Comprehensive analysis of sodium polystyrene sulfonate-induced colitis:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Sodium polystyrene sulfonate(SPS)is commonly prescribed for the management of hyperkalemia,a critical electrolyte imbalance contributing to over 800000 annual visits to emergency departments.AIM To conduct a systematic review of documented cases of SPS-induced colitis and assess its associated prognosis.METHODS Following the PRISMA-P guidelines,our study employed Medical Subject Headings and Health Sciences Descriptors,skillfully combined using Boolean operators,to conduct comprehensive searches across various electronic databases,including Scopus,Web of Science,MEDLINE(PubMed),BIREME(Biblioteca Regional de Medicina),LILACS(Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature),SciELO(Scientific Electronic Library Online),Embase,and Opengray.eu.Language criteria were confined to English,Spanish,and Portuguese,with no limitations on the publication date.Additionally,we manually scrutinized the reference lists of retrieved studies.To present our findings,we utilized simple descriptive analysis.RESULTS Our search strategy yielded a total of 442 references.After rigorous evaluation,we included 51 references,encompassing 59 documented cases of colitis.Predominant clinical presentations included abdominal pain,observed in 35(60.3%)cases,and bloating,reported in 18(31%)cases.The most frequently affected sites of inflammation were the cecum,rectum,and small intestine,accounting for 31%,25.8%,and 22.4%of cases,respectively.Colonoscopy findings were described in 28(48.2%)cases,and 29(50%)of patients required surgical intervention.Among the subset of patients for whom outcome data was available,39(67.2%)experienced favorable outcomes,while 12(20.6%)unfortunately succumbed to the condition.The mean time required for resolution was 36.7 d,with a range spanning from 1 to 120 d.CONCLUSION SPS demonstrates the capacity to effectively lower serum potassium levels within 24 h.However,this benefit is not without the risk of bowel injury.Our study highlights the absence of high-quality data pertaining to the incidence of adverse events associated with SPS usage,making it challenging to determine whether the potential risks outweigh the benefits.However,a significant mortality rate related to SPS-induced colitis was noted.Future investigations should prioritize randomized controlled trials with a sufficiently large patient cohort to ascertain the true utility and safety profile of this medication.

STUDY ON LIGHTLY SULFONATED SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE IONOMERS

Sulfonated syndiotactic polystyrene ionomers (SsPS) with 1.8 mol% degree of sulfonation have been studied. WAXD shows that the crystallinity of SsPS ionomers was decreased with increasing diameter size of the counter ions and sPS > SsPS-H > SsPS-K > SsPS-Zn. Moreover, SsPS ionomers only have alpha crystal form, while original sPS has two crystal forms: alpha and beta crystal form. TGA shows that the thermal stability of SsPS ionomers is higher than that of the original sPS and SsPS-Zn > SsPS-K > SsPS-H. DSC shows that all the glass transition temperatures (T-g) of SsPS ionomers are higher than that of the neat sPS and SsPS-Zn > SsPS-Na > SsPS-K > SsPS-H. However, the melting temperature (T-m) and crystallization peak temperature (T-p) of SsPS ionomers are lower and SsPS-H > SsPS-Zn > SsPS-K > SsPS-Na, while the crystallinity (X-c) of SsPS-Zn is the lowest. Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics shows that the Avrami index of sPS and SsPS-H are both about 4, suggesting the nucleation growth of SsPS-H with lower degree of sulfonation still keeps its three-dimension form. FTIR spectra of SsPS ionomers show a splitting absorption band for asymmetric stretching vibration of sulfonation group. The CH in-plane bending vibration of benzene ring shifted to higher wavenumber and the symmetric stretching vibration of sulfonation group changed slightly with different counter ion neutralized SsPS ionomers.

PREPARATION OF Au/SULFONATED POLYSTYRENE CATALYSTS FOR LOW-TEMPERATURE CO OXIDATION

Supported Au catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation were prepared by solvated metal atom impregnation (SMAI) and conventional impregnation (Cl). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigations indicated that the elemental gold in all the samples was in the metallic state, XRD measurements showed that the mean diameters of Au particles prepared by SMAI were smaller than those prepared by Cl with the same gold content. Catalytic tests showed that the SMAI catalyst had higher CO oxidation activity than the CI catalyst with the same compositions. Both SMAI and Cl catalysts exhibited high activity in low temperature CO oxidation. Full CO conversion was obtained at 323-383K.

PREPARATION,CHARACTERIZATION AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPYRROLE-POLYSTYRENE SULFONIC ACID COMPOSITE FILM

Polypyrrole-polystyrene sulfonic acid(PPy-PSSA)composite films have been electrosynthesized in an aqueoussolution of PSSA.The electro-active films exhibit cation exchange during the redox process.Infrared,Raman and energy-dispersive spectroscopic results demonstrated that the polyanion of PSS^- is co-deposited into the PPy matrix and couldn't bestripped fiom the film extensively by dedoping.The doping level together with dipolaron content of the PPy-PSSAcomposite film increases during electrochemical polymerization process.SEM images revealed that the composite film hassmooth and compact morphology and AFM pictures suggested that PPy chains are possibly grown perpendicular to theelectrode surface.TGA tests indicated that the composite films has much better thermal stability than that of pure PPy.Furthermore,electrochemical studies showed that the relaxation process at certain holding potential has great effect on theshape of the cyclic voltammetric curves of PPy-PSSA composite film.The composite film exhibits cation and anionexchange during the redox process after undergoing the relaxation step.It is more difficult for divalent anion to enter thepolymer matrix than a univalent ion,and a large cation such as(CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_2)_4N^+ cannot be involved in the ionexchange process.

Partial amination of cationic exchange resins and its application in the hydration of butene

In this work, the amination of sulfonated polystyrene resin with alkyl secondary amine is investigated. The catalytic activities of the modified resins are determined through the hydration of l-butene. The optimum chain length and the best range of amination rate are determined. It is found that the single-pass conversion of 1 -butene was raised 2% on average, and the relative activity was increased over 30% after modification. A hypothesis about the enhancement of catalytic activities by the inclusion of alkyl chain to wrap up the butene molecule is proposed.

Properties of Phosphoric Acid Doped Poly(benzimidazole/sulfone/siloxane/amide)/Sulfonated Polystyrene/Silica Nanoparticle-based Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells

New siloxane and sulfone containing poly（benzimidazole/sulfone/siloxane/amide） （PBSSA） has been prepared for the formation of hybrid membranes （PBSSA/PS-S/SiNPs） with sulfonated polystyrene （PS-S） and 0.1 wt%-2 wt% silica nanoparticles （SiNPs）. Field emission scanning electron micrographs showed good dispersion of filler, formation of dense nanoporous honeycomb like structure and uniform ionic pathway in these hybrids. The porous membrane structure was responsible for the fine water retention capability and higher proton conductivity of the new hybrids. Increasing the amount of nanoparticles from 0.1 wt% to 2 wt% increased the tensile stress of acid doped PBSSA/PS-S/SiNPs nanocomposites from 65.7 MPa to 68.5 MPa. A relationship between nanofiller loading and thermal stability of the membranes was also experientially studied, as the glass transition temperature of phosphoric acid doped PBSSAJPS-S/SiNPs nanocomposites increased from 207℃ to 215 ℃. The membranes also had higher ion exchange capacity （IEC） around 2.01 mmol/g to 3.01 mmol/g. The novel membranes with high IEC value achieved high proton conductivity of 1.10-2.34 S/cm in a wide range of humidity values at 80 ~C which was higher than that of perfluorinated Nafion 117 membrane （1.1 × 10^-1 S/cm） at 80 ~C （94% RH）. A H2/O2 fuel cell using the PBSSA/PS-S/SiNP 2 （IEC 3.01 retool/g） showed better performance than that of Nation 117 at 40 ℃ and 30% RH.

Assembly of SPS/MgSi assisted by dopamine with excellent removal performance for ciprofloxacin

In this work,magnesium silicate-based sulfonated polystyrene sphere composites(SPS/MgSi)were synthesized by one-step(SMD1)and two-step(SMD2)methods.For SMD1,MgSi particles were densely assembled on the surface of SPS,assisted by complexation between Fe^3+and hydroxyl phenol.For SMD2,SPS/SiO2 was firstly obtained by the same method as SMD1,and then SPS/SiO2 was transformed directly to SPS/MgSi under hydrothermal conditions.Therefore,MgSi obtained by the two-step method had an interwoven structure.Compared to SPS,MgSi and SMD1,SMD2 presented a larger specific surface area and more negative surface charges.Therefore,SMD2 showed superior adsorption performance toward CIP with concentrations of 5,10 and 50 mg/L,and for 50 mg/L,the equilibrium adsorption capacity could reach 329.7 mg/g.The adsorption process is fast and can be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.The relationship between pH value and Zeta potential demonstrated that electrostatic interaction dominated the adsorption process.In addition,competitive adsorption showed that the effect of Na^+was negligible but the effect of Ca^2+was dependent on its concentration.Humid acid(HA)could slightly promote the absorption of CIP by SMD2.After five rounds of adsorption-desorption,the equilibrium adsorption capacity of SMD2 still remained at 288.6 mg/L for 50 mg/L CIP.Notably,SMD2 presented likewise superior adsorption capacity for CIP with concentrations of 10 and 50 mg/L in Minjiang source water.All the results indicated that this synthesis method is universal and that SMD2 has potential as an adsorbent for CIP removal from aquatic environments.