺藜对小鼠的毒性作用。方法:通过测定制何首乌和白蒺藜的半数致死量及最大耐受量来评价两种药物的急性毒性。将实验小鼠分为空白组、制何首乌组、白蒺藜组及制何首乌伍用白蒺藜组,按临床常用剂量灌胃2周后观察两药单用及伍用后对小鼠肝脏的毒性作用。结果:小鼠对制何首乌和白蒺藜的最大耐受倍数均大于100,表明两药毒性甚小。各实验组小鼠血清ALT、AST、ALP、TBA测定及肝脏指数与空白组无明显差异;各组小鼠肝脏外观及病理观察均基本正常。结论:制何首乌和白蒺藜对小鼠无急性毒性作用,两药按临床常用剂量单用或伍用时亦无急性肝脏毒性。

基于多元统计分析的产地制何首乌品质评价研究

目的采用多元统计分析方法比较四川5个产地制何首乌的质量。方法高效液相色谱法同时测定四川5个产地制何首乌中二苯乙烯苷、游离蒽醌(以大黄素和大黄素甲醚的总量计)含量,并按《中国药典》2015年版收载的方法进行灰分和醇浸出物的测定。采用多元统计主成分分析(PCA)法和TOPSIS评价模型对数据进行处理分析,综合评价四川5个产地制首乌质量。结果四川5个产地制何首乌质量主成分分析排名:西昌(1.8045)>金堂(0.1841)>遂宁(-0.07404)>雅安(-0.3409)>乐山(-1.5736);TOPSIS分析排名:西昌(0.7261)>金堂(0.5722)>乐山(0.3343)>遂宁(0.2948)>雅安(0.1503)。结论不同地区制何首乌质量有差异,其中攀西地区(西昌)的制何首乌质量相对较好。

黄麦合剂中制何首乌与黄芪的鉴别及二苯乙烯苷的含量测定

目的：为建立黄麦合剂的质量标准进行相关研究。方法：采用薄层鉴别法对处方中制何首乌、黄芪进行了鉴别,用HPLC法测定了制何首乌中二苯乙烯苷的含量。结果：薄层鉴别检出制何首乌、黄芪;二苯乙烯苷浓度在6.25-200μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系（r=0.999 7）,平均回收率为100.4%,RSD为1.40%。结论：本法专属性强、重现性好,适用于该制剂的质量控制。

基于网络药理学探讨何首乌-丹参治疗阿尔茨海默病的作用机制

目的应用网络药理学方法预测何首乌-丹参抗阿尔茨海默病(AD)的作用靶点及相关信号通路,挖掘其抗AD的作用机制。方法通过中药系统药理学技术平台(TCMSP)网站检索何首乌-丹参的活性成分及对应的作用靶点,再通过Drugbank数据库、Dis Ge NET数据库和TTD数据库获得AD的主要致病靶点,采用Cytoscape 3.7.1软件构建药物活性成分-靶点网络图,利用STRING数据库构建蛋白与蛋白相互作用网络,然后运用生物信息学的方法对关键靶点进行基因功能分析和通路富集分析,最后采用MTT法、ELISA法、比色法和实时荧光定量PCR法对网络药理学主要预测的生物过程与信号通路进行验证。结果研究共筛选出何首乌-丹参药对的有效成分24个,对应靶点274个,与AD相关靶点共107个,相关信号通路前10条,GO分析相关度前20个靶点分子功能。细胞实验证实了何首乌-丹参能有效提高PC12细胞的细胞存活率及抑制PC12细胞的炎症反应和氧化应激反应,并促进Nrf2/HO-1信号通路的激活。结论何首乌-丹参主要是通过抗炎和抗氧化应激对AD产生重要的治疗作用,为后续临床治疗AD提供新的思路。