Effect of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides on the expression of endothelin-1 and its receptors in an ocular hypertension model of rat glaucoma

Lycium barbarum, a traditional Chinese anti-aging herb, has been shown to protect retinal ganglion cells （RGCs） in a rat chronic ocular hypertension （COH） model. Here, we investigated the expression of endothelin-1 （ET-1）, a strong vasoconstrictor, and its receptors, ETA and ETB, in the COH model and assessed the effects of Lycium barbarum on the ET-1 axis. Elevated intraocular pressure （IOP） was induced in the right eye of SD rats using argon laser photocoagulation. （1） The expression of ET-1, ETA and ETB in normal and COH retinas was studied. （2） Some COH rats were fed daily with Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides （LBP） using 1 mg/kg or phosphate-buffered saline （PBS） for 3 weeks （started 1 week before photocoagulation）. The effects of LBP on the expression of ET-1 and its receptors, ETA and ETB, in COH retina were evaluated. A semi-quantitative analysis of staining intensity was used to evaluate the expression levels of ET-1, ETA and ETB in retinal vasculature. We found that （1） Under COH condition, the immunoreactivity of ET-1 was increased in retina associated with an increase of ETB receptor immunoreactivity and a decrease of ETA receptor immunoreactivity. （2） After feeding COH rats with LBP, the expression of ET-1 was decreased with an increase of ETA expression and a decrease of ETB expression in the retina, especially in RGCs. （3） By comparing the staining intensity in the vasculature of COH retina in LBP-fed group with PBS-fed group, there was a decrease in the expression of ET-1 and ETA and an increase in ETB. In summary, ET-1 expression was up-regulated in the retina in COH model. LBP could decrease the expression of ET-1 and modulate the expression of its receptors, ETA and ETB, under the condition of COH. The neuroprotective effect of LBP on RGCs might be related to its ability to regulate the ET-1-mediated biological effects on RGCs and retinal vasculature.

The protective effect of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides on photoaging fibroblasts by scavenging reactive oxygen species and promoting the expression of TGF-β1

The purpose of this study was to explore the protective effect of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides （DOP） onphotoaging human skin fibroblasts and its specific mechanism of action. The photoaging fibroblast model wasestablished by ultraviolet B （UVB） irradiation. The toxic effects of different concentrations of DOP were detected usingMTT. Senescent cells were detected using a β-galactosidase kit. Reactive oxygen species （ROS） in cells were detectedusing a flow cytometer. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 （MMP-1）, type I collagen C-terminal peptide（CICP）, and transforming growth factor β-1 （TGF-β1） in spent culture medium was detected by ELISA. The resultsshowed that the low concentration of DOP （20, 40, 80 μg/mL） had no cytotoxicity on fibroblasts. After 60 mJ/cm2UVBirradiation, the number of aging β-gal-positive cells increased, the levels of CICP and TGF-β1 in spent culture mediumdecreased, while the levels of MMP-1 and ROS increased. After administration of DOP on photoaging fibroblasts, thenumber of aging β-gal-positive cells decreased, the levels of ROS and MMP-1 decreased, and the levels of TGF-β1 andCICP increased. This experiment suggests that DOP has the effect of removing ROS induced by UVB, regulating thebalance of collagen production and degradation, and protecting photoaging human skin fibroblasts.

Anticancer Effect of Ginseng Leaves Crude Polysaccharides on Human Hepatoma Cell SMMC-7721

Background: Polysaccharides extracted from the medicinal herbs are known to possess antitumor effects. Although there is a significant number of evidences implicated on the beneficial effects of the ginseng leaves ginsenoside with diverse associated mechanisms, reports on the anticancer by the ginseng leaves crude polysaccharides (GLCP) are not sufficient. Experiments were carried out to unravel the anticancer effects of GLCP. Methods: Cells were treated with GLCP (0.5 - 2 mg/ml) for 48h. MTT method was used to detect the cell viability. Western blot and flow cytometry were used to detect apoptotic rate. Western blot and acridine orange staining were used to detect the cell autophagy. Results: Compared with the normal human liver cell (Chang liver), GLCP (1.5 - 2 mg/ml) significantly reduction cell viability, promote apoptosis-related proteins expression, promote cell apoptosis and autophagy in SMMC-7721 cells. But caveolin-1 gene silencing could inhibit the anticancer effect of GLCP. Conclusions: These data suggest that GLCP promote autophagy and apoptosis in human hepatoma cell SMMC-7721. We speculate that its mechanism may be associated with the caveolin-1 which is an essential structural molecule of caveolae. Although the effect of GLCP inhibited of liver cancer is not very strong, we are more interested in the GLCP which plays a tumor suppressor role in health care.

The effect of Asparagus officinalis polysaccharide on erythrocyte of S_(180) mice played in immunological reaction of lymphocytes

Objective To contrast the roles of Asparagus officinalis polysaccharide on erythrocyte of S180 mice played in immunological reaction of lymphocytes.To study the effect of Asparagus officinalis polysaccharide on the erythrocyte function of S180 mice.Methods Suspensions of lymphocytes(1×106/mL)and autologous plasma were respectively separated from anticoaguted whole blood of healthy mice with the lymphocyte separation medium.The erythrocytes(1×108/mL)were separated from whole blood of Asparagus officinalis polysaccharide mice.Using the autologous plasm as reactive medium,the role of erythrocytes in regulating the immunological reaction of lymphocytes was appraised.The expression of CD25 on lymphocytes was detected using flow cytometry.Results The immunogical regulating ability of erythrocyte in mice with control groups is much lower than that of normal groups,and the immunogical regulating ability of erythrocyte in mice with Asparagus officinalis polysaccharide groups is much higher than that of control groups.Conclusions According to the effects of erythrocyte CD35 on the immuno-response of lymphocyte and the different of the expression of CD25 on lymphocytes,we prove that Asparagus officinalis polysaccharide can improve the erythrocyte function of S180 mice.

Optimization of Polysaccharides Extraction from Physalis alkekengi L.Peel and Its Effect on the Expression of Inflammation-Related Proteins in SW620 Cells

Objective:To establish an optimized aqueous extraction process for polysaccharides from Physalis alkekengi L.peel and to preliminarily explore its in vitro anti-inflammatory activity against colorectal cancer SW620 cells.Methods:A single-factor test combined with orthogonal test analysis was used to evaluate the effects of the material-to-liquid ratio,extraction temperature,and extraction time on the yield of polysaccharides from Physalis alkekengi L.peel.The antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides was assessed by analyzing their free radical scavenging ability in vitro,and the anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using SW620 cells.Results:The optimal extraction conditions were a material-to-liquid ratio of m(g):V(mL)=1:30,an extraction temperature of 100℃,and an extraction time of 40 minutes,with a predicted polysaccharide yield of 25.7%.The polysaccharides from Physalis peruviana peel effectively scavenged DPPH,superoxide anion,and hydroxyl radicals.After treatment with Physalis peruviana polysaccharides,the levels of IL-1β,IL-18,and TNF-αin the cell culture medium were significantly reduced,and the phosphorylation level of P65 protein in SW620 cells was decreased.Conclusion:This extraction method is stable and reliable,and the prepared Physalis alkekengi L.polysaccharides exhibit significant in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.This study provides a theoretical basis for developing drugs for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.

Effect of Asparagus polysaccharide on the number and activity of erythrocyte complement receptor 1 (CD35) of S_(180) mice

Objective To study the effect of Asparagus officinalis polysaccharide on the number and activity of erythrocyte complement receptor 1 in S180 mice.Methods Red blood cells from mice venous blood were labeled by rat anti-mouse CD35 monoclonal antibody and FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody.Using flow cytometry,we determined the number of ECR1.Using microscope,we studied the adherence between erythrocyte immunity and C3b receptor or tumor-cell by RBC-C3bRR and DTER.Results Comparing the mean value of the number of CR1 on each RBC of high and middle groups with control groups,the mean value of the number of CR1,RBC-C3bRR and DTER of Asparagus officinalis polysaccharide groups are increased significantly.Conclusions Asparagus officinalis polysaccharide can improve the erythrocyte function of S180 mice,which may be one of its most important antitumor mechanisms.

Effect of ultrasonic modification on the protective activity of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide to prevent ethanol-induced injury on GES-1 cells

Flammulina velutipes(F.velutipes)polysaccharides were modified by ultrasound at the rated power of 150 W and 900 W.The monosaccharide composition,ultraviolet-visible,and Fourier transform infrared spectral characteristics of F.velutipes polysaccharides(FVP)and their ultrasonic modification products(U-FVPs)were determined.The protective effects of FVP and U-FVPs on human gastric mucosal cells GES-1 were confi rmed for the first time.The mole ratios of glucose and galactose were decreased and the mole ratio of mannose was increased after ultrasonic modification.Compared with the original FVP and the FVP modifi ed by ultrasound of 150 W(U-FVP1),the FVP modifi ed by ultrasound of 900 W(U-FVP2)could better prevent ethanol-induced damage to GES-1 cells.With increasing ultrasound intensity,the protective effect of FVPs on GES-1 cells was significantly enhanced by more effective prevention of intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)production and more promotion of expression of triglyceride factor 2(TFF2),prostaglandin E2(PGE2),epidermal growth factor(EGF),and transforming growth factorβ1(TGF-β1)mRNA.The ultrasonic modifi cation might be an effective way to develop novel F.velutipes polysaccharides that could effectively resist the gastric injury caused by excessive alcohol consumption.

EFFECTS OF PHYTOLACCA ACINOSA POLYSACCHARIDES I ON CYTOTOXICITY OF MACROPHAGES AND ITS PRODUCTION OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR AND INTERLEUKIN 1

The in vivo effects of Phytolacca acinosa poly-saccharides I (PEP-I) on immunologic cytotoxicity of mouse peritoneal macrophages and its production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1 (IL-1) were studied. PEP-I 80 or 160 mg kg was given ip twice every 4 day. Both doses were found to have significant enhancing activity on macrophages cytotoxicity against S180 sarcoma cells and malignant transformed fibroblast L929 cells. Peritoneal activated macrophages were incubated with LPS for 2 and 24 hrs to induce TNF and IL-1, respectively. The TNF and IL-1 activities were tested from cytotoxicity against L929 cells in an absorbence assay of enzymatic reaction and proliferation of thymocytes co-stimulated assay separately. The optimal time for TNF production was found on day 8. Significant increases in TNF and IL-1 were observed. In comparison of the effect of PEP-I on TNF with that of known priming agent BCG, there was no difference between them, but PEP-I had a high effect on IL-1. These results suggest that cytotoxicity of macrophages primed by PEP-I is closely related to its TNF and IL-1 production.

Effect and Mechanism of Dicliptera chinensis Polysaccharide on miR-141/AMPK/SIRT1 Signaling Pathway in Rats with NAFLD

[Objectives]Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)rat model was established by feeding high-fat and high-sugar fodder to rats,and the protective effect of Dicliptera chinensis polysaccharide(DCP)on NAFLD rats was studied to explore its potential mechanism.[Methods]45 SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:normal control group,model control group and DCP treatment groups(100 and 300 mg/kg).The rats in the normal control group were fed with ordinary fodder,and the rats in other groups were fed with high-fat and high-sugar diet for 14 weeks to establish NAFLD model.From the 9^(th)week,the rats in the DCP treatment groups were given different doses of DCP by intragastric administration(5 mL/kg)for 6 weeks.After the last intragastric administration,the rats fasted for 16 h,and the serum and liver of rats were collected for detection.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was conducted to observe the histopathological changes of rat liver,and alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),malondialdehyde(MDA),triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),and high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)were detected by biochemical method.Interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α)and micrornA-141(micro RNA-141)were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).The expression of SIRT1 and adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase(AMPK)in rat liver was detected by western blot.[Results]Compared with the model control group,the inflammatory damage and steatodegeneration of rats in the DCP groups were relieved to varying degrees,and the number of lipid vacuoles significantly reduced.The ALT,AST,TC,TG and LDL-C content in the serum and MDA content in the liver tissue decreased to varying degrees,while the HDL-C,SOD and GSH-Px content increased.The expression of SIRT1 and AMPK increased,while the expression of miR-141,TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1βdeclined,and the DCP 300 mg/kg treatment group had better improvement effect.[Conclusions]DCP had a certain protective effect on NAFLD rats,which may be related to the regulation of miR-141/AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway.

Antitumor effect of combination treatment of Astragalus polysaccharide and PD-L1 antibody on mice with Lewis lung carcinoma

Objective:To investigate the antitumor effect of combination treatment of Astragalus polysaccharide and PD-L1 antibody on mice with Lewis lung carcinoma.Methods:Forty male C57BL/6 mice were selected and divided equally into Model group,PD-L1 group,APSgroup,and APS+PD-L1 group.Lewis lung carcinoma cells were used to establish the lung carcinoma mouse model.After successful modeling,the PD-L1 group was injected with 200μg of PD-L1 antibody intraperitoneally on day 0/4/8/12;the APS group was gavaged with 80 mg/kg of APS daily for 14 days;the APS+PD-L1 group was gavaged with 80 mg/kg of APS daily for 14 days,and in addition,200μg of PD-L1 antibody was injected intraperitoneally on day 0/4/8/12.The spleen and thymus indices of each group of mice were observed,to plot the tumor growth curve and calculate the tumor suppression rate.The ratio of T-lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood was measured by flow cytometry;the level of T cell-related cytokines in peripheral blood was detected by ELISA;MTT assay was used to detect the tumor-killing function of spleen lymphocytes in vitro.Results:PD-L1,APS,and APS+PD-L1 groups significantly increased spleen and thymus indices and inhibited tumor growth in lung carcinoma mice;flow cytometry results showed that PD-L1,APS,and APS+PD-L1 groups increased CD4^(+)T-cell ratio and CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)T-cell ratio;ELISA results showed that PD-L1,APS,and APS+PD-L1 groups significantly increased T cell-associated cytokine levels;MTT results showed that PD-L1,APS,and APS+PD-L1 groups enhanced the tumor-killing function of splenic lymphocytes in vitro.Conclusions:Astragalus polysaccharide can inhibit tumor growth,increase spleen and thymus indices,increase CD4^(+)T-cell ratio and CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)T-cell ratio,aswell as improve T-cell-related cytokine levels and splenic lymphocyte tumor-killing function in vitro in a mouse model of lung carcinoma,essentially inhibiting tumorigenesis and progression.

麦冬多糖MDG-1对鼠实验性心肌缺血的保护作用

目的研究麦冬多糖(MDG-1)对鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤和皮下注射异丙肾上腺素致急性心肌缺血的保护作用。方法在离体实验中,采用Langendorff豚鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注模型,将豚鼠随机分为缺血再灌注损伤组(IRI)、阳性对照组(果糖二磷酸钠,FDP)和MDG-1给药组。阳性对照组和MDG-1给药组各设10^(-6)～10^(-4)g/mL 3个剂量,分别测定缺血再灌注后不同时间的心脏收缩幅度、心率、冠脉流量。在整体动物实验中,采用大鼠皮下注射异丙肾上腺素致急性心肌缺血的模型,分别给予大鼠口服MDG-1 10、20、40 mg/kg,以普奈洛尔为阳性对照,分别设置模型组和正常对照组,观察心电图ST段位移和血浆乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性。结果在离体实验中,不同剂量的MDG-1可以增加离体心脏缺血再灌注后的冠脉流量(P<0.01),较快恢复心脏收缩幅度(P<0.01),抑制由缺血再灌注引起的心率加快(P<0.01)。在整体实验中,给予大鼠口服40 mg/kg MDG-1可以抑制异丙肾上腺素导致的心肌缺血大鼠血浆LDH活性的升高(P<0.05),而对心电图ST段位移无显著的影响(P>0.05)。结论MDG-1具有拮抗豚鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的作用,口服MDG-1对异丙肾上腺素所致大鼠心肌缺血损伤具有一定的保护作用。

麦冬多糖MDG-1在Caco-2细胞模型中转运机制研究

目的研究麦冬多糖抗心肌缺血活性成分MDG-1在Caco-2细胞模型中转运机制。方法以Caco-2细胞作为转运研究模型,分别测定改变转运方向,使用P糖蛋白(P-gp)外排泵专属抑制剂维拉帕米(verapam il),以及改变给药浓度各种条件下,MDG-1的跨细胞转运情况。结果麦冬多糖MDG-1的分泌转运(BL-AP)的表观渗透系数Papp并未数倍于吸收转运(AP-BL),两者相近,同时P-gp抑制剂维拉帕米加入与否对麦冬多糖MDG-1转运没有影响;在考察的系列药物浓度范围内,MDG-1的转运随着药物浓度的增加而呈线性增加。结论麦冬多糖MDG-1在Caco-2细胞模型中的转运机制很可能是以被动扩散为主,并且以未降解的药物形式转运,无P-gp外排泵参与。

高效凝胶色谱法测定大鼠血浆中麦冬多糖MDG-1的含量

目的:建立大鼠血浆中麦冬多糖MDG-1的高效凝胶色谱测定方法。方法:血浆样品经30%三氯乙酸沉淀蛋白后,以0.1 M NaH_2PO_4-Na_2HPO_4缓冲液(pH 7.0)为流动相,色谱柱为Shodex Sugar ks-802凝胶柱,采用荧光检测器进行检测。结果:该法线性范围为0.25～50μg·ml^(-1)(r=0.998 9),低、中、高3个浓度的回收率为93.78%～104.6l%,日内、日间RSD低于6.74%。结论:该法准确、灵敏,操作简单,可用于血浆中MDG-1的含量测定。

麦冬多糖MDG-1对内皮细胞瘦素表达的影响

目的:考察麦冬多糖MDG-1对体外培养的人微血管内皮细胞(HMEC-1)瘦素表达的影响。方法:使用血管生成抗体芯片检测不同浓度MDG-1处理后内皮细胞中瘦素表达的变化情况,并利用RT-PCR方法检测MDG-1对瘦素mRNA表达的影响。结果:0.2、1、10 mmol/L MDG-1对瘦素mRNA和蛋白表达均有明显的抑制作用。结论:MDG-1对内皮细胞瘦素表达有明显的抑制作用。

枸杞多糖通过激活Nrf2/HO-1通路保护HK-2细胞氧化损伤的作用

目的分析枸杞多糖(LBP)干预对氧化损伤的人肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2)内的核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)/血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)通路蛋白表达的变化,探索LBP拮抗HK-2细胞氧化损伤的分子机制。方法采用过氧化氢诱导HK-2细胞制备氧化损伤细胞模型,HK-2被分成4组:正常组、LBP组、氧化损伤组及LBP干预组。观察4组细胞的长势和形态变化;细胞活力测定法比较每组细胞的存活率;比色法分析氧化产物丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)的水平;免疫印迹技术检测细胞内Nrf2/HO-1通路蛋白Nrf2、HO-1的相对水平。结果正常组和LBP组相比,两组的细胞长势、形态和存活率,细胞产生MDA的量、SOD和GSH-Px的水平,通路蛋白Nrf2、HO-1的相对水平均无明显差异(均P>0.05);氧化损伤组和正常组相比,细胞皱缩变圆并脱落、贴壁细胞变少,存活率减少、MDA量增加、SOD和GSH-Px降低,通路蛋白Nrf2、HO-1的相对值下降(均P<0.05);LBP干预组和氧化损伤组相比,细胞长势、形状恢复、贴壁细胞较多,存活率增加、MDA量减少、SOD和GSH-Px升高,通路蛋白Nrf2、HO-1的相对值升高(均P<0.05)。结论枸杞多糖能通过激活Nrf2/HO-1通路提高HK-2细胞的抗氧化酶活性达到减轻细胞氧化损伤的目的。

荧光凝胶色谱法测定大鼠口服麦冬多糖MDG-1排泄变化

目的采用凝胶色谱法测定大鼠口服麦冬多糖MDG-1后尿液及粪便中含量的变化。方法采用异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)对麦冬多糖MDG-1进行标记。采用荧光凝胶色谱法(HPGPC)对SD-雄性大鼠口服MDG-1后的粪便及尿液内MDG-1含量进行测定。给药组按照150mg/kg给予F-MDG-1,空白组给予纯水,分别在1、2、3、4、5、6、7d后收集尿液及粪便,测定含量。结果在连续给予F-MDG-1量150mg/kg后,尿液中含量测定在3d时达到最大排泄量0.3133mg;粪便中含量在2d达到最大排泄量为5.70mg。结论 MDG-1在肠道内被分解,并和肠道相互作用。采用FITC对MDG-1进行标记,并采用荧光色谱法对MDG-1在排泄物内的含量变化进行研究是可行的。

茯苓多糖调节Nrf2/HO-1信号通路对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的探讨茯苓多糖调节核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)/血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)信号通路对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)的影响。方法随机取130只清洁级SD大鼠中的24只作为假手术组,剩余106只通过阻断左冠状动脉前降支30 min方法建立MIRI模型。将96只成模大鼠随机分为模型组、茯苓多糖组、茯苓多糖+Nrf2激动剂组和茯苓多糖+Nrf2抑制剂组,每组24只。茯苓多糖组给予茯苓多糖口服液3 mL/kg灌胃和生理盐水腹腔注射,茯苓多糖+Nrf2激动剂组给予茯苓多糖口服液3 mL/kg灌胃和TBHQ 20 mg/kg腹腔注射,茯苓多糖+Nrf2抑制剂组给予茯苓多糖口服液3 mL/kg灌胃和ML38530 mg/kg腹腔注射,假手术组和模型组给予生理盐水灌胃和腹腔注射,均1次/d,连续干预4周。通过超声心动图考察大鼠心功能[左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室内压最大上升/下降速率(+dp/dtmax、-dp/dtmax)],TTC染色观察心肌梗死情况并计算梗死体积,HE染色观察心肌组织病理形态,TUNEL染色观察心肌细胞凋亡情况,ELISA法检测血清心肌酶[乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、肌红蛋白(Mb)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)]水平和心肌组织中氧化应激指标[丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)]、炎症因子[白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]含量,Western blot法检测心肌组织中Nrf2、HO-1、核因子-κB p65(NF-κB p65)和细胞凋亡相关蛋白[半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)、裂解Caspase-3(cleaved Caspase-3)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)]表达情况,RT-PCR法检测心肌组织中Nrf2、HO-1 mRNA表达情况。结果与模型组比较,茯苓多糖组和茯苓多糖+Nrf2激动剂组大鼠LVEF、+dp/dtmax、-dp/dtmax均明显升高(P<0.05);心肌组织梗死体积、心肌细胞凋亡率和血清LDH、cTnI、Mb、CK-MB水平均明显降低(P均<0.05),心肌组织病理变化明显减轻;心肌组织中MDA、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量和NF-κB p65、Bax、cleaved Caspase-3蛋白相对表达量及Bax/Bcl-2、cleaved Caspase-3/Caspase-3比值均明显降低(P均<0.05),心肌组织中SOD、CAT含量及Nrf2、HO-1、Bcl-2蛋白相对表达量和Nrf2、HO-1 mRNA相对表达量均明显升高(P均<0.05)。茯苓多糖+Nrf2激动剂组对上述各指标的调控作用优于茯苓多糖组(P均<0.05),茯苓多糖组优于茯苓多糖+Nrf2抑制剂组(P均<0.05)。结论茯苓多糖可通过抑制氧化应激、炎症反应、细胞凋亡减轻大鼠MIRI,改善其心功能,作用机制可能与其激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路有关。

In Vitro Anti-influenza Virus Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharide Fractions from Gracilaria lemaneiformis

In this paper, in vitro anti-influenza virus activities of sulfated polysaccharide fractions from Gracilaria lemaneiforrnis were investigated. Cytotoxicities and antiviral activities of Gracilaria lemaneiformis polysaccharides （PGL）, Gracilaria lemaneiformis polysaccharide fraction-1 （GL-1）, Gracilaria lemaneiformis polysaccharide fraction-2 （GL-2） and Gracilaria lemaneiformis polysaccharide fraction-3 （GL-3） were studied by the Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium （MTT） method, and the inhibitory effect against Human influenza virus H1-364 induced cytopathic effect （CPE） on MDCK cells were observed by the CPE method. In addition, the antiviral mechanism of PGL was explored by Plaque forming unit （PFU）, MTT and CPE methods. The results showed： i） Cytotoxicities were not significantly revealed, and H1-364 induced CPE was also reduced treated with sulfated polysaccharide fractions from Gracilaria lemaneiformis; ii） Antiviral activities were associated with the mass percentage content of sulfate groups in polysaccharide fractions, which was about 13%, in polysaccharides （PGL and GL-2） both of which exhibited higher antiviral activity; iii） A potential antiviral mechanism to explain these observations is that viral adsorption and replication on host cells were inhibited by sulfated polysaccharides from Gracilaria lemaneiformis. In conclusion, Anti-influenza virus activities of sulfated polysaccharide fractions from Gracilaria lemaneiformis were revealed, and the antiviral activities were associated with content of sulfate groups in polysaccharide fractions

Properties of Polysaccharides in Several Seaweeds from Atlantic Canada and Their Potential Anti-Influenza Viral Activities

To explore the polysaccharides from selected seaweeds of Atlantic Canada and to evaluate their potential anti-influenza virus activities, polysaccharides were isolated from several Atlantic Canadian seaweeds, including three red algae (Polysiphonia lanosa, Furcellaria lumbricalis, and Palmaria palmata), two brown algae (Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus), and one green alga (Ulva lactuca) by sequential extraction with cold water, hot water, and alkali solutions. These polysaccharides were ana-lyzed for monosaccharide composition and other general chemical properties, and they were evaluated for anti-influenza virus activities. Total sugar contents in these polysaccharides ranged from 15.4% (in U. lactuca) to 91.4% (in F. lumbricalis); sulfation level was as high as 17.6% in a polysaccharide from U. lactuca, whereas it could not be detected in an alikali-extract from P. palmaria. For polysaccharides from red seaweeds, the main sugar units were sulfated galactans (agar or carrageenan) for P. lanosa, F. lumbricalis, and xylans for P. palmata. In brown seaweeds, the polysaccharides largely contained sulfated fucans, whereas the polysaccharides in green seaweed were mainly composed of heteroglycuronans. Screening for antiviral activity against influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus revealed that brown algal polysaccharides were particularly effective. Seaweeds from Atlantic Canada are a good source of marine polysaccharides with potential antiviral properties.

Influence of astragalus polysaccharide on kidney status and fibrosis indices of a ratmodel of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy

Object： To examine the effect of astragalus polysaccharide （APS） on kidney status and fibrosis indices of rats withdiabetic nephropathy. Methods： 72 male rats were randomly divided into three groups： negative control group （NC, n =24）; diabetic nephropathy model group （DNM, n = 24）; and diabetic nephropathy model with APS group （DNM ＋ APS,n = 24）. Rats of the DNM and DNM ＋ APS groups were subjected to both unilateral nephrectomy and administeredstreptozotocin （STZ） injection （65 mg/kg）. DNM ＋ APS group rats were administered 50 IU/kg/d APS by subcutaneousinjection from the first week after operation until death. The NC and DNM group rats were subcutaneously injected withan identical volume of physiological saline. At weeks 3, 8, and 13 after the operation, 6 rats from each group wererandomly sacrificed and blood was collected to measure serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. On the day beforesacrifice, the rats were placed in a metabolic cage for 24 h to collect urine. At week 14 after the operation, 6 rats fromeach group were randomly selected to measure body weight and kidney index. Blood was collected to measure bloodglucose. The kidneys were harvested to detect pathological changes by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results：Histological assessment of DNM rats suggested damage symptoms as evidenced by hyperplasia of the glomerularmesangial matrix, atrophia of the kidney tubules, and thickening of the basement membrane. In contrast, STZ-induceddiabetic nephropathy rats treated with APS （50 IU/kg/d） showed significantly improved histological results, suggestingthat APS has beneficial effect on renal tissues in STZ-induced DNM rats. Our results also indicated that APS relievedrenal injury and effectively improved body weight in DNM rats. The ratio of kidney weight to body weight was reducedand the early stage of renal function damage was improved after APS treatment. In the later stages of the disease, the 24h urinary protein significantly decreased. Moreover, APS down-regulated TGF-β1 and α-SMA expression of the kidney.Conclusion： APS significantly improved renal tubular interstitial injury in DNM rats and the early stage of renalfunction damage. The mechanism may be related to downregulation of the expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA whichdelays the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis in DNM rats.