Study on the Mechanism of Browning of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.cv.Ganesh) Peel in Different Storage Conditions

Peel browning of pomegranate fruit is the key problem during storage. The mechanism of it during storage in relation to the technology of the browning control was studied in this paper. The effects of storage temperature, gas component and pH value on peel browning of sweet pomegranate fruit in Lintong, Shaanxi Province, China, were investigated. Change in tannin content was measured and the relationship between the activities of ascorbic acid oxidase （AAO）, polypenoloxidase （PPO）, peroxidase （POD）, catalase （CAT） and peel browning was analysed. The results showed tannin was the basic substance of pomegranate peel browning. The activities of the browning index of peel were correlated positively with AAO, PPO and POD, correlated negatively with CAT activity. Application of intermittent warming for 24 h at （15 ± 0.5）℃ every 5 days for pomegranate fruit storage under the conditions of pH 4.0, （5.0± 0.5）℃ and 5.0% CO2 ＋ 8.0% O2 ＋ 87.0% N2 gas component could delay browning, with the browning index being 0.15 after 120 days of storage. Enzymatic tannin denaturation was the main cause that led to peel browning of pomegranate fruit during storage. The browning control of pomegranate fruit peel was effective using intermittent warming storage with suitable pH, temperature and gas component.

Comprehensive evaluation of 20 pomegranate(Punica granatum L.) cultivars in China

Recent investigations on pomegranate products have significantly increased and successfully drawn consumers’ attention to nutritional and medicinal values, promoting the pomegranate industry’s development worldwide. However, little information on pomegranates grown in China is available. Morphological and chemical characterizations of fruits and arils from 20 pomegranate cultivars in six regions of China were investigated. Combined with overall scores by principal component analysis, ‘Yushiliu No. 1’, ‘Taishanhong No. 2’, ‘Tunisia’ and ‘Mollar’ were promising cultivars, and Chinese researchers bred the first two. It was surprising that ‘Mollar’ had bigger fruit size and more aril moisture grown in China than in Spain. Cultivars with higher anthocyanin content in arils were ‘Turkey’, ‘Moyu’ and ‘Red Angel’, which might be used as the source of natural red food colourants. While red husk ‘Hongruyi’ and ‘Hongshuangxi’ with higher vitamin C, aril moisture and lower titratable acid in arils, might also be promising cultivars for further various utilization. Furthermore, the comparison of ‘Tunisia’ fruits from four regions revealed that cultivation locations had more influence on fruit traits than genotypes. Maturity index classification was established for Chinese pomegranate cultivars. Therefore, the results would provide a valuable guide for agricultural cultivation, industrial utilization, and breeding.

Antiparasitic and apoptotic modulatory activities of curcumin and extracts of Nigella sativa L,Zingiber officinale Rosc.,and Punica granatum L.in combination with spiramycin against chronic cerebral toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised mice

Objective:To examine the effect of coadministration of different medicinal plant extracts(curcumin and extracts of Nigella sativa L.[N.sativa,Jia Hei Zhong Cao],Zingiber officinale Rosc.[Z.officinale,Sheng Jiang],and Punica granatum L.[P.granatum,Shi Liu])with spiramycin(SP)against the cystogenic ME-49 Toxoplasma gondii(T.gondii)strain in immunocompromised mice.Methods:We utilized 68 mice categorized into 8 groups:2 non-infected controls(immunocompetent and immunocompromised),1 infected control,and 5 infected and treated groups.Following the experiment,the cerebral tissues of each mouse underwent parasitological,histopathological,and immunohistochemical evaluations.Results:Compared with the infected non-treated group,all infected treated groups showed significant reductions in brain cyst numbers(all P<0.05),with the highest reduction rate(77.4%)recorded for P.granatum and SP combination(G8).Only G8 showed a significant reduction in mouse deaths compared with the other groups.With regards to restoring histopathological changes and decreasing inflammation,the groups infected and treated with curcumin and P.granatum combined with SP showed the best results(P<0.05).Combinations of curcumin and extracts of Z.officinale and P.granatum with SP signif-icantly restored the cerebral expression of caspase-3 compared with the N.sativa extract combination(P<0.05).G8 showed non-significant expression compared with the local expression in the negative control groups.Conclusion:Our study revealed that the coadministration of P.granatum extract with SP was the most effective combination against chronic cerebral toxoplasmosis.

Determination and Comparison of Pigment Contents in Leaves of Punica granatum L. Hybrids with Different Leaf Colors

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the reason for the different leaf colors of pomegranate hybrid progeny. [Method] Spectrophotometry was used to determine the contents of three pigments, including chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin, in the leaves of eight pomegranate individuals and their parents at growth stage. [Result] The results showed that during the early growth stage, the anthocyanin contents of four pomegranate individuals with red leaves were higher than the control, to be specific, the anthocyanin content of No.5 pomegranate individual reached the highest of 4.12 mg/g; the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of four pomegranate individuals with yellow-green leaves showed consistent dynamic trends with the control, to be specific, the chlorophyll content and chlorophyll/carotenoid ratio of No.4 pomegranate individual reached the highest, while the chlorophyll a/carotenoid b ratio of No.3 pomegranate individual was the lowest. During vigorous growth stage, the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin of eight pomegranate individuals showed consistent dynamic trends, with no significant difference with the control. Analysis of variance indicated that there were significant differences in the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid among different pomegranate individuals at different growth stages and in the content of anthocyanin among different pomegranate individuals, while no significant difference was observed in the chlorophyll/carotenoid ratio among different pomegranate individuals at different growth stages. [Conclusion] The differences in leaf colors among pomegranate hybrid progeny are caused by different contents and ratios of anthocyanin and chlorophyll at growth stage.

<i>In-Vitro</i>Comparison of Antifungal Activity of Herbs (Darehald and Pomegranate) with Azoles

Aim: Candida, an opportunistic organism is one of the commonest causes of hospital acquired infections among fungi. Currently available antifungal drugs have numerous adverse effects and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) along with increase in resistance over the time. Therefore, it is highly emergent to consider alternative treatments for candidal infections, having fewer adverse effects and is cost-effective. The current in-vitro study is undertaken to assess and compare the antifungal effects of the herbs, Berberis aristata (B. aristata, Darehald/Darhald) and Punica granatum (P. granatum, Pomegranate) with fluconazole and voriconazole, based on culture and sensitivity of candidal isolates. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extracts of herbs (Berberis aristata and Punica granatum) and concentrations were formulated as per standard procedure. 130 samples were obtained for the study from in and out patients reported in clinical subsets of Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi from March to May, 2018. Samples were collected and grown according to the standard procedures like, wet mount test and gram’s staining. Species were identified by CHROM agar candida and API 20 C AUX methods. Sensitivity tests were performed by Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method according to CLSI guide lines M-44 A2, 2009. Data analysis was done by one-way ANOVA to compare the antifungal activities of drugs and herbs. Results: Mean inhibitory zones of herbs, B. aristata and P. granatum were highly significant against clinical candidal isolates with respective p-values of 0.00 and 0.02. Both of the herbs, B. aristata and P. granatum were found to be more sensitive, 98.5% and 97.7% respectively in comparison to fluconazole showing 42.3% and voriconazole showing 29.2% sensitivity against candidal isolates. The most resistant candidal specie was C. tropicalis that showed resistance against both fluconazole and voriconazole, contrary to that, this specie was highly sensitive to both of the herbs, showing sensitivity of 100% respective for Darehald and Pomegranate. Conclusion: In comparison to azoles: Culture sensitivity of both herbs (B. aristata and P. granatum) displayed more sensitivity against candidal isolates of patients having non-invasive and invasive candidiasis. These herbs can be considered as substitute or alternative antifungal agents to the conventional antifungal therapy, particularly in cases of treating candidemia patients, which is a life threating condition.

山东石榴品种遗传多样性与亲缘关系的荧光AFLP分析

利用荧光AFLP标记技术,采用8对EcoR I/Mse I引物对山东省25个石榴品种进行AFLP-PCR分析,结果表明:25个石榴品种扩增的多态性位点数从70条到126条不等,平均90.25条,平均多态性位点41.78%;所有检出位点的平均观测等位基因数、平均有效等位基因数、平均Nei's基因多样度和平均香农信息指数分别为1.4178、1.1874、0.1133和0.1752;方差分析显示各位点的Nei's基因多样度和香农信息指数具有不同程度的显著性差异;基于Lei&Li相似系数利用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,在相似系数0.786处将25个品种划分为4大类。根据AFLP结果探讨了山东石榴品种的亲缘关系与新品种选育的前景。

川滇石榴品种遗传多样性及亲缘关系的AFLP分析

石榴（Punica granatum）为石榴科（Punicaceae）石榴属（Punica）落叶灌木或小乔木,原产伊朗、阿富汗等中亚一带,从西汉张骞出使西域将涂林安石榴引入我国,石榴作为水果和观赏树木在我国已有2000多年的栽培历史。经长期天然杂交和基因突变,以及采用实生、分株、嫁接等多种繁殖方法,产生了复杂而多样的品种和类型,据不完全统计,我国现有石榴品种资源200多个,遍及南北各地20多个省区,形成了山东枣庄。

Folin-Ciocalteu比色法测定石榴不同部位总多酚的含量

石榴含有丰富的多酚类化合物(含量因部位不同而有差异),这类化合物具有抗动脉硬化、降低胆固醇、抗氧化和抗辐射等作用,可用来评价石榴的活性。本文采用Folin-Ciocalteu法对石榴中的总多酚进行检测。以没食子酸为对照品,校准曲线的回归方程为y=0.04659+109.89x(r=0.9994);对稳定性、精密度、重现性、回收率进行了试验,该方法简便、快速、准确,是检测石榴中总多酚的可靠方法。

Plackett-Burman和Central Composite Design试验设计法优化石榴皮中熊果酸的SFE-CO_2萃取工艺

目的:探讨应用SFE-CO2萃取石榴皮中熊果酸的最佳工艺。方法:以熊果酸得率为考察指标,通过Plackett-Burman(PB)试验设计筛选影响熊果酸得率的显著性因素,最陡爬坡试验逼近熊果酸得率最大区域,Central Composite Design(CCD)试验设计对显著性因素进行响应面优化得到影响熊果酸得率的二阶数学模型,进而得出最佳工艺条件。结果:SFE-CO2萃取石榴皮中熊果酸的最佳工艺条件为:萃取温度46.29℃,萃取时间91.6 min,萃取压力34.49 MPa,在此条件下,验证试验测得熊果酸得率为12.508 mg/g,与模型预测值12.645 mg/g接近。结论:将PB试验和CCD试验设计联合应用于优化石榴皮中熊果酸SFE-CO2萃取工艺,筛选结果具有统计学意义,工艺操作具有可行性。

不同产地维药古丽娜HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立不同产地古丽娜的HPLC指纹图谱,考察不同产地古丽娜药材的质量。方法:采用Venusil XBP C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈(A)-0.4%磷酸溶液(B),梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min;柱温:25℃;检测波长:280 nm;进样量10μL。结果:确定由12个共有峰构成古丽娜药材的指纹特征,精密度和重复性中共有峰相对保留时间和相对峰面积RSD均小于3.0%,12批样品与生成的对照指纹图谱的相似度均大于0.85。对12批药材进行聚类分析,分成3类,聚类分析显示产地和采集时间与药材的质量相关。结论:该方法精密度高、重现性好,可为古丽娜药材的质量评价提供参考,也为古丽娜药材进一步开发利用奠定基础。

RP-HPLC法测定石榴不同部位中熊果酸和齐墩果酸的含量

采用超声技术提取石榴不同部位中熊果酸和齐墩果酸,建立RP-HPLC法测定其含量。色谱柱为KromasilC18柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-0.2%磷酸水溶液（87∶13）,光电二极管阵列检测器,检测波长210nm,流速0.8mL/min,柱温28℃。熊果酸进样量在0.443-7.088μg,齐墩果酸进样量在0.247-3.952μg时呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数均为0.9999,平均加样回收率分别为98.53%和98.36%,RSD分别为1.3%和1.5%。本方法灵敏、准确,重现性好,可用于石榴不同部位中熊果酸和齐墩果酸含量的测定。

NaCl胁迫对牡丹花石榴植株体内Na^+、K^+含量的影响

以2年生牡丹花石榴为供试材料,研究NaCl胁迫对石榴枝、根韧皮部和木质部的Na+、K+含量及K+/Na+值的影响。结果表明:随着土壤中NaCl含量的增加,石榴植株枝、根的Na+含量整体呈增加趋势;K+含量呈先增加后降低趋势,NaCl含量为0.4%时,K+含量最高。相同NaCl处理下石榴枝的Na+、K+含量高于根部,而同一枝、根部位韧皮部的Na+、K+含量高于木质部(NaCl 0.5%、0.6%处理的K+含量除外)。低度盐胁迫(NaCl 0~0.4%)下K+/Na+值较大;而高度盐胁迫(NaCl 0.5%、0.6%)下K+/Na+值降低,且小于1。土壤中NaCl含量为0~0.4%时,牡丹花石榴可正常生长,过高则出现叶片黄化、落叶、生长不良的现象。

石榴蔗糖代谢相关酶SPS和INV基因家族鉴定与表达分析

蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖转化酶(INV)是蔗糖代谢的关键调控酶,在植物生长发育过程中起重要作用。本研究利用生物信息学和荧光定量PCR等分子手段,鉴定石榴SPS和INV基因家族成员,分析其理化性质、保守结构域、保守基序、二级结构、亚细胞定位、系统进化关系和表达模式。结果表明,从石榴基因组中鉴定出4个SPS基因和11个INV基因,其编码蛋白均为不稳定蛋白,具有典型的保守结构域,家族成员间特征motif数量和种类大致相同,蛋白结构高度保守;这些蛋白不均匀地分布在染色体上,均定位于叶绿体中,二级结构主要由α-螺旋和无规则卷曲组成。石榴SPS和INV基因家族成员间存在不同程度的亲缘关系,与巨桉同源性较高;不同SPS和INV基因在石榴果实不同发育时期的表达模式存在差异,PgINV3在9月15日(果实增大期)表达水平最高,显著高于其他时期。本研究结果对解析石榴果实中蔗糖代谢的分子机理具有重要意义。

新疆石榴表型性状分析及分子身份证构建

为快速鉴别石榴种质资源,解决石榴“同名异物”、“同物异名”现象,促进新疆石榴产业的发展,本研究在采集新疆石榴主产区24份种质的基础上,分析新疆石榴种质叶片及果实表型性状的变异特征,选择多态性较好的18条引物对石榴种质进行遗传多样性分析及亲缘关系鉴定,并从中选出可将24份石榴种质鉴别出来的核心引物构建新疆石榴的分子身份证。结果表明:新疆石榴的果实、叶片形状变异较大,遗传多样性较为丰富,但仅从表型性状很难将石榴种质进行精准鉴别。18条引物共扩增出240条条带,其中多态性条带199条,占比为82.92%。24份种质的平均等位基因数为1.812 5,有效等位基因数为1.287 0,Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.177 0,Shannon’s多样性指数为0.282 0;和田地区石榴种质的Nei’s基因多样性指数及Shannon’s多样性指数高于喀什地区石榴种质。在遗传相似系数为0.85时,24份石榴种质被分为6大类群,且石榴的分类结果与果实风味和地理位置的关联性不大。5条核心引物UBC73、UBC880、UBC810、UBC841、UBC35可实现24份石榴种质的鉴别,以其扩增的电泳图谱所构建的新疆石榴的分子身份证也互不相同,表明24份种质不存在“同名异物”、“同物异名”现象。本研究结果为石榴种质鉴定提供了一种新方法。

基于网络药理学预测石榴皮抗甲型流感机制及初步药效学验证

目的:基于网络药理学预测石榴皮抗甲型流感的潜在有效靶点及作用机制,并通过动物实验进行验证。方法:通过TCMSP技术平台检索石榴皮的有效成分,筛选其作用的靶标。甲型流感的靶标通过TTD、DRUGBANK等数据库筛选。利用Cytoscape绘制石榴皮抗甲型流感网络图,通过STRING数据库构建蛋白互作网络,并对关键靶标的生物功能进行注释与通路分析。甲型流感病毒感染小鼠,使用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)、蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)检测白细胞介素17(interleukin 17,IL-17)通路中关键蛋白、炎症因子的表达,观测小鼠体质量、肺指数变化。结果:石榴皮中有7个潜在有效成分抗流感病毒、96个有效靶点,其中RELA、MAPK1、JUN、HIF1A、ESR1、NFKBIA、TP53可能为核心靶点,其作用机制可能与IL-17信号通路、化学致癌-受体激活、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶等通路有关。初步的动物实验显示,石榴皮提取物参与调控IL-17通路,抑制炎症因子白细胞介素6(interleukin 6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(interleukin 1β,IL-1β)、TRAF6(TNF receptor associated factor 6)及核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)p65蛋白表达(P<0.05)。结论:通过预测得出石榴皮中所含的6个成分与不同靶点、通路交互作用,抑制多个炎症因子相关蛋白的表达,进而防治甲型流感。

云南25份石榴资源的RAPD分析

用RAPD标记技术分析了25份云南地方石榴材料(品种或类型)的亲缘关系,从128个随机引物中筛选出12个重复性好、条带清晰的多态性引物,并用这些引物对25份云南石榴材料进行RAPD扩增,共扩增出110条谱带,平均每个引物9.17条。多态性程度达到71.8%。用Statistic分析软件计算出的遗传距离为0.027～0.342,对25份材料进行了UPGA法聚类,亲缘关系树状图显示,25份云南石榴材料的遗传背景较复杂,难以划分类群。研究结果与生产上根据风味、花色、皮色、子粒颜色、核软硬程度等某一性状及栽培目的的分类方法不一致。

中国云南省石榴根结线虫的种类初报

从云南省主要石榴产区蒙自县和会泽县,采集了根结线虫标本,采用形态特征进行鉴定。结果表明,危害蒙自石榴的根结线虫主要为:南方根结线虫[Meloidogyneincognita(Koforid&White,1919)Chitwood,1949]、北方根结线虫(M.haplaChitwood,1949);危害会泽石榴的根结线虫主要为:南方根结线虫[Meloido-gyneincognita(Koforid&White,1919)Chitwood,1949]、花生根结线虫[M.arenaria(Neal,1889)Chitwood,1949]。

低温贮藏对鲜切石榴籽粒品质及活性氧代谢的影响

【目的】研究低温和室温贮藏对于模拟商业包装的鲜切石榴籽粒营养成分以及活性氧代谢的影响。【方法】以(6±0.5)℃贮藏105 d的石榴进行鲜切处理后得到的籽粒为材料,测定商品盒加薄膜包装(18±2)℃贮藏5 d和低温下(4±0.5)℃贮藏7 d的鲜切石榴籽粒的失水率、营养成分、超氧阴离子自由基产生速率、过氧化氢含量、丙二醛含量的变化。【结果】低温条件可以有效降低鲜切石榴的失水率,保持鲜切石榴籽粒的糖、酸含量,提高糖酸比,使可溶性固形物以及抗坏血酸均保持在较高的水平;低温条件可以抑制超氧阴离子产生速率以及过氧化氢和丙二醛的产生,从而延缓膜质过氧化作用的发生。【结论】商品盒加薄膜包装(4±0.5)℃低温存放7 d的鲜切石榴籽粒具有良好的商品性。

石榴离体培养再生体系的研究

对石榴休眠枝段、成熟叶片及当年生新梢离体培养 ,建立其再生体系。结果表明 ,以休眠枝段、成熟叶片为外植体均能形成愈伤组织并分化出不定芽 ;当年生新梢茎段培养 ,以MS +BA 2 0mg·L-1+NAA0 3mg·L-1对茎段腋芽的增殖最适宜。诱导生根 ,用 1/2MS为基本培养基附加NAA 0 5mg·L-1+活性炭0 1mg·L-1+蔗糖 2 0g·L-1,生根率达 95 8%。培养基中附加 0 1%活性炭 ,对促进生根均有显著效果。

新疆石榴皮总多酚有效部位的抗氧化、抗菌及抗肿瘤活性

目的:研究和评价新疆石榴皮总多酚粗提物和有效部位在体外的生物活性。方法:采用DPPH法、平皿二倍稀释法和MTT法分别对总多酚粗提物和有效部位进行抗氧化活性、抗菌和体外抗肿瘤活性测定。结果:石榴皮总多酚提取物清除DPPH自由基的效果显著,并且有效部位清除能力优于粗提物;石榴皮总多酚有效部位对临床常见致病菌有明显的抑制作用,具有广谱性,并且对一些临床耐药性的致病菌也有抑制作用;同粗提物相比,总多酚有效部位有较好的抗肿瘤活性。结论:石榴皮中的总多酚有效部位具有较好的抗氧化、抗菌及抗肿瘤活性。