Physical-Rheological Properties and Performances of Rejuvenated(Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene)Asphalt with Polymerized-MDI and Aromatic Oil

Traditional asphalt rejuvenators,like aromatic oil(AO),are known to be effective in improving the low-temperature properties and fatigue performances of aged SBS(styrene-butadiene-styrene)modified asphalt(SBSMA)binders and mixtures.However,these rejuvenators inevitably compromise their high-temperature properties and deformation resistances because they dilute asphalt binder but do not fix the damaged structures of aged SBS.In this study,a highly-active chemical called polymerized 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate(PMDI)was used to assist the traditional AO asphalt rejuvenator.The physical and rheological characteristics of rejuvenated SBSMA binders and the moisture-induced damage and rut deformation performances of corresponding mixtures were comparatively evaluated.The results showed that the increasing proportion of AO compromises the hightemperature property and hardness of aged SBSMA binder,and an appropriate amount of PMDI works to compensate such losses;3%rejuvenator at mass ratio of AO:PMDI=70:30 can have a rejuvenated SBSMA binder with a high-temperature performance similar to that of fresh binder,approximately at 71.4°C;the use of AO can help reduce the viscosity of PMDI rejuvenated SBSMA binder for improving its workability;PMDI can help improve the resistance of AO rejuvenated SBSMA binder to deformation,especially at elevated temperatures,through its chemical reactions with aged SBS;moisture induction can enhance the resistance to damage of rejuvenated mixtures containing AO/PMDI or only PMDI;and the rejuvenator with a mass ratio of AO:PMDI=70:30 can lead the rejuvenated mixture to meet the application requirement,with a rut depth of only 2.973 mm,although more PMDI can result in a higher resistance of rejuvenated mixtures to high-temperature deformation.

In-situ polymerized PEO-based solid electrolytes contribute better Li metal batteries:Challenges,strategies,and perspectives

Polyethylene oxide(PEO)-based solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs)with good electrochemical stability and excellent Li salt solubility are considered as one of the most promising SPEs for solid-state lithium metal batteries(SSLMBs).However,PEO-based SPEs suffer from low ionic conductivity at room temperature and high interfacial resistance with the electrodes due to poor interfacial contact,seriously hindering their practical applications.As an emerging technology,in-situ polymerization process has been widely used in PEO-based SPEs because it can effectively increase Li-ion transport at the interface and improve the interfacial contact between the electrolyte and electrodes.Herein,we review recent advances in design and fabrication of in-situ polymerized PEO-based SPEs to realize enhanced performance in LMBs.The merits and current challenges of various SPEs,as well as their stabilizing strategies are presented.Furthermore,various in-situ polymerization methods(such as free radical polymerization,cationic polymerization,anionic polymerization)for the preparation of PEO-based SPEs are summarized.In addition,the application of in-situ polymerization technology in PEO-based SPEs for adjustment of the functional units and addition of different functional filler materials was systematically discussed to explore the design concepts,methods and working mechanisms.Finally,the challenges and future prospects of in-situ polymerized PEO-based SPEs for SSLMBs are also proposed.

Conjugated polymerized bimetallic phthalocyanine based electrocatalyst with Fe-N_(4)/Co-N_(4) dual-sites synergistic effect for zinc-air battery

The bifunctional oxygen catalyst is essential for zinc-air batteries(ZABs).Here,an efficient bifunctional oxygen catalyst,PPcFeCo/3D-G,is obtained throughπ-πinteraction between the conjugated polymerized iron-cobalt phthalocyanine(PPcFeCo)with excellent thermal stability and three-dimensional graphene(3D-G).The bimetallic synergistic effect of PPcFeCo,verified by DFT(Density functional theory)calculation,andπ-πinteractions enhances the catalytic activity and durability of the PPcFeCo/3D-G.Regarding electrochemical performance,the PPcFeCo/3D-G with a high electron transfer number(3.98,@0.768 V vs.RHE)has excellent half-wave potential(E_(1/2)=0.890 V vs.RHE)and exhibits outstanding reversibility(ΔE=0.700 V,ΔE=Ej=10-E_(1/2)).The liquid ZAB(LZAB)employed PPcFeCo/3D-G displays a high power density(222 m W cm^(-2)),a specific capacity(792 m A h g-1),and excellent durability(120 h).This work has guiding significance for the preparation of high-efficiency bifunctional catalysts.

A Comparative Study on Serum PreS2 and Polymerized Human Serum Albumin Binding Activity in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Antiserum against PreS2 peptide was raised with a synthetic polypeptide from the rabbits.The anti-preS2 antibody and polymerized human serum albumin were used as reagents in aradioimmunoassay to detect preS2 and polymerized human serum albumin bindingactivity respectively. Both were absent in patients with hepatitis A or HBsAg negative chronic liver di-seases. In biopsy - proven patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH)B, prevalences of bothmarkers were significantly higher at exacerbation that at remission stage of the disease, and so werein CAH than in chronic asymptomatic HBV carrier (AsC) with normal histology. Besides, the pre-valences were significantly higher in HBeAg positive group than in anti-HBe positive group.However, the polymerized human serum albumin binding activity and the preS2 were undoubtedlynot the same, as the prevalence of the latter was only 56.7% of the former.

DSC STUDY ON THE WATER-ABSORBING MECHANISM OF PLASMA POLYMERIZED N-VINYL-2-PYROROLIDONE

Water existing in water-absorbing plasma polymerized N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone(PPNVP) include pure bulk water, freezable water and non-freezing, or bound, water. The C-N bond of N, N-disubstituted amides in PPNVP was considered as an active binding site for bound water.

Synthesis of La/N Co-Doped SrTiO₃Using Polymerized Complex Method for Visible Light Photocatalysis

Lanthanum and nitrogen co-doped SrTiO3 was synthesized using polymerized complex method with Ti(OC3H7)4, SrCl2·6H2O and La(NO3)3·6H2O as starting materials followed by calcinations in NH3. Ethylene glycol and anhydrous citric acid were used as the precursors of synthesis. The samples were characterized using XRD, TEM, DRS, BET, EDX and XPS. The cubic-perovskite type of La/N co-doped SrTiO3 nanoparticle could be successfully synthesized. The photocatalytic activity of SrTiO3 for DeNOx ability in visible light region (λ > 510 nm) could be improved by co-doping of La3+ and N3_. The high visible light photocatalytic activity of this substance was caused by a narrow band gap energy that enables to absorb visible light.

Dynamics of acousto-rheological properties of polymerized materials on their solidification

An automated system was designed to study in a continuous regime the rheological properties of the care polymeric compositions using the damped vibration method.In a parallel mode measurements of rheological and acoustic characteristics of the care compositions were made on the basis of epoxy resin.Dependencies of shear modulus,viscosity,the sound speed,and the damping coefficient as functions of polymerization were presented.Dynamics of spectral characteristics of acoustic signals in the polymerization were investigated.Comparison of the experimental results obtained reveals that the dynamics of the variation of acoustic and rheological properties is significantly different.The major change of acoustic characteristics occurs in the initial stage of the solid state formation when a transition from a liquid-to-gel like state takes place.Rheological characteristics vary dramatically at the crossover from a high-viscosity to solid state.In the frequency dependencies of an acoustic signal a number of essential features were observed.

Surface Modification of Hexamethylated Disiloxane Plasma Polymerized Medical Polyurethane

Surface biomedical properties of plasma polymerization on medical polyurethane were studied.Hexamethylated disiloxane(MI)plasma polymerization was performed at a power of 100 W with the polymerization-time ranging from 1 to 15min.The results showed that hexamethylated disiloxane plasma polymerization resulted in an increase from 30.52 to 37.44s in the recalcification time.At the same time,the anticoagulability of polymerized samples for the polymerization time of 2-5min was 2.5 times that of the pristine.Results of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,electron spin resonance analysis showed that plasma polymerization decomposed some of CN bonds to form new SiN bonds and to increase the amount of radicals in polyurethane,which were the main reasons for surface modification.

Understand the Temperature Sensing Behavior of Solid-state Polymerized PEDOT Hybrid Based on X-ray Scattering Studies

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT) is one of the most successful conductive polymers that recently has been used in wearable sensors for human health monitoring. In this work, we prepared a series of PEDOT hybrids consisting of PEDOT, sodium poly(styrene sulfonate)(PSSNa) and polyethylene oxide(PEO), and their preparation could be scaled-up via an adapted solid-state polymerization process. The resistance of the as-prepared PEDOT:PSS/PEO hybrid shows clear temperature response, i.e., it decreases almost linearly with the temperature increase. To understand this phenomenon, the in situ synchrotron radiation wide-and small-angle X-ray scattering(WAXS/SAXS) characterizations were undertaken to study the temperature-dependent microstructure change of the PEDOT:PSS/PEO hybrid. It demonstrated that PEDOT formed conductive paths in the hybrids, which were not destroyed by the PEO crystallization. As temperature increased, the PEO crystals' melting and the accompanying reorganization of PEDOT chains endowed the hybrid sample temperature responsiveness. Based on these fundamental knowledges, the hybrid materials were used to fabricate flexible wearable sensor that showing temperature sensing performance with an accuracy of 1 ℃. These findings shed lights on the scalable manufacturing of wearable sensors for body temperature monitoring.

Insight into the efficiency-stability-cost balanced organic solar cell based on a polymerized nonfused-ring electron acceptor

Organic solar cells(OSCs)have attracted extensive attention from both academia and industry in recent years due to their remarkable improvement in power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,the Golden Triangle(the balance of efficiency-stability-cost)required for large-scale industrialization of OSCs still remains a great challenge.Here,a new nonfused-ring electron acceptor(NFREA)BF and its polymerized counterpart PBF were designed and synthesized,and their photovoltaic performance,storage stability and material cost were systematically investigated.When blended with a widely-used polymer donor PBDB-T,the PBFbased all-polymer solar cell(all-PSC)displayed a record high PCE of 12.61%for polymerized NFREAs(PNFREAs)with an excellent stability(95.2%of initial PCE after 800 h storage),superior to the BF counterpart.Impressively,PBF-based allPSC possesses the highest industrial figure-of-merit(i-FOM)value of 0.309 based on an efficiency-stability-cost evaluation,in comparison to several representative OSC systems(such as PM6:Y6 and PBDB-T:PZ1).This work provides an insight into the balance of efficiency,stability,and cost,and also indicates that the PNFREAs are promising materials toward the commercial application of OSCs.

Polymerized A-DA'D-A type small-molecule acceptors for high performance all-polymer solar cells: progress and perspective

A-DA'D-A type polymerized small-molecule acceptors(PSMAs) have very recently received wide attention because they possess advantages such as synthetic flexibility, narrowed bandgap, low energy loss, and impressive mechanical properties. With efforts on design and synthesis of PSMAs and polymer donors, significant progress has been made on all polymer solar cells(allPSCs) with power conversion efficiencies exceeding 18%. In this review, we focus on structure-property-performance relationships of the A-DA'D-A type PSMAs. First, we in-depth review the regio-random, regio-regular, and random ternary series by focusing on their structural modification such as from aspects of side-chains, halogenation, selenophene-containing and linkers, respectively. Second, we review the mechanically flexible and stretchable properties, which helps to find structural gene that correlates the mechanical properties. Third, we review the impressive small energy loss. In all, this review provides structural and material's clues, helpfully for designing high-performance all-PSCs.

Introducing alkoxy groups as outer side chains and substituents ofπ-bridges obtains high-performance medium-bandgap polymerized small molecule acceptors

The medium-bandgap polymerized small molecule acceptors(PSMAs)have broad application scenarios.However,the effort in the molecular design of the high-performance medium-bandgap PSMAs is limited.In this article,we introduce alkoxy groups as outer side chains and as substituents of the thiopheneπ-bridges of the high-performance PSMA PY-IT to synthesize a mediumbandgap PSMA PO-TO.Due to the fact that the non-covalent interaction between the alkoxy groups and the terminal groups of the small molecule acceptor(SMA)unit can weaken the intramolecular charge transfer(ICT)effect,the bandgap of PO-TO is enlarged and its absorption is blue-shifted compared with PY-IT,while the absorbance of PO-TO solution and film is enhanced significantly compared with that of PY-IT.When blended PO-TO with the polymer donor PBQx-TF,the corresponding all-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs)exhibit an open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))exceeding 1.04 V with a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 13.75%.Furthermore,PO-TO was used as the third component to fabricate ternary all-PSCs with PBQx-TF as the polymer donor and PY-IT as the main polymer acceptor,and the ternary all-PSCs based on PBQx-TF:PY-IT:PO-TO(1:1:0.2,w/w/w)demonstrated a high PCE of 17.71%with simultaneously improved V_(oc)of 0.940 V,short-circuit current density(J_(sc))of 24.60 m A cm^(-2)and fill factor(FF)of76.81%.In comparison,the binary all-PSCs based on PBQx-TF:PY-IT showed a PCE of 16.77%.This result indicates that introducing alkoxy groups is a promising strategy for synthesizing high-performance medium-bandgap PSMAs.

In-situ polymerized carbonate induced by Li-Ga alloy as novel artificial interphase on Li metal anode

Li metal is considered an ideal anode material because of its high theoretical capacity and low electrode potential.However,the practical usage of Li metal as an anode is severely limited because of inevitable parasitic side reactions with electrolyte and dendrites formation.At present,single-component artificial solid electrolyte interphase cannot simultaneously meet the multiple functions of promoting ion conduction,guiding lithium ion deposition,inhibiting dendrite growth,and reducing interface side reactions.Therefore,multi-component design on Li metal surface is widely investigated to achieve long-term cycling.Herein,we report a Li_(2)Ga-carbonate polymer interphase layer to solve volume changes,Li dendrites formation and side-reactions.As a result,the Li symmetric cell can be stabilized at 3.0 m A/cm^(2)in carbonate electrolyte with limited volume of 20μL.Coupled with 13.6 mg/cm^(2)(loading of 2 mAh/cm^(2))LiFePO_(4)cathode,discharge capacity retains at 90%for over 150 cycles under limited electrolyte conditions.With such an alloy-polymer interphase layer,higher energy density Li metal batteries become prominent in the near future.

Regioregular Non-Fused Polymerized Small Molecular Acceptors Enabling Efficient All-Polymer Solar Cells

Comprehensive Summary The regioregularity induced by the isomers of the end-groups has been widely recognized as a key factor that determines the photovoltaic properties of polymerized small molecular acceptors(PSMAs)in all-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs).However,the influence of regioregularity on the photovoltaic properties of non-fused PSMAs has not been explored yet.In this contribution,two regioregular non-fused PSMAs,PFBTz-T-γand PFBTz-T-δ,were synthesized for the first time by using the monomers with isomeric pure end-groups.Compared with PFBTz-T-δ,PFBTz-T-γhas more compact and more ordered packing in solid state,which results in a more red-shifted optical absorption and a higher electron mobility.More remarkably,PFBTz-T-γand PFBTz-T-δexhibited huge difference in photovoltaic performance in all-PSCs,which offered the power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 9.72%and 0.52%,respectively.Further studies have unveiled that the higher PCE of PFBTz-T-γis due to more efficient exciton dissociation,higher and more balanced electron/hole mobility,and less charge recombination as a result of favorable morphology of the blend film.This work demonstrates that the development of regioregular non-fused PSMAs by tuning the polymerization sites is an effective strategy for obtaining high-efficiency all-PSCs.

Lithium-Ion Charged Polymer Channels Flattening Lithium Metal Anode

The concentration difference in the near-surface region of lithium metal is the main cause of lithium dendrite growth.Resolving this issue will be key to achieving high-performance lithium metal batteries(LMBs).Herein,we construct a lithium nitrate(LiNO_(3))-implanted electroactiveβphase polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene(PVDF-HFP)crystalline polymorph layer(PHL).The electronegatively charged polymer chains attain lithium ions on the surface to form lithium-ion charged channels.These channels act as reservoirs to sustainably release Li ions to recompense the ionic flux of electrolytes,decreasing the growth of lithium dendrites.The stretched molecular channels can also accelerate the transport of Li ions.The combined effects enable a high Coulombic efficiency of 97.0%for 250 cycles in lithium(Li)||copper(Cu)cell and a stable symmetric plating/stripping behavior over 2000 h at 3 mA cm^(-2)with ultrahigh Li utilization of 50%.Furthermore,the full cell coupled with PHL-Cu@Li anode and Li Fe PO_(4) cathode exhibits long-term cycle stability with high-capacity retention of 95.9%after 900 cycles.Impressively,the full cell paired with LiNi_(0.87)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.03)O_(2)maintains a discharge capacity of 170.0 mAh g^(-1)with a capacity retention of 84.3%after 100 cycles even under harsh condition of ultralow N/P ratio of 0.83.This facile strategy will widen the potential application of LiNO_(3)in ester-based electrolyte for practical high-voltage LMBs.

Development and characterization of 3D-printed electroconductive pHEMA-co-MAA NP-laden hydrogels for tissue engineering

Tissue engineering(TE)continues to be widely explored as a potential solution to meet critical clinical needs for diseased tissue replacement and tissue regeneration.In this study,we developed a poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid)(pHEMA-co-MAA)based hydrogel loaded with newly synthesized conductive poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)(PEDOT)and polypyrrole(PPy)nanoparticles(NPs),and subsequently processed these hydrogels into tissue engineered constructs via three-dimensional(3D)printing.The presence of the NPs was critical as they altered the rheological properties during printing.However,all samples exhibited suitable shear thinning properties,allowing for the development of an optimized processing window for 3D printing.Samples were 3D printed into pre-determined disk-shaped configurations of 2 and 10 mm in height and diameter,respectively.We observed that the NPs disrupted the gel crosslinking efficiencies,leading to shorter degradation times and compressive mechanical properties ranging between 450 and 550 kPa.The conductivity of the printed hydrogels increased along with the NP concentration to(5.10±0.37)×10^(−7)S/cm.In vitro studies with cortical astrocyte cell cultures demonstrated that exposure to the pHEMA-co-MAA NP hydrogels yielded high cellular viability and proliferation rates.Finally,hydrogel antimicrobial studies with staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria revealed that the developed hydrogels affected bacterial growth.Taken together,these materials show promise for various TE strategies.

Chlorinated polymerized small molecule acceptor enabling ternary all-polymer solar cells with over 16.6% efficiency

Recently,all-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs) based on polymerized small molecule acceptors(PSMAs) have achieved significant progress.Ternary blending has proven to be an effective strategy to further boost the power conversion efficiency(PCE) of the all-PSCs.Herein,a new A-DA′D-A small-molecule acceptor-based PSMA(named as PYCl-T) was designed and synthesized,which possesses similar polymer backbone with the widely used PY-IT,but with chlorine substitution on the A-end groups in the A-DA′D-A structure.PYCl-T was then employed as the third component into the PM6:PY-IT system and the ternary all-PSCs based on PM6:PY-IT:PYCl-T demonstrated a high PCE of 16.62%(certified value of 16.3%).Moreover,the PCE of 15.52% was realized in the enlarged ternary all-PSCs with effective area of 1 cm^(2),indicating the great potential in large-scale applications.Moreover,the optimized ternary blend films of PM6:PY-IT:PYCl-T show excellent thermal stability at 150 ℃.This work demonstrates that the utilization of a ternary blend system involving two well-compatible PSMA polymer acceptors is an effective strategy to boost the performance of the all-PSCs.

Synthesis of the superfine high-entropy zirconate nanopowders by polymerized complex method

The high-purity and superfine high-entropy zirconate nanopowders,namely(Y_(0.25)La_(0.25)Sm_(0.25)Eu_(0.25))_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)nanopowders,without agglomeration,were successfully synthesized via polymerized complex method at low temperatures for the first time.The results showed that the crystallinity degree,lattice strain,and particle size of the as-synthesized powders were gradually enhanced with the increase of the synthesis temperature from 800 to 1300℃.The as-synthesized powders involved fluorite phase in the range of 800-1200℃while they underwent the phase evolution from fluorite to pyrochlore at 1300℃.It is worth mentioning that the as-synthesized powders at 900℃are of the highest quality among all the as-synthesized powders,which is due to the fact that they not only possess the particle size of 11 nm without agglomeration,but also show high purity and good compositional uniformity.

Anion competition for Li^(+)solvated coordination environments in poly(1,3 dioxolane)electrolyte to enable high-voltage lithium metal solid-state batteries

Gel-based polymer electrolytes are limited by the polarity of the residual solvent,which restricts the coupling-breaking behaviour during Li^(+)conduction,resulting in the Li^(+)transport kinetics being greatly affected.Here,we designed anion competitive gel polymer electrolyte(ACPE)by introducing lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate(LiDFOB)anion into the 1,3-dioxolane(DOL)in situ polymerisation system.ACPE enhances the ionic dipole interaction between Li^(+)and the solvent molecules and synergizes with Li^(+)across the solvation site of the polymer ethylene oxide(EO)unit,combination that greatly improves the Li^(+)transport efficiency.As a result,ACPE exhibits 1.12 mS cm^(−1)ionic conductivity and 0.75 Li^(+)transfer number at room temperature.Additionally,this intra-polymer solvation sheath allows preferential desolvation of DFOB−,which contributes to the formation of kinetically stable anion-derived interphase and effectively mitigates side reactions.Our results demonstrate that the assembled Li||NCM622 solid-state battery exhibits lifespan of over 300 cycles with average Coulombic efficiency of 98.8%and capacity retention of 80.3%.This study introduces a novel approach for ion migration and interface design,paving the way for high-safety and high-energy-density batteries.