Pediatric neuroblastomas(NBs)are heterogeneous,aggressive,therapy-resistant embryonal tumours that originate from cells of neural crest(NC)origin and in particular neuroblasts committed to the sympathoadrenal progenit...Pediatric neuroblastomas(NBs)are heterogeneous,aggressive,therapy-resistant embryonal tumours that originate from cells of neural crest(NC)origin and in particular neuroblasts committed to the sympathoadrenal progenitor cell lineage.Therapeutic resistance,post-therapeutic relapse and subsequent metastatic NB progression are driven primarily by cancer stem cell(CSC)-like subpopulations,which through their self-renewing capacity,intermittent and slow cell cycles,drug-resistant and reversibly adaptive plastic phenotypes,represent the most important obstacle to improving therapeutic outcomes in unfavourable NBs.In this review,dedicated to NB CSCs and the prospects for their therapeutic eradication,we initiate with brief descriptions of the unique transient vertebrate embryonic NC structure and salient molecular protagonists involved NC induction,specification,epithelial to mesenchymal transition and migratory behaviour,in order to familiarise the reader with the embryonic cellular and molecular origins and background to NB.We follow this by introducing NB and the potential NC-derived stem/progenitor cell origins of NBs,before providing a comprehensive review of the salient molecules,signalling pathways,mechanisms,tumour microenvironmental and therapeutic conditions involved in promoting,selecting and maintaining NB CSC subpopulations,and that underpin their therapy-resistant,self-renewing metastatic behaviour.Finally,we review potential therapeutic strategies and future prospects for targeting and eradication of these bastions of NB therapeutic resistance,post-therapeutic relapse and metastatic progression.展开更多
化疗是肿瘤治疗的常用手段,在肿瘤治疗前期具有积极作用,但随着化疗疗程的增加,肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的敏感性逐步减弱,从而产生化疗耐药性。肿瘤耐药是多因素介导的复杂过程,目前认为其与肿瘤细胞干性、异质性、肿瘤免疫微环境和化疗药...化疗是肿瘤治疗的常用手段,在肿瘤治疗前期具有积极作用,但随着化疗疗程的增加,肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的敏感性逐步减弱,从而产生化疗耐药性。肿瘤耐药是多因素介导的复杂过程,目前认为其与肿瘤细胞干性、异质性、肿瘤免疫微环境和化疗药物转运与外排增加等有关,但具体的机制尚不清楚。多倍体肿瘤巨细胞(polyploid giant cancer cell,PGCC)是一类体积增大、胞核丰富的特殊肿瘤细胞亚群。研究发现PGCC普遍存在于结直肠癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌等多种肿瘤中,与肿瘤的发生、转移、耐药和复发有着密切联系。阐述PGCC在肿瘤中的形成及意义,并从PGCC所具有的特殊机制、自噬、衰老和DNA修复等角度阐述PGCC引起耐药发生的可能机制,从而为改善肿瘤耐药提供可能策略。展开更多
Since the beginning of 2017,Cancer Communications(former title:Chinese Journal of Cancer)has published a series of important questions regarding cancer research and clinical oncology,to provide an enhanced stimulus fo...Since the beginning of 2017,Cancer Communications(former title:Chinese Journal of Cancer)has published a series of important questions regarding cancer research and clinical oncology,to provide an enhanced stimulus for can-cer research,and to accelerate collaborations between institutions and investigators.In this edition,the following 8 valuable questions are presented.Question 94.The origin of tumors:time for a new paradigm?Question 95.How can we accelerate the identification of biomarkers for the early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma?Question 96.Can we improve the treatment outcomes of metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through precision medicine guided by a combination of the genetic and proteomic information of the tumor?Question 97.What are the parameters that determine a competent immune system that gives a complete response to cancers after immune induction?Question 98.Is high local concentration of metformin essential for its anti-cancer activity?Question 99.How can we monitor the emergence of cancer cells anywhere in the body through plasma testing?Question 100.Can phytochemicals be more specific and efficient at targeting P-glycoproteins to overcome multi-drug resistance in cancer cells?Question 101.Is cell migration a selectable trait in the natural evolution of carcinoma?展开更多
目的探究休眠的多倍体巨大肿瘤细胞(polyploid giant cancer cells,PGCC)对鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)复发的影响,明确抑制自噬在阻止NPC复发中的作用。方法利用紫杉醇(paclitaxel,PTX)诱导NPC细胞来源的PGCC(NPC-PGCC)形成...目的探究休眠的多倍体巨大肿瘤细胞(polyploid giant cancer cells,PGCC)对鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)复发的影响,明确抑制自噬在阻止NPC复发中的作用。方法利用紫杉醇(paclitaxel,PTX)诱导NPC细胞来源的PGCC(NPC-PGCC)形成,并利用光学显微镜、细胞免疫荧光、活/死细胞双染色实验对PGCC形态、多倍体特性、细胞活性等进行鉴定。采用转录组测序(RNA-seq)检测NPC-PGCC和二倍体NPC细胞CNE2的差异表达基因。采用基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)、京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)对差异基因进行功能富集和通路注释分析。利用免疫蛋白印迹与细胞透射电镜实验评估NPC-PGCC细胞中的自噬水平。利用临床高度相关的裸鼠NPC复发模型研究自噬在NPC-PGCC形成中的作用及NPC-PGCC对NPC复发的影响。所有数据采用GraphPad Prism 6进行统计学分析,以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。结果紫杉醇诱导形成的NPC-PGCC具有休眠后爆炸性分裂的特征。NPC-PGCC和二倍体NPC细胞CNE2的差异基因GO富集、KEGG通路注释主要集中在自噬及其相关通路。NPC-PGCC细胞中的自噬水平显著增强。临床高度相关裸鼠NPC复发模型中,进行顺铂治疗的裸鼠原发肿瘤中PGCC数量高于其余各组;自噬抑制剂预处理后与顺铂联合治疗的裸鼠原发肿瘤中PGCC数量少,同时复发率显著低于其余各组。结论休眠多倍体巨大肿瘤细胞的形成机制与自噬有关,抑制自噬可通过抑制PGCC形成进而抑制NPC复发。展开更多
文摘Pediatric neuroblastomas(NBs)are heterogeneous,aggressive,therapy-resistant embryonal tumours that originate from cells of neural crest(NC)origin and in particular neuroblasts committed to the sympathoadrenal progenitor cell lineage.Therapeutic resistance,post-therapeutic relapse and subsequent metastatic NB progression are driven primarily by cancer stem cell(CSC)-like subpopulations,which through their self-renewing capacity,intermittent and slow cell cycles,drug-resistant and reversibly adaptive plastic phenotypes,represent the most important obstacle to improving therapeutic outcomes in unfavourable NBs.In this review,dedicated to NB CSCs and the prospects for their therapeutic eradication,we initiate with brief descriptions of the unique transient vertebrate embryonic NC structure and salient molecular protagonists involved NC induction,specification,epithelial to mesenchymal transition and migratory behaviour,in order to familiarise the reader with the embryonic cellular and molecular origins and background to NB.We follow this by introducing NB and the potential NC-derived stem/progenitor cell origins of NBs,before providing a comprehensive review of the salient molecules,signalling pathways,mechanisms,tumour microenvironmental and therapeutic conditions involved in promoting,selecting and maintaining NB CSC subpopulations,and that underpin their therapy-resistant,self-renewing metastatic behaviour.Finally,we review potential therapeutic strategies and future prospects for targeting and eradication of these bastions of NB therapeutic resistance,post-therapeutic relapse and metastatic progression.
文摘化疗是肿瘤治疗的常用手段,在肿瘤治疗前期具有积极作用,但随着化疗疗程的增加,肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的敏感性逐步减弱,从而产生化疗耐药性。肿瘤耐药是多因素介导的复杂过程,目前认为其与肿瘤细胞干性、异质性、肿瘤免疫微环境和化疗药物转运与外排增加等有关,但具体的机制尚不清楚。多倍体肿瘤巨细胞(polyploid giant cancer cell,PGCC)是一类体积增大、胞核丰富的特殊肿瘤细胞亚群。研究发现PGCC普遍存在于结直肠癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌等多种肿瘤中,与肿瘤的发生、转移、耐药和复发有着密切联系。阐述PGCC在肿瘤中的形成及意义,并从PGCC所具有的特殊机制、自噬、衰老和DNA修复等角度阐述PGCC引起耐药发生的可能机制,从而为改善肿瘤耐药提供可能策略。
文摘Since the beginning of 2017,Cancer Communications(former title:Chinese Journal of Cancer)has published a series of important questions regarding cancer research and clinical oncology,to provide an enhanced stimulus for can-cer research,and to accelerate collaborations between institutions and investigators.In this edition,the following 8 valuable questions are presented.Question 94.The origin of tumors:time for a new paradigm?Question 95.How can we accelerate the identification of biomarkers for the early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma?Question 96.Can we improve the treatment outcomes of metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through precision medicine guided by a combination of the genetic and proteomic information of the tumor?Question 97.What are the parameters that determine a competent immune system that gives a complete response to cancers after immune induction?Question 98.Is high local concentration of metformin essential for its anti-cancer activity?Question 99.How can we monitor the emergence of cancer cells anywhere in the body through plasma testing?Question 100.Can phytochemicals be more specific and efficient at targeting P-glycoproteins to overcome multi-drug resistance in cancer cells?Question 101.Is cell migration a selectable trait in the natural evolution of carcinoma?
文摘目的探究休眠的多倍体巨大肿瘤细胞(polyploid giant cancer cells,PGCC)对鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)复发的影响,明确抑制自噬在阻止NPC复发中的作用。方法利用紫杉醇(paclitaxel,PTX)诱导NPC细胞来源的PGCC(NPC-PGCC)形成,并利用光学显微镜、细胞免疫荧光、活/死细胞双染色实验对PGCC形态、多倍体特性、细胞活性等进行鉴定。采用转录组测序(RNA-seq)检测NPC-PGCC和二倍体NPC细胞CNE2的差异表达基因。采用基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)、京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)对差异基因进行功能富集和通路注释分析。利用免疫蛋白印迹与细胞透射电镜实验评估NPC-PGCC细胞中的自噬水平。利用临床高度相关的裸鼠NPC复发模型研究自噬在NPC-PGCC形成中的作用及NPC-PGCC对NPC复发的影响。所有数据采用GraphPad Prism 6进行统计学分析,以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。结果紫杉醇诱导形成的NPC-PGCC具有休眠后爆炸性分裂的特征。NPC-PGCC和二倍体NPC细胞CNE2的差异基因GO富集、KEGG通路注释主要集中在自噬及其相关通路。NPC-PGCC细胞中的自噬水平显著增强。临床高度相关裸鼠NPC复发模型中,进行顺铂治疗的裸鼠原发肿瘤中PGCC数量高于其余各组;自噬抑制剂预处理后与顺铂联合治疗的裸鼠原发肿瘤中PGCC数量少,同时复发率显著低于其余各组。结论休眠多倍体巨大肿瘤细胞的形成机制与自噬有关,抑制自噬可通过抑制PGCC形成进而抑制NPC复发。
