Influence of Relative Humidity on Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Nanofibers for High-Efficiency Air Filter

The influence of relative humidity( RH) on the properties of electrospun polyvinyl alcohol( PVA) nanofibers that might determine the application of nanofibers in high-efficiency air filters is not clear. PVA nanofiber mat was prepared between two hot airthrough ES( polyethyene( PE) and polypropylene( PP) composite fiber) non-woven substrates as a sandwich structure nanofiber composite filter using an electrospinning technique combining with an ultrasonic sewing process. The filtering mechanism of the composite was discussed in detail. The effects of nanofiber diameters,nanofiber layer thickness and RH in environment on the properties of PVA nanofibers were investigated by scanning electron microscopy( SEM), X-ray diffraction( XRD), automatic filter tester and universal strength tester. The results showed that the PVA nanofiber composite fabrics had high filtration efficiency with lowpressure drop and there was a negative correlation between filtration efficiency and nanofiber diameter. After keeping in a high RH environment for several hours, the mechanical property of PVA nanofiber composites was deteriorated but the high filtration efficiency was increased.

高温后钢-PVA混杂纤维高性能混凝土与变形钢筋黏结性能试验

为研究高温后钢-聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohols,PVA)混杂纤维高性能混凝土(hybrid fiber high performance concrete,HFHPC)与变形钢筋的黏结性能退化规律,以200、400、600、800℃为目标温度,选取钢纤维体积率、PVA纤维体积率、矿粉掺量为正交试验因素设计并制作25组HFHPC试件,完成了单调荷载下的中心拉拔试验。结果表明:高温后各组HFHPC试件黏结破坏形态均表现为钢筋拔出破坏;试验温度范围内,对HFHPC试件黏结强度的影响程度均为:钢纤维体积率最大、矿粉掺量次之、PVA纤维体积率最小;随着温度的升高,HFHPC试件黏结强度逐渐下降,且在相同温度条件下,HFHPC试件黏结强度和峰值滑移相比于未掺纤维的混凝土试件均有所提升,其中,200℃时HFHPC试件的黏结强度提升最为显著,分别提升了33.69%、35.76%、37.54%和46.03%;混杂纤维能显著提高高温后高性能混凝土与钢筋的峰值界面能,明显改善黏结延性和耗能能力;提出的考虑温度作用后的混杂纤维混凝土与钢筋黏结-滑移模型与试验实测结果吻合较好,可为火灾后混杂纤维高性能混凝土结构损伤评估及加固方案提供参考。

RTP-PVA混杂纤维的工程水泥基复合材料干缩性能试验研究

为研究回收轮胎聚合物(recycled tyre polymer,RTP)和聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)混杂纤维对工程水泥基复合材料(engineered cementitious composites,ECC)干缩性能的影响,对RTP-PVA混杂纤维总体积分数为2.0%的ECC进行流动性、直接拉伸和干缩试验,并分析混杂纤维作用机理和干缩计算模型.结果表明:RTP纤维替代率为12.5%~50%对ECC流动性影响不大,比单掺PVA纤维的ECC流动性降低1.09%~3.69%.ECC的抗拉强度随RTP纤维替代率的增加而降低,不同比例的混杂纤维比单掺PVA纤维的ECC抗拉强度降低了23.6%~56.6%.不同比例混杂纤维ECC干缩率曲线趋势相近,7 d时干缩率为28 d时的80.92%~82.77%.ECC的干缩率随RTP纤维替代率的增加而降低,28 d时不同RTP纤维替代率的混杂纤维比单掺PVA纤维的ECC干缩率降低了0.80%~2.09%.RTP-PVA混杂纤维可在ECC中协同发挥作用抑制基体干缩,结合试验结果得到适合RTP-PVA混杂纤维ECC的指数型干缩预测模型.

Fabrication of High-Efficiency Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanofiber Membranes for Air Filtration Based on Principle of Stable Electrospinning

A mass flow matching model(MFMM)was established for studying the stable status of solution electrospinning.The study of the solution droplet status at the needle tip focused on various combinations of applied voltages and injection rates to figure out their influence on steadily fabricating polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)nanofibers prepared from PVA spinning solutions with two different mass fractions(10%and 16%).The results revealed that during the stable electrospinning,the influence resulted from the change of the injection rate approximately canceled out the impact brought by adjusting the applied voltage,leading to almost the same morphology as that of the PVA nanofibers.And the mass fraction of PVA in the spinning solution dominated the structure and the diameter distribution of the electrospun nanofibers.Under stable electrospinning conditions,the composite membrane was produced by depositing PVA nanofibers on the polyethylene terephthalate(PET)nonwoven substrate for an air filtration test.Furthermore,the prepared composite membrane exhibited a high air filtration efficiency(99.97%)and a low pressure drop(120 Pa)for 300-500 nm neutralized polystyrene latex(PSL)aerosol particles,demonstrating its potential as an alternative for a variety of commercial applications in air filtration.

不同纤维增强对PZT/PVA复合材料性能影响的研究

压电陶瓷复合材料较低的力学性能限制其应用。为进一度探究纤维种类及掺量对锆钛酸铅(PZT)/聚乙烯醇(PVA)复合材料性能影响规律,对不同纤维掺量下碳纤维/PZT/PVA、芳纶纤维/PZT/PVA复合材料开展电学及力学性能测试,分析纤维种类、掺量及PZT/PVA体积比对试件介电、压电性能及弯曲、拉伸性能的影响规律,并结合电镜扫描(SEM)分析纤维掺量对试件性能的影响。结果表明,少量的纤维掺量能够提高复合材料的电学性能,过量的纤维使得复合材料结构孔隙结构增加,介质常数和压电常数均减小,介质损耗增大。7%芳纶纤维/0.5PZT/0.5PVA、5%芳纶纤维/0.6PZT/0.4PVA、3%芳纶纤维/0.7PZT/0.3PVA复合材料的介电性能和压电性能较高。芳纶纤维掺量为9%时,芳纶纤维/0.5PZT/0.5PVA、芳纶纤维/0.6PZT/0.4PVA、芳纶纤维/0.7PZT/0.3PVA、芳纶纤维/0.8PZT/0.2PVA复合材料的弯曲强度分别提高了10.72%、14.49%、13.85%及16.78%,拉伸强度分别提高了24.04%、23.94%、27.00%和28.52%。纤维在试件内部形成网状结构从而提升试件力学性能,且由于芳纶纤维不导电,因此可以在复合材料中加入芳纶纤维的数量比碳纤维多,其力学性能也会大大提高。

Immobilization of activated sludge using improved polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel

The microbial immobilization method using polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） gel as an immobilizing material was improved and used for entrapment of activated sludge. The oxygen uptake rate （OUR） was used to characterize the biological activity of immobilized activated sludge. Three kinds of PVA-immobilized particles of activated sludge, that is, PVA-boric acid beads, PVA-sodium nitrate beads and PVA-orthophosphate beads were prepared, and their biological activity was compared by measuring the OUR value. The bioactivity of both autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms of activated sludge was determined using different synthetic wastewater media （containing 250 mg/L COD and 25 mg/L NH4^＋ -N）. The experimental results showed that the bioactivity and stability of the three kinds of immobilized activated sludge was greatly improved after activation. With respect of the bioactivity and the mechanical stability, the PVA-orthophosphate method may be a promising and economical technique for microbial immobilization.

玉米秸秆-PVA复合气凝胶的制备及其吸附性能研究

以玉米秸秆为原料,用溴化锂和聚乙烯醇(PVA)溶液将其溶解,制备玉米秸秆-PVA复合气凝胶。采用正交试验法对制备工艺进行优化,并通过FT-IR、吸附率等手段对气凝胶的相关性能进行表征。结果表明:复合气凝胶的优化制备工艺条件为:固液质量比(秸秆∶混合溶液)为1∶100,PVA添加量与秸秆的质量比为100∶15,PVA浓度为5%,溴化锂浓度为66%,溴化锂溶液和PVA的质量比为13.85∶1。该工艺下所制得的复合气凝胶密度低至0.0268 g/cm^(3),比表面积为175.00 m^(2)/g,对废弃机油的最大吸附倍率为35.01 g/g。制备过程中,纤维素的氢键被破坏,PVA与纤维素之间通过氢键连接。复合气凝胶的密度越小,其吸油率越大。复合气凝胶具有全范围内的孔径,且大部分孔径处于介孔范围内,因此有利于对大分子污染物的吸附。

GO-PVA注浆材料的制备及其强度特征研究

由于瓦斯抽采钻孔周围稳定性较差,受扰动影响易致钻孔周围煤岩体产生新的裂隙,进而降低瓦斯抽采效率,为填补现有材料颗粒大、胶结能力差的缺陷,引入纳米材料和高分子聚合物材料改善瓦斯抽采钻孔封孔材料的性能,并分析纳米材料氧化石墨烯(Graphene Oxide,GO)、高分子聚合物聚乙烯醇(Polyvinyl Alcohol,PVA)纤维复掺于水泥基注浆材料中的宏微观强度特征。采用单因素试验探究GO最佳质量分数及PVA纤维最佳长度和质量分数,确定最优值后再与普通水泥注浆材料进行复合对比试验,并通过单轴压缩测试不同养护龄期下的强度变化规律,结合蠕变特性、相似模拟和扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)图像,探讨复合材料的增强机理。研究结果表明:两类添加剂均对水泥基注浆材料抗压强度展现出有效的提升作用,尤其是当氧化石墨的质量分数为0.04%,PVA质量分数和长度分别为0.2%和3 mm时,其抗压性能达到顶峰,密封性能提升,抵抗外界应力变化的能力得到增强。研究结果可为封孔注浆材料的研发提供基础。

PVA纤维、减缩剂和轻烧氧化镁对水工衬砌混凝土性能影响对比研究

依托于滇中引水工程,研究了掺入聚乙烯醇纤维(PVA纤维)、减缩剂和轻烧氧化镁对衬砌混凝土性能的影响。结果表明:掺入0.9 kg/m^(3)PVA纤维和1.5%减缩剂对混凝土坍落度影响不显著,掺入5%轻烧氧化镁后,混凝土拌和物坍落度下降了36.8%;掺入0.9 kg/m^(3)PVA纤维、1.5%减缩剂和5%轻烧氧化镁后,混凝土7 d、28 d龄期的抗压强度和劈拉强度差异不明显;掺入1.5%减缩剂和5%轻烧氧化镁对混凝土7 d、28 d龄期的极限拉伸值影响不显著,但掺入0.9 kg/m^(3)的PVA纤维后,混凝土28 d龄期的极限拉伸值提高了18×10-6;掺入0.9 kg/m^(3)的PVA纤维对混凝土120 d龄期内的干缩率影响不显著,掺入减缩剂和轻烧氧化镁后,混凝土120 d龄期的干缩率分别降低了100×10-6和33×10-6;掺入PVA纤维、减缩剂和轻烧氧化镁后,混凝土裂缝降低率分别为44.1%、31.9%和25.0%,可以有效减少裂缝的产生。

Preparation of Film Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol Modified by Alkaline Starch and Lignin Fiber

This study presents an easily prepared film based on alkaline starch-polyvinyl alcohol hybrid and lignin fiber as an additive(SPL film).The SPL film was prepared under acidic conditions through a polycondensation reaction of PVA and a mixture incorporating alkaline starch and lignin fiber from agriculture or forest source.The examination using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)showed that the surface of SPL film was smooth and the lignin fiber had good compatibility within the film hybrid.Electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy(ESI-MS)and fourier transform infrared(FTIR)investigations indicated that alkaline starch and lignin fiber reacted with PVA under acidic conditions and that–CH_(2)–O–groups were involved in the cross-linking of the SPL system.In addition,the SPL film exhibited only 4%light transmittance,which effectively reduces the ultraviolet and visible light(UV-Vis)penetration,along with good performance when exposed to thermal degradation,in which the mass loss reached around 60%at 400℃.More-over,the SPL film acquired excellent tensile strength,which is much higher than that of PVA-lignin(PL)composite film.

Experimental study on mechanical and frost heave behaviors of silty clay improved by polyvinyl alcohol and polypropylene fiber

Silty clay is widely used as subgrade filler in cold regions,which suffer from frost heave in winter and mud pumping in spring.In this study,polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)and polypropylene(PP)fiber were used to improve the mechanical and frost heave behavior of silty clay in cold regions,and the direct shear test and one-dimensional frost heave test were employed in studying improvement effects.Moreover,improvement mechanisms of PVA and PP fiber were analyzed based on test results.The main findings are as follows.(1)Both PP and PVA can heighten the strength of silty clay and suppress frost heave,but the PVA solution has a more decisive influence on improving mechanical properties than PP fiber.(2)The improvement mechanism of the PVA solution is cementing.The improvement effect of 2%PVA solution is the best,which can increase the shear strength by approximately 40%–60%at different stress levels and decrease the frost heave ratio from 0.89%to 0.16%at optimal water content.(3)For 2%PVA improved samples,0.25%PP fiber can further increase soil cohesion by approximately 20–30 kPa at different stress levels and further decrease the frost heave ratio from 0.16%to 0.07%at optimal water content.The improvement effect is neglectable when the PP fiber content exceeds 0.25%.Overall,2%PVA with 0.25%PP fiber is the optimum combination to improve silty clay in cold regions.

基于同轴微流控纺丝技术的CS/SA掺杂PVA复合载药纤维的制备及其释药性能

为延长药物的可控释放时间,提高累计释放率,将生物相容性良好的天然高分子材料壳聚糖(CS)和海藻酸钠(SA)分别与聚乙烯醇(PVA)溶液混合作为纺丝液,通过同轴微流控纺丝技术制备具有药物缓释性能的复合载药纤维。以氨苄西林钠(AS)为药物模型,比较研究了PVA/CS/AS(PCA)和PVA/SA/AS(PSA)两种复合载药纤维的药物缓释效果,并分析了两种天然高分子材料及其含量对载药纤维形貌结构、力学性能以及释药性能的影响。结果表明:PCA和PSA载药纤维均具有稳定的成型性和良好的形貌结构。PCA的断裂强度高于PSA复合纤维,而PSA的断裂伸长率远大于PCA复合纤维。此外,这两种纤维对药物均具有良好的缓释效果。其中,PCA复合纤维在短期内释药量大,当PVA与CS质量比为5∶1时,PCA复合纤维在180 min内药物的累计释放率最高为60%;而PSA复合纤维可以实现58 h的长时间药物释放,当PVA与SA质量比为64∶1时,PSA复合纤维药物累计释放率最高为94.1%,适合治疗慢性疾病,达到长期有效释药的目的。利用这两种载药复合纤维可设计适用于不同给药患者的药物缓释系统,展现出其在药物缓控释中的广阔应用前景。

硼砂交联PVA降失水剂的合成及滤失性能研究

以聚乙烯醇(PVA1788)为水泥浆降失水剂基础原料,考察了交联剂种类和用量、反应温度、溶液pH值等对PVA胶液粘度和水泥浆滤失性能的影响规律,发现硼砂水解后对PVA的交联效果最显著,而且随着硼砂与PVA配比、反应温度和pH值升高,PVA胶液粘度及水泥浆滤失性能呈现显著增高趋势,所形成的滤饼更加致密,保水能力更好。但一旦超过最佳配比时,水泥颗粒表面降滤失剂膜层变厚,滤饼致密性变差,反而不利于水泥浆保水,滤失性能下降。

各向异性PVA木基水凝胶的制备及其铜离子吸附性能

针对传统水凝胶生成的聚合物网络通常为各向同性,存在机械强度差、刚度低等问题。本研究以巴沙木为原料,通过冰模板法和淬火法,在定向排列的脱木素纤维素骨架中构筑具有纤维取向的聚乙烯醇(PVA)微纳网络,构建用于高效吸附水中铜离子的高强度各向异性PVA木基水凝胶(PWH),结合扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射、电子万能力学试验机表征复合水凝胶的形态结构和性能。实验结果表明:脱木质素工艺可以增加木质纤维的结晶度,PVA成功复合后保留了木材各向异性纤维骨架,脱木质素2 h的水凝胶(PWH-2)综合性能最优;PWH-2在5%应变下循环压缩80次后,样品能量损耗仅为0.022 8 MPa/mm,高度保持率高达97.37%,具有优异的抗压强度和弹性;PWH-2定向排列的多孔结构有助于铜离子在其内部迁移,提高吸附性能,在25℃、pH 5、铜离子质量浓度40 mg/L的模拟废液中,对铜离子的吸附率可达77.27%,经4次循环利用对铜离子的吸附率仍可达40.11%。动力学和等温线研究结果表明,PWH-2吸附铜离子过程满足拟一级动力学模型,遵循Langmuir等温线模型。该研究为构建高效可持续吸附重金属离子的高强度各向异性水凝胶提供理论参考,为生物质高值化利用提供新的方向。

Influences of Polyvinyl Alcohol on Synthesis of A95 Polycrystalline Alumina Fibers

In order to improve the spinnabilities of A95 alumi- na silica sols, the influences of addition and polymeriza- tion degree of polyvinyl alcohol on spinnabilities of alu- mina silica sols were researched. The viscosity and rheo- logical properties of the sols, mierostructure, infrared spectra, average diameter and diameter distribution oJ the gel fibers, BET specific surface area and distribution of pore diameters were measured. The results show that iJ there is no spinning agent, the A95 sols have no spinna- bility ; when PVA 2099 addition is in the range of l. 0% -2.0% （in mass, the same hereinafter） , the prepared sols have good spinnability, the gel fibers produced are thin and uniform, and the shot content is low ; BET spe- cific surface area and gas absorption amount of A95 polycrystalline alumina fibers are the largest when PVA 2099 addition is 2. 0% ; the gel fibers are thick and non-uniform, and the shot content is high when PVA 2099 addition is 4. 0% ; with polymerization degree oJ PVA increasing, the average diameter and diameter dis- tribution range of the gel fibers increase gradually; when using PVA 1799 and PVA 1899, respectively, the spun gel fibers are thin and uniform.

Sodium alginate-polyvinyl alcohol/polysulfone (SA-PVA/PSF) hollow fiber composite pervaporation membrane for dehydration of ethanol-water solution

Using polysulfone （PSF） hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes as the substrate, sodium alginate （SA） and polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） blend solutions as the coating solution, and maleic anhydride （MAC） as the cross-linked agent, SAPVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membranes were prepared for the dehydration of ethanol-water. The effects of different sodium alginate concentration in the coating solutions and different operating temperatures on pervaporation performance were investigated. The experimental results showed that pervaporation performance of the SA-PVA/PSF composite membranes for ethanol-water solution exhibited a high separation factor although they had a relatively low permeation flux. As SA concentration in SA-PVA coating solution was 66.7% and the operating temperature was 40 ℃, SA-PVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membrane （PS4） had a separation factor of 886 and flux of 12.6 g/（m^2·h）. Besides, SA-PVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membranes （PS3 and PS4） were used for the investigation of the effect of ethanol concentration in the feed solution on pervaporation performance.

水电站用PVA纤维水工混凝土的抗裂性能与泵送性

为探究水电站用水工混凝土掺加聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维后的使用性能改良效果,结合某地水电站4座调压井施工为例,分析掺入不同掺量PVA纤维水工混凝土抗裂性能的差异,分析PVA纤维最佳配合比并判断各龄期下水工混凝土的抗折强度、劈裂抗拉强度差异,结果显示,掺加质量分数为0.9%的PVA纤维,水工混凝土使用性能达到最佳。并进一步分析了PVA纤维水工混凝土的配合比,提出改良PVA纤维水工混凝土泵送性的建议。

膨润土-PVA纤维混凝土抗压强度及抗氯离子渗透性研究

【目的】针对在不利环境和复杂荷载下混凝土开裂、钢筋锈蚀等日益突出的问题,研究同时掺入膨润土和聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)纤维对混凝土抗压强度及抗氯离子渗透性能的提升效果,以期改善混凝土在恶劣条件下的耐久性。【方法】通过对16组不同配合比的膨润土-PVA纤维混凝土开展抗压强度试验和抗氯离子渗透性试验,分析了养护龄期、膨润土替代率和PVA纤维掺量对混凝土抗压强度和抗氯离子渗透性能的影响。同时,采用扫描电子显微镜技术深入研究了不同掺量下的膨润土-PVA纤维混凝土的微观结构特性。【结果】适量掺入膨润土和PVA纤维可提高混凝土的抗压强度和抗氯离子渗透性能,膨润土的最佳替代率为5.0%,PVA纤维最佳体积掺量为1.2 kg/m^(3)。【结论】膨润土颗粒附着在纤维表面,这不仅增加了纤维的粗糙度,还增强了纤维与混凝土间的黏结性,使混凝土内部结构更紧密,从而显著改善了混凝土的力学性能。本研究可为实际工程中混凝土改性提供参考。

Temperature Dependent Surface Resistivity Measures of Commercial, Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT), and Silver Nano-Particle Doped Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Films

Pure and doped Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) films, for the detection of infrared radiation, have been well documented using the mechanism of pyroelectricity. Alternatively, the electrical properties of films made from Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) have received considerable attention in recent years. The investigation of surface resistivities of both such films, to this point, has received far less consideration in comparison to pyroelectric effects. In this research, we report temperature dependent surface resistivity measurements of commercial, and of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), or Ag-nanoparticle doped PVA films. Without any variation in the temperature range from 22°C to 40°C with controlled humidity, we found that the surface resistivity decreases initially, reaches a minimum, but rises steadily as the temperature continues to increase. This research was conducted with the combined instrumentation of the Keithley Model 6517 Electrometer and Keithley Model 8009 resistivity test fixture using both commercial and in-house produced organic thin films. With the objective to quantify the suitability of PVDF and PVA films as IR detector materials, when using the surface resistivity phenomenon, instead of or in addition to the pyroelectricity, surface resistivity measurements are reported when considering bolometry. We found that the surface resistivity measurements on PVA films were readily implemented.

PVA-ECC与BFRP筋黏结性能试验分析

为研究聚乙烯醇纤维增强工程水泥基复合材料(polyvinyl alcohol fiber reinforced engineered cementitious composites,PVA-ECC)与玄武岩纤维增强复材筋(basalt fiber reinforced polymer bars,BFRP筋)的黏结性能,以BFRP筋表面形式(缠绕带肋、喷砂缠绕带肋)、锚固长度(5 d、7 d、9 d)、直径(8、10、12 mm)、PVA-ECC保护层厚度(70、25、15、5 mm)和PVA-ECC强度(C50、C80)为参数,设计制作28个PVA-ECC与BFRP筋黏结锚固试件进行拔出试验。通过观察和分析各试件的破坏形态、黏结强度和黏结滑移曲线,探究了各因素对PVA-ECC和BFRP筋的黏结性能的影响规律。最后,通过分析已有本构模型的适用性,根据试验结果建立了BFRP筋与PVA-ECC的黏结滑移本构模型。研究结果表明:较小保护层厚度(5 mm)的试件容易发生劈裂破坏,且黏结强度仅为正常试件的39.59%;BFRP筋表面喷砂可提高最大平均黏结应力;随着锚固长度的降低,BFRP筋与PVA-ECC黏结强度逐渐提高;增大筋材直径的同时保证相对肋高不变可以避免BFRP筋直径增大对黏结性能带来的不利影响;当PVA-ECC强度从50.5 MPa提高至81.3 MPa时,黏结强度提高了45.53%。避免BFRP筋较小的保护层厚度,或增加BFRP筋直径的同时保证相对肋高不变可以保证PVA-ECC与BFRP筋有足够的黏结强度。