红树植物水黄皮pongamia pinnata中一个生物碱的分离与结构表征

利用各种层析手段,从海南红树植物水黄皮 pongamia pinnata 的正丁醇部分中分离纯化了一个生物碱类化合物,通过各种波谱实验(1D-NMR,2D-NMR,ESI-MS)确定其结构为:dehydrocorydaline(1)。该化合物为首次从红树植物水黄皮中分离得到。

Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles using dried leaves of pongamia pinnata(L) pierre

Extract of oven dried leaves of Pongamia pinnata(L) Pierre was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Stable and crystalline silver nanoparticles were formed by the treatment of aqueous solution of AgNO_3(1m M) with dried leaf extract of Pongamia pinnata(L) Pierre. UV-visible spectroscopy studies were carried out to quantify the formation of silver nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles. TEM image divulges that silver nanoparticles are quite polydispersed, the size ranging from 20 nm to 50 nm with an average of 38 nm. Water soluble heterocyclic compounds such as flavones were mainly responsible for the reduction and stabilization of the nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles were effective against Escherichia coli(ATCC 8739), Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 6538p), Pseudomonas aeruginosa(ATCC 9027) and Klebsiella pneumoniae(clinical isolate). The move towards extracellular synthesis using dried biomass appears to be cost effective, eco-friendly to the conventional methods of nanoparticles synthesis.

In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity cycloart-23-ene-3β,25-diol(B2) isolated from Pongamia pinnata(L.Pierre)

Objective:To evaluate the in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of cvcloart-23- ene-3β,25-diol(called as B2) isolated from stem bark of Pongamia pinnata.Methods:In vitro antioxidant activity of B2 was determined by methods for determination of Dl’PH radical scavenging,reducing power,superoxide anion radical scavenging,hydroxyl radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging,metal chelating and nitric oxide radical scavenging at the doses of 20.40.60.80 and 100μg/mL,respectively.3 -tocopherol with same concentration was used as a standard antioxidant.In vitro antimicrobial activity of B2 was determined by cup plate method in different concentration range of 10-100μg/mL.Results:The results indicated that dose dependent%reduction against DPPH radical,reducing power,superoxide anion radical scavenging,hydroxyl radical scavenging,metal chelating,hydrogen peroxide scavenging and nitric oxide radical scavenging by B2 andβ-tocopherol.Conclusions:It is concluded that cycloart 23-ene-3β,25 diol(B2) showed dose dependent antioxidant activity.B2 showed more DPPH radical scavenging,reducing power,superoxide scavenging,hydroxyl radical scavenging, metal chelating scavenging,hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity thanβ-tocopherol and in case of antimicrobial activity B2 exhibited broad-spectrum activ ity against bacteria and strong activity against yeast type of fungi.

Evaluation of larvicidal activity of Pongamia pinnata extracts against three mosquito vectors

Objective:To evaluate the mosquito larvicidal activity of Pongamia pinnata(P.pinnata)extracts against three mosquito vectors.Methods:The methanol and hydroalcohol extracts of bark part of P.pinnata L were tested against fourth instar larvae of Culex quinqnefasciatus,Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi.The mortality was observed 24 h and 48 h after treatment,data was subjected to probit analysis to determine lethal concentration(LC_(50)and LC_(90))to kill 50 and 90 percent of treated larvae of tested species.Results:The larval mortality was found in both methanol and hydroalcohol extracts of P.pinnata against Culex quinquefascialus,Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi with LC_(50)values of 84.8,118.2 and 151.7 ppm;97.7,128.3 and 513 ppm.The highest larval mortality was found in methanol extract of P.pinnala when comparable to the hydroalcohol extract.Conclusions:These results suggest that both methanol and hyrdoalcohol extracts have the potential to be used as an ideal ecofriendly approach for the control of disease vectors.This could lead to isolation of novel natural larvicidal compounds.

Biochemical composition and photosynthetic activity of Pongamia pinnata（L.） Pierre in response to acute 60Co γ-irradiation

To elucidate the potential and sensitivity of cirradiation in Pongamia pinnata,the present study has been done by irradiating the air-dried seeds to differentγ-irradiation doses(100 Gy,200 Gy,400 Gy and 600 Gy),using 60Co source.Significant increase(p≤0.05)in the germination,growth,and vigor was recorded under the100 Gy treatment than the control set.The chlorophylla and total chlorophyll content(mgg-1 FW)in the leaves of P.pinnata showed a significant decrease under the higher irradiation treatments(200 Gy,400 Gy and 600 Gy).In contrast,chlorophyllb showed a radio-resistance up to 200 Gy dose,and above which its concentration declined significantly(p≤0.05).Photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,intercellular CO2 concentration,and transpiration rate were stimulated by 100 Gy irradiation treatment and the higher doses inhibited these parameters.Antioxidant activity in the leaves of P.pinnata tended to increase after irradiation in a dose-dependent manner.All the plants under different treatments ofγ-irradiation showed stimulation in production of proline,flavonoid,and phenolic content in comparision to the control.The findings of the present study showed thatγ-irradiation treatment stimulates the secondary metabolite production(proline,flavonoid and phenolic)and favours faster growth of P.pinnata.

A solar reactor for bio-diesel production from Pongamia oil: Studies on transesterfication process parameters and energy efficiency

Over exploitation of non-renewable energy reserves will lead to increase in price of petroleum fuels.Therefore there is a need for suitable and sustainable substitutes(renewable resource) for conventional fuels.In this study,an efficient and environmental friendly method for production of bio-diesel from Pongamia(Karanja) oil has been developed using a solar reactor.During the experimental study,the maximum temperature attained by the pongamia oil during the transesterification process was 64.1℃.The transesterification reaction was studied by varying different parameters such as reactant flow rate(5-20 L·h^(-1)),stirring speed(150-450 r·min^(-1)),catalyst mass loading(0.5%-2%) and methanol to oil ratio(3:1 to15:1).The maximum biodiesel yield was 83.11% at a flow rate of 5 L·h^(-1),stirring speed of 350 r·min^(-1),a methanol to oil ratio of 15:1,catalyst mass loading of 1% and reaction time of 270 min.The physical and chemical properties of biodiesel was analyzed as per American Society for Testing Materials(ASTM) standards and it had density of 938 kg·m^(-3),viscosity(28.7×10^(-6) m~2·s^(-1)),acid value(9.45 mg KOH·(g oil)^(-1))and flash point(215℃).The energy efficiency of solar heating process was determined by comparing the net energy ratio of direct heating process and solar heating process.For solar heating the net energy ratio(NER) was found to be 31.85 against 5.73 for direct heating.Similarly,net energy efficiency index was calculated for 10 kg production scale and was found to be increasing when scaled up which means that the solar heating process is more effective even in scaled up production.

Genotype×year interaction of pod and seed mass and stability of Pongamia pinnata families in a semi-arid region

Sixteen pongamia families were evaluated in a field experiment for eight consecutive years in dryland conditions to identify stable,high-yielding families.The trial was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications.Each family,consisting of nine trees per replication,was planted at a spacing of3 m x 3 m.Yield stability was analyzed using(1)Eberhart and Russel’s regression coefficient(β_i)and deviation from regression(S_d^2),(2)Wrike’s ecovalence(W_i);(3)Shukla stability variance(σ_i^2);and(4)Piepho and Lotito’s stability index(L_i).Families were also analyzed for adaptability and stability using AMMI and GGE biplots graphical methods.The study revealed significant variances due to family and family x year interaction for pod and seed yield.Families performed differently and ranked differently across years.The performance of families was influenced by both genetic factor and environmental conditions in different years.Among families tested,TNMP20,Acc14,TNMP14 and Acc30 were high yielders for pods,and Acc14,Acc30,TNMP6,RAK19 and TNMP14 were high for seed yield.According to the Eberhart and Russell model,Acc30,TNMP14 and TNMP3 were stable across years.In the graphical view of family x year interaction based on AMMI methods,TNMP3,TNMP4 and TNMP14 had greater stability with moderate seed yield,and Acc14 and Acc30 had moderate stability with high seed yield.On the other hand,GGE biplots revealed Acc14,Acc30 and TNMP14 as high yielders with moderate stability.AMMI and GGE biplots were able to capture nonlinear parts of the family x year interaction that were not be captured by the Eberhart and Russel model while also identifying stable families.Based on different methodologies,Acc14,Acc30 and TNMP14 were identified as high yielding and stable families for promoting pongamia cultivation as a biofuel crop for semi-arid regions.

Bio-Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Leaf Extract of <em>Pongamia pinnata</em>as an Effective Larvicide on Dengue Vector <em>Aedes albopictus</em>(Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae)

The frequent cases of dengue incidences are leading cause of illness and death in urban areas and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is a primary vector for Dengue transmission in India. Synthesis of leaf mediated silver nanoparticles especially with Pongamia pinnata is a potential substitute for the existing organophosphorus insecticides like Tenophos, malathion and fenthion etc., for mosquito control programme. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible absorption spectrum, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Analysis of TEM showed that the synthesized silver nanoparticles are in spherical shape with average size of 20 nm. Further the XRD analysis confirms the nano-crystalline phase of silver with face centred cubic (FCC) crystal structure. GC-MS analysis elucidated the presence of two active ingredients, such as 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z) and n-hexadecanoic acid, which are the prominent substances considered as larvicide. Larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of plant extracts and synthesized silver nanoparticles for 24 hours. From the results, it is found that plant extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects but, the synthesized silver nanoparticles had found to be toxic to larvae at LC50 (0.25 ppm) and LC90 (1 ppm).

Pongamia as a Source of Biodiesel in India

Pongamia Pinnata trees are normally planted along the highways, roads, canals to stop soil erosion. Billions of trees exist all over India. If the seeds fallen along road side are collected, and oil is extracted at village level expellers, few million tons of oil will be available for Lighting the Lamps in rural area. It is the best substitute for Kerosene. Since these are spread over a large area, collection of seeds for Biodiesel manufacture is not viable. (A compact plantation can support a Biodiesel plant. The seedlings of Pongamia can survive in 1.5 meters deep water submergence / inunda-tion for five to six months duration at a stretch. There are nearly 30,000 square km of water reservoirs in India. This tree can be cultivated in our water storage reservoirs up to 1.5 meters depth and reap additional economic value from unused reservoir lands. The estimated annual production of oil from its seeds is about 50,000 t. The oil has not yet found any significant commercial application. But due to increase in awareness and growth in research in this area the Pongamia it can be developed as the alternative source of fuel by replacing diesel. In the present study attempt has been made to study the scope of Pongamia in India.

Flavonoids with cytotoxicities from the seeds of Pongamia pinnata(L.)Pierre

Twenty-eight compounds,including flavones(2,4-5,7-11),flavonols(1,3,6,21,22),flavanones(12-18),isoflavones(19,20),chalcones(23,24),phenylpropanoids(25,26),and others(27,28)were isolated from the ethanol extract of the seeds of Pongamia pinnata(L.)Pierre and identified on the basis of physic-chemical constants and spectral analysis(NMR,ECD,[α]^20 D).Among them,compounds 16,18,21,23,25 and 26 were obtained from the genus for the first time.The cytotoxicities of the purified flavonoids against H292 cells were evaluated using MTT assays.As a result,compounds 14 and 15 displayed moderate cytotoxicities.

Variability and divergence in Pongamia pinnata for further use in tree improvement

A total of 24 candidate plus trees(CPTs) of Pongamia pinnata(L.) Pierre.were selected to elucidate their variation and diversity based on thirteen quantitative traits(4 pod traits,6 seed traits of parent trees and 3 progeny traits) at Forest Research Centre,Institute of Forest Productivity-Mandar,Ranchi district during 2005-2007.The results show that,CPT-19 had maximum for seven traits viz,pod length(65.6 mm),100-pod weight(542.4 g),seed 2D(two dimension) area(351.2 mm2),seed length(27.9 mm),seed breadth(17.4 mm),100-seed weight(217.9 g) and plant height(164.3 cm).The traits,100-pod weight and 100-seed weight had a high heritability(98.4%,96.9%) accompanied with high genetic advance(46.0%,34.9%).There is a positive significant correlation between 100-pod weight and 100-seed weight traits at both genotypic and phenotypic levels with plant height,collar diameter and volume index at 30 MAS(months after sowing).Volume index expressed a moderate heritability(47.4%) accompanied with high genetic advance(48.4%),indicating that the character is governed by additive gene effects.In divergence study,24 accessions were grouped into 6 clusters on the basis of non-hierarchical euclidian cluster analysis.The genotypes in cluster IV(CPT-5,CPT-6,CPT-7,CPT-12,CPT-16,CPT18,CPT-22) and cluster III(CPT-4,CPT-8,CPT-9,CPT-20,CPT-21) were most heterogeneous and can be best used within group hybridization.The wide diversity exists between the cluster V and II,followed by cluster II and I and crosses between CPTs of these clusters may result in substantial segregates.It is revealed that the existence of substantial variation and diversity can be utilized for genetic resource conservation and further tree improvement programmers of the species.

Genetic variability and divergence studies in pod and seed traits of Pongamia pinnata(L.) Pierre., accessions in Bay Islands

In this study, we assessed the variability in pod, seed traits and oil content of 24 accessions of Pongamia pinnata collected from different parts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. The experiment was conducted at the Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair during 2010 to 2011. The variability studies for pod and seed traits revealed that, the accession CPT-6 collected from New Wandoor in South Andaman recorded the maximum values for eight traits viz. pod length(75.51 mm), pod width(34.62 mm), pod thickness(17.55 mm), 100 pod weight(770.33 g), seed width(21.23 mm), 100 seed weight(377.00 g), oil percentage(43.92%) and germination percentage(94.7%). However, the maximum seed length(26.46 mm) was recorded from CPT 2 and the maximum pod-seed ratio was obtained from CPT 13 and CPT 4(2.50 and 2.44 respectively). The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variations were also close to each other for all traits, but the 100 pod and seed weight exhibited higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation than the other traits. Estimates of broad sense heritability ranged from 0.30(for seed length) to 0.95(pod length) and genetic advance as percent of the mean ranged between 11.66% and 57.40% with seed length giving the lowest value and 100 pod weight giving the highest value. Both the phenotypic and genotypic correlation between pod length, pod width, pod thickness, 100 pod weight, seed width and 100 seed weight and between pod thickness, 100 pod weight, seed width, 100 seed weight and germination percentage were found to be strong. On the basis of non hierarchical Euclidian cluster analysis, 24 accessions were grouped into six clusters. The maximum numbers of seven accessions were included in cluster VI. The maximum intra cluster distance(10.238)shown by cluster VI and the maximum inter cluster distance(17.021) between V and III followed by III and II(15.942). Among the six clusters formed the cluster III recorded maximum oil percentage, 100 pod weight, 100 seed weight, pod length, pod thickness, pod width, seed width and germination percentage, while cluster V recorded maximum pod seed ratio and germination percentage. The present findings suggest that the crossing between accessions of cluster V and cluster III will result in a wide spectrum of variability in subsequent generations.

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on biomass production and nodulation behavior of Pongamia pinnata Pierre seedlings under nursery conditions

At the seedling stage, a small amount of N is required to boost growth of leguminous plants. A pot experiment was conducted to observe the effect of N fertilizer on various growth parameters and nodulation behavior of Pongamia pinnata under nursery conditions. After the establishment of seedlings, four nitrogen treatments, 0, 40, 80 and 100 kg·ha-1 N were applied in two equal splits. Monthly observations were taken for the morphological parameters viz. plant height, collar diameter, leaf number, root length, root shoot ratio, nodule number and weight per plant. Maximum plant height was recorded after application of N at 40 kg·ha-1 . Seasonally, the difference in collar diameter in rainy season was significantly higher than in winter or summer. However, more leaves were produced per plant at N-40 and N-100 treatments in winter and rainy seasons. Higher root length was recorded in rainy season than in winter or summer. Root biomass was higher than for stems or leaves. Seasonal effects of N-80 and N-40 treatments on leaf dry weight were significantly higher than for N-100 or N-0. Stem dry weight was higher at N-40 than at other treatments in winter and summer seasons. Root:shoot ratio was higher throughout winter to early summer. Nodule biomass was 2-3 times higher in rainy season compared to winter or summer. Maximum nodule number and biomass per plant were highest at N-40, followed by N-0, N-80 and N-100 treatments. New nodule formation started from June to the end of September. Maximum biomass per plant was recorded at N-40, followed by N-80, N-100 and N-0. Nitrogen treatment effect and seasonal behaviour interaction were not significant. Significantly higher numbers of nodules per plant were recorded in rainy season followed by summer and winter for all treatments. Higher nitrogen doses suppressed growth while lower doses promoted growth in Pongamia pinnata. Therefore, the lower nitrogen dose i.e., N-40 Kg·ha-1 applied in two equal splits was suitable at the initial nursery stage for the increase in nodulation and biomass production.

Studies on Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre leaves: understanding the mechanism(s) of action in infectious diarrhea

While data are available on the effect of medicinal plants on intestinal motility and their antibacterial action, there is a paucity of information on their mode of action on various aspects of diarrheal pathogenicity, namely colonization to intestinal epithelial cells and production/action of enterotoxins. Crude decoction of dried leaves of Pongamia pinnata was evaluated for its antimicrobial (antibacterial, antigiardial and antirotaviral) effect; and its effect on production and action of enterotoxins (cholera toxin, CT; Escherichia coli labile toxin, LT; and E. coli stable toxin, ST); and adherence of enteropathogenic E. coli and invasion of enteroinvasive E. coli and Shigella flexneri to epithelial cells. The decoction had no antibacterial, antigiardial and antirotaviral activity, but reduced production of CT and bacterial invasion to epithelial cells. The observed results indicated that the crude decoction of P. pinnata has selective antidiarrheal action with efficacy against cholera and enteroinvasive bacterial strains causing bloody diarrheal episodes.

半红树植物水黄皮(Pongamia pinnata)的生态及经济效益浅析

通过对水黄皮在我国的资源分布、生长环境土壤理化性质、繁殖栽培技术、种子含油率及油脂脂肪酸组成等生态生物学特性的调查和分析,探讨了水黄皮在改良土壤、防风固沙等方面的生态价值,对水黄皮在华南沿海滩涂地的种植及作为能源植物的可行性进行了评估。结果表明,水黄皮可以作为华南地区土壤改良的工具种和能源植物。

Variability in pod and seed traits of Pongamia pinnata Pierre ecotypes in North Karnataka, India

An evaluation of 30 naturally available candidate-plus trees(CPTs) of Pongamia pinnata was carried out to elucidate the genetic variability and relationship of pod and seed traits and progeny growth traits to select the best planting material with higher productivity. Significant variations were observed in pod and seed characteristics,oil content, and during the progeny trial studies. The highest values were found in 100-pod weight(410.4 gm)and 100-seed weight(195.92 gm) and the phenotypic and genotypic variance was found maximum in 100 pod weight(4364.71 and 4289.93) and 100 seed weight(813.8 and768.93), respectively. Estimates of the phenotypic coefficient of variance were higher than the genotypic coefficient of variance for all the pod and seed traits and progeny growth traits, which depict the predominant role of the environment. Approximately 99 % of broad-sense heritability was revealed in oil content, followed by 100-pod weight(98.28 %), and canopy growth(96.93 %). Pod thickness shows the highest genetic advance of 56.61 %,followed by pod width(53.43 %) and canopy growth(49.3 %). Pod and seed traits have proven a positive correlation between each other and with progeny growth traits,except a few negative values. Hierarchical clustering by Ward's minimum variance cluster analysis showed phylogeographical patterns of genetic diversity. K-means clustering revealed that trees from different geographical regions were grouped together in a cluster where as trees from the same geographical area are placed in a different cluster. Seven Pongamia ecotypes(GRP-8, 9, 13, 14, 18,28, and 29) are found superior in traits, namely 100-pod weight, 100-seed weight, oil content, germination rate,plant height, canopy growth, and collar diameter. The traits100-pod weight and 100-seed weight are highly correlated with the progeny growth traits and even have higher heritability and genetic advantages.

Progeny evaluation of Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata with comparison to bioproductivity and biodiesel parameters

Progeny studies of Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata were carried with respect to bioproductivity,pod and seed characters which is one of the selection methods in tree improvement programmes. Variations in bioproductivity and biodiesel parameters of both the plants were compared every 6 months for 4 years of investigation and analyzed by analysis of variance and correlation coefficient by Pearson's method using software Graphpad instat 3.06(for Windows and Mac). P. pinnata has better germination rate(71.4 %), 100 pod weight(PW)(311.59 g) and 100 seed weight(SW)(173.46 g) as compared to J. curcas for germination rate(43.2 %), 100 PW(111.29 g) and 100 SW(67.46 g). P. pinnata has strong correlation for plant height to canopy growth(CG)(0.948), collar diameter(CD)(0.994), number of branches per plant(NBP)(0.995) and to number of leaves per branch(NLB)(0.862) as compared to J.curcas which showed good correlation among plant height to CG(0.976), CD(0.970), NBP(0.988), NLB(0.920) and to number of pods per branch(0.657). However, J. curcas depicted negative correlation for pod breadth to seed length(SL)(-0.447), seed breadth(-0.248) and to seed thickness(ST)(-0.364) and among the 100 PW to SL(-0.199), ST(-0.220) and to 100 SW(-0.704). About 4 kg of P. pinnata seeds were required for each liter of crude oil which yields896 ml of biodiesel on transesterification as compared to5.66 kg of J. curcas seeds for a liter of crude oil, producing about 663 ml of biodiesel. The quality of biodiesel meets the major specification of American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM) standards for biodiesel. The crude glycerin and seed cake obtained as byproduct during biodiesel production were also measured which can be purified and used in composting, animal feeds, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries.

The severity and cause of leaf spot disease of Pongamia pinnata L. and fungicidal control of the pathogen

对孟加拉国4个苗圃(IFES、IFESCU、BFRI和ANC)内水黄皮叶斑病症状和严重性进行了调查,结果表明:IFESCU苗圃内叶斑病侵染率及致病指标最高、BFRI次之、ANC最低。与叶斑病相关联的组织从发病植株分离出来,被分离的真菌形成致病性。结果证实胶孢炭疽菌即为致病菌。观察了杧果炭疽病菌丝体生长抑制性并对杀菌剂(Bavistin,Cupravite and DithaneM-45)有效性和浓度(0.05,0.10,0.50,1.00,1.50和2.00%)进行了鉴定。0.05% Bavistin和Cupravite潜伏8天后,菌丝体生长分别处于最低和最高水平。结果表明:Bavistin杀菌效果最好、Diathane M-45次之,Cupravite对菌丝体生长的抑制作用最低。图1表4参27。

Sterols possess immunomodulatory property:Activity guided isolation and in vitro screening of phytoconstituents of Pongamia glabra and Ficus glomerata

Objective:To isolate the phytoconstituents from the methanolic extracts of the stem bark of Pongamia glabra and Ficus glomerata,characterize spectroscopically and screen for in vitro immunomodulatory activity on human neurophils.Methods:A flavonoid(PGF)and an alkaloidal compound(PGA)from the extract of P.glabra and a steroidal compound(FGS)and tannin fraction(FGT)from the extract of F.glomerata were isolated using column chromatography technique and were subjected for the spectroscopic(FT-IR,1HNMR and LC-MS)and TLC studies to identify the compounds.The isolated compounds were screened for in vitro immunomodulatory activity on human neutrophils using nitroblue tetrazolium(NBT)dye test,phagocytosis of Candida albicans and neutrophil locomotion and chemotaxis assay at the concentration range of 100,50,25,12.50 and 5.00μg/mL.Results:From the spectroscopic and TLC studies data,the isolated compounds were identified as glabrin(PGA),karanjin(PGF),β-sitosterol(FGS),and tannin fraction(FGT).The isolated compounds PGA,PGF,FGS,and FGT exhibited significant(P<0.05)in vitro immunomodulatory activity in all the parameters studied.Conclusion:The steroidal compound,i.e.FGS was found to be more immunopotent than all constituents alkaloid,flavonoid and tannins.Hence,these constituents could be attributed to the immunomodulatory property of the plants.

Anti-diabetic effect of methanolic leaf extract of Pongamia pinnata on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Objective:To study the anti-diabetic effect of methanolic leaf extract of Pongamia pinnata(P.pinnata)on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.Methods:Anti-diabetic activity of P.pinnata leaf extract at dosage of 500 mg/kg and 1 g/kg body weight was evaluated.Results:The levels of glucose,triglycerides,total cholesterol and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase were significantly increased in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats when compared to that of the normal rats.After supplemented with plant extract,significant lower blood glucose level was recorded.Conclusions:The methanolic leaf extract of P.pinnata has been potent anti-diabetic effect in male albino rats.