ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY,CRYSTALLIZATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE/MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE/CALCIUM CARBONATE COMPOSITES PREPARED BY MELT MIXING

Polypropylene (PP)/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) composites are prepared by melt mixing using two types of CaCO(3) of different sizes. The electrical resistivities of the composites with the two types of CaCO(3) are all lower than those of the corresponding PP/MWCNT composites at various MWCNT loadings (1 wt%-5 wt%). The morphology of the composites is investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The crystallization behavior of PP in the composites is characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The storage modulus, as measured by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), increases significantly by the presence of CaCO(3).

CRYSTALLIZATION,MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SORBITOL DERIVATIVES NUCLEATED POLYPROPYLENE/CALCIUM CARBONATE COMPOSITES

The effect of a phase nucleating agent （NA） 1,3：2,4-bis（3,4-dimethylbenzylidene） sorbitol （DMDBS） on crystallization and physical properties of polypropylene/calcium carbonate （PP/CaCO3） composites has been comparatively investigated. Compared with binary PP/CaCO3 composites, in which CaCO3 exhibits weak heterogeneous nucleation, inconspicuous reinforcement and toughening effects for PP, the introduction of a few amounts of DMDBS induces a great increase of the degree of crystallinity. Largely improved tensile properties, fracture toughness at relatively higher temperature and heat deformation temperature （HDT） are observed for DMDBS nucleated PP/CaCO3 composites.

Intumescent Flame-retardant Modification of Polypropylene/Carbon Fiber Composites

To improve the flame resistance of polypropylene(PP)/carbon fiber(CF)composite materials,triazine char-forming agent(TCA)was compounded with ammonium polyphosphate(APP)or modified APP(CS-APP)in a 2:1 ratio to prepare intumescent flame retardant(IFR)and the modified intumescent flame retardant(CS-IFR)in this paper.Flame retardancy and thermal degradation behaviors of the composites modified by IFR and CS-IFR were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR),contact angle measurement,oxygen index(OI),vertical burning tests(UL-94),thermogravimetric analyer(TGA),and thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared(TG-FTIR).It was found that 25.0 phr of IFR and 24.0 phr of CS-IFR could improve the LOI value of PP/CF composites to 28.3%and 28.9%,respectively.At the same time,a UL-94 V-0 rating was achieved.The experimental results show that the IFR and CS-IFR prepared could effectively improve the flame retardancy and thermostability of PP/CF composites,and they would greatly expand the application range of PP/CF composite materials.

Preparation and properties of gluten/calcium carbonate composites

Environment friendly thermosetting composites were prepared by blending wheat gluten （WG） as matrix, calcium carbonate （CaCO3） as filler and glycerol as plasticizer followed by compression molding the mixture at 120 ℃ to crosslink the WG matrix. Morphology observation showed that the CaCO3 particles were finely dispersed in matrix. Incorporation of CaCO3 up to 10 wt% into the composites caused Young＇s modulus and tensile strength to increase markedly. On the other hand, the moisture absorption and elongation at break decreased slightly.

The Potential of Silane Coated Calcium Carbonate on Mechanical Properties of Rigid PVC Composites for Pipe Manufacturing

The inclusion of CaCO3 and kaolin in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymer matrices greatly enhances the physical and mechanical properties of the composite. In this study, the effects of kaolin and surface treatment of CaCO3 and kaolin particles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of PVC composites filled with kaolin particles via melt blending method were studied by means of SEM, tensile, Charpy impact testing, and FTIR. Treated and untreated kao-lin particles were dispersed in matrices of PVC resin at different concentrations up to 30 wt percentage. The tensile strength, elastic modulus, strain to failure and morphology of the resulting composites were measured for various filler loadings. Uniform dispersion of the fillers into the matrix proved to be a critical factor. SEM images revealed that small sized particles were more agglomerated than micron-sized particles and the amount of agglomerates increased with increasing particle content. Silane treated Kaolin-CaCO3/PVC composites had superior tensile and impact strengths to untreated kaolin-CaCO3/PVC composites. The Young’s modulus of all composites increased with increasing particle content up to maximum at 10% filler loading followed by gradually decreasing as content increased.

Engineering of Carbonate Apatite Bone Substitute Based on Composition-Transformation of Gypsum and Calcium Hydroxide

Even though a lot of research has been carried out concerning the preparation of carbonate apatite (CHA), they were related to CHA in the form of powder. In the present study, macroporous CHA bone substitutes were prepared through composition-transformation of gypsum and Ca-hydroxide. Here, we investigated the effect of added Ca-hydroxide to gypsum, carbonation periods, and hydrothermal temperatures for phosphatization to understand the basic principle of composition-transformation of gypsum added Ca-hydroxide to fabricate CHA bone substitutes. The specimens were characterized in terms of chemical and physical properties, such as extent of transformation of macroporous gypsum added Ca-hydroxide into CHA body, type and content of carbonate, and crystal morphology. It was observed that the transformation was faster with higher hydrothermal temperature. However, higher hydrothermal temperature caused de-carbonation phenomena which resulted in the lack of carbonate ions of the product. Moreover, the higher the percentage of Ca-hydroxide added to gypsum, caused the complete transformation of gypsum into CHA to be slower. These findings have been applied to the standard fabrication procedure of carbonate apatite, which in turn will allow scaling up process, and will be provided for biomedical purposes for the Indonesian community.

Surface modification of calcium carbonate:A review of theories,methods and applications

Calcium carbonate,which is widely employed as a filler added into the polymer matrix,has large numbers of applications owing to the excellent properties such as low cost,non-toxicity,high natural reserves and biocompatibility.Nevertheless,in order to obtain the good filling effect,calcium carbonate needs to be surface modified by organic molecules so as to enhance the dispersion and compatibility within the composites.This review paper systematically introduces the theory,methods,and applications progress of calcium carbonate with surface modification.Additionally,the key factors that affect the properties of the composites as well as the current difficulties and challenges are highlighted.The current research progress and potential application prospects of calcium carbonate in the fields of plastics,rubber,paper,medicine and environmental protection are discussed as well.Generally,this review can provide valuable reference for the modification and comprehensive utilization of calcium carbonate.

Physico-Mechanical Responses of Polypropylene-CaCO₃Composite

This study examines some physical and mechanical characteristics of polypropylene (PP) and calcium trioxocarbonate IV (CaCO3) composites prepared by melt blending. The mechanical (tensile strength and impact energy resistance) and physical (density and water absorption capacity) properties of the composites were evaluated using 0% - 40% of the filler. The results showed that 20%-CaCO3 addition improved the ultimate tensile stress by 58%, and the UTS is 84% better when 25%-CaCO3 addition is made while the impact resistance decline by 8 and 12% respectively at these two compositions. In addition, the density only differ from that of pure PP at 25% CaCO3 addition by 18% increment, however, water absorption increased by 400% at 10%-CaCO3 addition.

Fabrication and Characterization of Nano-CaCO_3/Polypropylene Foam Sheets

By applying the reinforcing and toughening effect of calcium carbonate （CaCO3） nanoparticles on polypropylene, foam sheets of good performance were successfully fabricated by extrusion. The equipment and conditions of the extrusion were explored. The mechanical properties of the produced foam sheets were tested. The effect of CaCO3 nano-particles on the mechanical properties and the cellular structure of the sheets was comprehensively studied. The experimental results show that the optimum content of CaCO3 nano-particles in the composite material was -4wt%. At this content, the nano-particles were well dispersed in the substrate, and the composite material had maximum tensile strength and impact strength. Surface treatment of the nano-particles only affected the impact strength of the composite material. CaCO3 micro-particles, on the other hand, showed little effect on the properties of the composite material when the micro-particles content was less than 5 wt%. At a content higher than 5wt%, the properties of the composite material significantly worsened.

复掺碳酸钙晶须增强轻质ECC材料力学性能研究

工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)由于其拉伸应变硬化行为和紧密多裂缝的独特特性能够满足混凝土基础设施韧性和耐久性的严格要求。使用粉煤灰漂珠代替细石英砂作为轻质细集料,使用国内高强高模量PVA和PE纤维,并复掺碳酸钙晶须对ECC进行多尺度增强,对轻质ECC的强度、单轴拉伸性能、薄板四点弯曲性能和孔隙率等进行试验研究。结果表明:碳酸钙晶须掺量为体积的1%时最佳,PVA-ECC抗压强度为57 MPa,极限拉伸强度为4.31 MPa,拉伸应变为3.44%;而PE-ECC抗压强度为60.4 MPa,极限拉伸强度为4.77 MPa,拉伸应变为8.16%。适量的晶须掺入,能够优化孔隙结构,提升强度,晶须微观桥接作用可延缓了微观裂纹发展,同时晶须可以增加界面粗糙度,提高摩擦结合强度,从而提高ECC拉伸应变能力。

淀粉的改性及其对淀粉/PBAT/碳酸钙复合材料结构和性能的影响

采用甘油、六偏磷酸钠(SHMP)和聚乙二醇(PEG)改性木薯淀粉并制备改性淀粉/聚己二酸对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)/碳酸钙复合材料,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、热失重分析仪(TG)等对改性淀粉和复合材料进行分析,研究改性淀粉对复合材料结构和性能的影响。结果表明,甘油的外增塑作用和PEG、SHMP的内增塑作用使淀粉化学结构改变、无定形成分增加,淀粉颗粒由饱满的圆球状变成了不规则的大颗粒,250℃前稳定性提高,250℃后稳定性降低,有利于使用加工和热分解,不同改性剂改性淀粉结晶熔融行为存在差异;复合不会改变PBAT、碳酸钙和淀粉的原有晶型,但相容性的差异导致复合材料热性能和力学性能的差异,改性淀粉增加了复合材料的韧性,甘油、SHMP和PEG的协同改性使淀粉与PBAT、碳酸钙的相容性最佳,复合材料的综合性能最好。

基于响应面法的PP-PAM复合改良微生物固化膨胀土优化研究

【目的】采用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀技术(MICP)加固膨胀土,可有效提高膨胀土的强度,降低胀缩性,但存在土体破坏时脆性明显,以及养护初期崩解量高等问题,为了进一步改善微生物固化膨胀土的脆性破坏和养护初期崩解量高的问题,【方法】在微生物固化膨胀土的基础上,研究掺入聚丙烯纤维(PP)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对微生物固化膨胀土破坏模式和水稳性的影响。以纤维长度、纤维掺量和聚丙烯酰胺掺量为影响因素,以无侧限抗压强度和崩解量为响应值,采用Box-Behnken响应面法进行条件优化试验,建立了响应面回归模型,获得聚丙烯纤维长度、聚丙烯纤维和聚丙烯酰胺用量及其交互作用对微生物固化膨胀土强度和崩解性综合指标的影响。【结果】结果表明:聚丙烯纤维的掺入降低了微生物固化膨胀土破坏时的脆性、提高了土体强度、降低了膨胀土的崩解性,但随着纤维长度的增加,崩解量逐渐增加;聚丙烯酰胺的掺入降低了膨胀土的崩解量,但会降低土体强度。【结论】在影响因素试验范围内,以无侧限抗压强度最高和崩解量最低为原则,通过Box-Behnken响应面法获得最佳配比为:聚丙烯纤维长度为9 mm,掺量为0.5%,聚丙烯酰胺掺量为0.12%。在此配比下,复合固化土的无侧限抗压强度为1.24 MPa,相比优化前提高了29.57%,崩解量仅为0.34%,相比优化前降低了99.07%。

Mechanical and Physical Properties of Polypropylene/Carbon Composites Modified by Microwave Irradiation

It is known that many carbon compounds have big dielectric losses which mean that carbon materials are heated efficiently by microwave irradiation.Carbon materials can be used as microwave absorbers in polymeric materials that are transparent to microwave irradiation.In this paper carbon reinforced polypropylene composites were exposed to microwave irradiation and then their dynamic mechanical thermal properties,electron magnetic shielding,and surface morphology through scanning electron microscopic(SEM)were investigated.The test results showed that the mechanical and physical properties of the composites improved following microwave exposure.The dynamic mechanical thermal analysis(DMTA)results showed that the storage and loss modulus were improved following microwave treatment.This is in contrast to previous research studies which stated that microwaves have no influence on loss modulus of these composites.It is postulated that microwave irradiation heats PP/conductive carbon black interface which is likely to melt neighboring matrix thus improving interfacial adhesion and structural defects.

The effect of carbon nanotubes and polypropylene fibers on bond of reinforcing bars in strain resilient cementitious composites

Stress transfer between reinforcing bars and concrete is engaged through rib translation relative to concrete, and comprises longitudinal bond stresses and radial pressure. The radial pressure is equilibrated by hoop tension undertaken by the concrete cover. Owing to concrete＇s poor tensile properties in terms of strength and deformability, the equilibrium is instantly released upon radial cracking of the cover along the anchorage with commensurate abrupt loss of the bond strength. Any improvement of the matrix tensile properties is expected to favorably affect bond in terms of strength, resilience to pullout slip, residual resistance and controlled slippage.The aim of this paper is to investigate the local bond of steel bars developed in adverse tensile stress conditions in the concrete cover. In the tests, the matrix comprises a novel, strain resilient cementitious composite （SRCC） reinforced with polypropylene fibers （PP） with the synergistic action of carbon nano-tubes （CNT）. Local bond is developed over a short anchorage length occurring in the constant moment region of a four-point bending short beam. Parameters of investigation were the material structure （comprising a basic control mix, reinforced with CNTs and/or PP fibers） and the age of testing. Accompanying tests used to characterize the cementitious material were also conducted. The test results illustrate that all the benefits gained due to the synergy between PP fibers and CNTs in the matrix, namely the maintenance of the multi-cracking effect with time, the increased strength and deformability as well as the highly increased material toughness, were imparted in the recorded bond response. The local bond response curves thus obtained were marked by a resilient appearance exhibiting sustained strength up to large levels of controlled bar-slip; the elasto-plastic bond response envelope was a result of the confining synergistic effect of CNTs and the PP fibers, and it occurred even without bar yielding.

铜换热表面MgO颗粒与碳酸钙混合污垢沉积特性的分子动力学模拟

为探究MgO颗粒与碳酸钙混合污垢在换热表面沉积特性与机理,该文采用分子动力学模拟方法分析MgO颗粒和碳酸钙混合体系在铜换热表面的沉积过程,并通过改变碳酸钙浓度讨论浓度对混合污垢沉积特性的影响规律。结果表明,在混合污垢沉积过程中,碳酸钙团簇在颗粒与换热表面间起到连接作用,形成稳固的沉积状态。此外,MgO颗粒对离子缔合形成团簇过程中的动力学特性和结构特性有所影响。随着碳酸钙浓度由0.26 mol/L升至1.1 mol/L,换热表面直接吸附的碳酸钙团簇数量变多,MgO颗粒更容易通过碳酸钙团簇的相互作用沉积在换热表面。MgO颗粒促进了碳酸钙的缔合过程,碳酸钙促进了混合团簇的沉积,进而形成初始沉积阶段的混合污垢。

PLA/PPC/CS复合材料的制备工艺

通过在聚乳酸(PLA)/玉米秸秆(CS)复合材料中引入聚碳酸亚丙酯(PPC)改善韧性,使用熔融挤出与热压成型相结合的方式制备聚乳酸/聚碳酸亚丙酯/玉米秸秆(PLA/PPC/CS)复合材料,以热压时间、热压压力和热压温度为变量,以PLA/PPC/CS复合材料的冲击、弯曲和拉伸性能为评价指标设计单因素试验.试验结果表明,热压时间、热压压力、热压温度对PLA/PPC/CS复合材料的力学性能影响显著.最终优化出的热压工艺条件为热压时间10 min,热压压力7.5 MPa,热压温度190℃.

稻壳基PPC复合材料的制备与性能

采用化学接枝法,在聚碳酸亚丙酯(PPC)上接枝甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)制备接枝聚合物(PPC⁃g⁃GMA),同时对稻壳(RH)进行表面修饰,并且,与聚己二酸-对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)进行熔融共混,制备PPC⁃g⁃GMA/PBAT/RH复合材料,分析了RH表面处理方式及含量对PPC复合材料性能的影响。由红外光谱结果可知,改性稻壳(MRH)在910 cm^(-1)处出现了环氧基团吸收峰,并且,在1109 cm^(-1)处出现Si—O—Si的反对称伸缩振动峰,稻壳成功改性;随着MRH含量的增加,PPC复合材料的韧性呈先增大后减小的趋势,模量逐渐增大,这表明,MRH的引入不仅能改善复合材料的力学性能,还能降低成本,提高了市场竞争力;SEM结果表明,MRH可以在基体中均匀分散,改善了复合材料的界面相容性。

CNTs杂化粒子改性PP/PGA复合材料的结构与性能

为解决聚丙烯/聚乙醇酸(PP/PGA)共混物由于相容性较差导致力学性能存在局限性的问题,采用过硫酸铵-胺氧化还原引发体系,通过表面引发接枝聚合法(SIP)制备了碳纳米管接枝聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯杂化粒子(CNTs@PGMA),以CNTs@PGMA杂化粒子和聚丙烯接枝马来酸酐(PP-g-MAH)为协同增容体系,通过熔融共混法制备了PP/PGA/CNTs复合材料,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和透射电子显微镜对CNTs@PGMA进行了表征,结果表明PGMA通过SIP成功接枝在CNTs表面。采用拉伸测试、差示扫描量热仪、热重分析、旋转流变和降解试验等方法研究了CNTs@PGMA用量对复合材料力学性能、热性能、降解性能和流变行为的影响。结果表明,在PP/PGA/PP-g-MAH体系中加入CNTs@PGMA后其相容性得到提升,随杂化粒子用量增加,复合材料拉伸强度先增大后减小,热稳定性得到提升,PGA结晶逐渐受限甚至无熔融峰出现。杂化粒子的加入形成了三维网络结构,提高了复合材料熔体弹性,熔体表现出更强的非牛顿性和剪切变稀行为,同时PGA的降解过程受到抑制。当CNTs@PGMA用量为5份时,复合材料的拉伸强度最大为41.25 MPa,断裂伸长率为66.03%,PGA在42 d时的降解率下降至10%以内,拉伸强度维持率达到91%。

碳酸钙晶须混杂聚乙烯纤维增强水泥基复合材料力学性能研究

为研究碳酸钙晶须掺量对聚乙烯纤维增强水泥基复合材料(PE-ECC)力学性能及微观结构的影响,设计了4组不同碳酸钙晶须掺量的PE-ECC试件,对其进行抗压性能试验、抗拉性能试验、三点弯曲断裂性能试验,并使用XRD、SEM、NMR技术对其微观结构进行研究。结果表明,碳酸钙晶须对PE-ECC有增强增韧作用,随着碳酸钙晶须掺量增加,这种增强增韧作用呈先增大后减小的趋势,当碳酸钙晶须掺量为1%(体积分数)时,PE-ECC的抗压性能、拉伸性能、断裂性能提升最佳。适量的碳酸钙晶须能填充基体,减少少害孔及多害孔数量,改善孔隙结构。

模压工艺对亚麻/丙纶纤维复合材料的性能及二氧化碳排放量的影响

亚麻纤维和丙纶纤维经过混纺、梳理、铺网、针刺、模压工艺制得亚麻/丙纶复合材料。本文研究了不同前处理温度和模压压力的亚麻/丙纶复合材料的微观形貌、拉伸性能、弯曲性能以及动态热机械性能变化,并以此数据为基础,分别以亚麻纤维/丙纶纤维复合材料、20%质量分数的矿物填充聚丙烯材料制备某车型的汽车门板零件,对比分析了两种不同工艺,制备同一零件的质量及二氧化碳排放量。结果表明,提高前处理温度和模压压力,可以提高树脂对纤维的浸润和包裹力,减少孔隙,但温度过高或压力过大,会出现滑动释压、结构坍塌现象,破坏纤维网络结构;随着前处理温度的增加,复合材料拉伸强度呈先升高后降低趋势,在210℃时达到最大值29.7 MPa,弯曲模量和弯曲强度均呈上升的趋势;随模压压力的增加,复合材料的拉伸强度先增加后降低,断裂伸长率逐渐下降,弯曲强度呈下降的趋势,弯曲模量先升高后降低,在22 MPa时弯曲模量达到最大值2839 MPa;与传统的20%质量分数滑石粉增强的聚丙烯材料(PP-TD20)注塑成型工艺比较,亚麻/丙纶纤维复合材料模压成型工艺制备的零件刚性更好,二氧化碳排放量降低35.2%。