What Efforts has the Chinese Government Made to Reduce Educa­tional Inequality in Poor Areas?

Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,China’s per capita education level has risen from less than two years to 9.91 years.However,as the province with the lowest per capita education level in China,Tibet has only reached the level of 6.75 years per capita.This illustrates the worrying educational inequality that still exists between China’s poorer and more developed regions.This educational inequality can also be expressed by the Gini coefficient of education.In order to eliminate this educational inequality,the Chinese government has made great efforts.The Chinese government has expanded the demand for education through the right incentive system and the nine-year compulsory education law.On the other hand,the Chinese government directly or indirectly grants subsidies to education suppliers and demanders to achieve the purpose of increasing education output.Based on the positive externality of education itself,the Chinese government attaches great importance to the cultivation of human resources for offspring,and hopes to transform China’s quantity-based demographic dividend into quality-based demographic dividend,and finally realize sustained economic growth.We believe that some education-related policies promulgated by China have indeed reduced educational inequality in poor areas to some extent,but there is still potential for progress in further addressing educational inequality in poor areas by the Chinese government.

Dynamic evolutions of ecological carrying capacity in poor areas using ecological footprint model at Ruyang County of China

In this study,the ecological footprint(EF)from 2004 to 2013 of a poor county chosen from Central China was measured and analyzed by using the methodology and theory of EF.The results showed that in the past 10 years,the county’s ecological footprint per capita was growing gradually,increasing from 0.7053 hm^(2)in 2004 to 1.4473 hm^(2)in 2013,with growth clearly accelerated in recent years.During the same period,the ecological carrying capacity per capita reduced from 0.6351 hm^(2)to 0.5018 hm^(2).Additionally,regional development had been in a state of ecological deficit,per capita ecological deficit increased from 0.0702 hm^(2)to 0.9456 hm^(2).This led to contradictions between regional socio-economic development and sustainability of natural ecosystems,meaning the development of the region is unsustainable.Measures to reduce the ecological deficit were proposed to coordinate regional industrialization,urbanization,ecological environmental protection,and to promote the sustainable development in the region(e.g.adjusting industrial structure and consumption structure,promoting economic transformation,scientific planning and management of land).The results could provide a scientific basis for studies on ecological carrying capacity of the poor areas in Central China.

Influence of social capital on the livelihood strategies of farmers under China's rural revitalization strategy in poor mountain areas: A case study of the Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture

Social capital in the form of social resources or social networks is one of the most important livelihood capital of farmers, which can increase the labor productivity of poor households and increase income. It is important to explore the reasons underlying the livelihood strategy choices of farmers from the perspective of social capital under China’s rural revitalization strategy. In this study, the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, a povertystricken mountainous area in southwestern China, was selected as the case study area, and multivariable linear regression models were constructed to analyze the influence of social capital on livelihood strategies.The results are as follows:(1) Individual social capital had a positive effect on non-agricultural livelihood strategies. On average, with a one-unit increase in individual social capital, the ratio of farmers’ nonagricultural income to total productive income(Income_Rto) increased by 0.002% and 0.062%,respectively. Collective social capital, with the Peasant Economic Cooperation Organization(PECO) as the carrier, had a negative effect on the non-agricultural livelihood strategies of farmers;on average, with a oneunit increase in PECO, Income_Rto decreased by approximately 0.053%. However, this effect was only significant in the river valley area.(2) The income differences among the different livelihood strategy types were explained by the livelihood strategy choices of farmers. As non-agricultural work can bring more benefits, the labor force exhibited one-way migration from villages to cities, resulting in a lack of the subject of rural revitalization. It is necessary to implement effective measures to highlight the role of PECO in increasing agricultural income for farmers. Finally,based on the above conclusions,policy recommendations with respect to livelihood transformation of farmers and rural sustainable development are discussed.

Relationship between Poor Family Environment and Early Childhood Development in Rural Areas and Recommendations

In order to provide a policy basis for improving the early development of poor rural children,this paper uses quantitative data and quantitative research methods to study the early development of children in poor rural areas and the impact of family environmental quality on such development. The results show that the early development of poor rural children,especially the ability of social emotion is not perfect,and the quality of family environment has a significant impact on the early development of poor rural children. Therefore,in order to improve the early development of rural children,it is necessary to attach importance to the improvement of family environment and increase the interaction with children. The government needs to establish and improve the mechanism of providing early development services,increase investment and find more efficient service model.

The Poverty Alleviation Model for the Solitary Elderly People in the Poor Mountainous Areas of Southwest China: Analysis of "Five Batches Project" in Xundian County

The solitary elderly people in rural areas are not only an important part of the rural population,but also an important issue that can not be ignored in the battle to get rid of poverty. In recent years,according to the working thinking of ' accurate statistics,scientific arrangement,classified implementation,and rapid progress',Xundian County has gone through joint exploration and practice at the county and township levels,and has found out the path of work of ' Five Batches Project' to solve the problem of poverty alleviation for the solitary elderly people and make them live in their own homes. This has effectively solved the problem of safe and stable housing for 4 443 solitary elderly people in the county. It has found a new way to solve the housing problem of the solitary elderly people. At the end of 2017,the incidence of poverty in the county dropped to 0. 35%,and it was successfully listed as one of the first counties in Yunnan Province to get rid of poverty. Based on field research and interviews,this paper analyzes and summarizes the concrete methods,main achievements,practical experience,lessons and reference of the poverty alleviation model of ' Five Batches Project' in Xundian County to solve the problem of housing for the elderly,in order to provide necessary reference for the poor counties in Yunnan Province and other similar provinces( cities,autonomous regions) to solve the problem of housing for ' solitary elderly people' in Yunnan Province.

The Model of Poverty Alleviation through Education in the Poor Mountainous Areas of Southwest China: Accurately Building "Well Education in Poor County" in Luquan County

The poverty alleviation through education is one of the important ways to get rid of poverty accurately in poor areas. Located in the high mountains and deep valleys along the Jinsha River, Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County in Yunnan Province is one of the key counties in poverty alleviation and development work in China with a wide range of poverty and deep poverty. To enable children in poor areas to receive a good education is not only an important task of poverty alleviation and development, but also an important way to block the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Because of the complexity and difference of geography, history and culture, and the particularity and diversity of educational development appeal, it is often difficult to carry out poverty alleviation through education. Poor counties develop well education so that poor counties have new achievements. In recent years, Luquan County has adhered to the concept of "vigorously developing education" by making every effort to create a characteristic project with education to help the poor, and strived to achieve the "six solutions" so that every child can enjoy quality and fair education, and ensure that "they can get in, stay and learn well". This shows the new look of Miao and Yi mountains in the new era. This paper analyzes and summarizes the specific methods and effects, characteristics and bright spots of accurately building the model of "well education in poor county" in this county, as well as the experience gained, and the lessons, in order to provide the necessary reference for the poor counties in Yunnan Province and other similar provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) to carry out rural poverty alleviation by education.

The Model of Health Poverty Alleviation in Poor Mountainous Areas in Southwest China: A Case Study of "5 + 5" Model of Health Poverty Alleviation in Xundian County

Carrying out health poverty alleviation and ensuring the security of basic medical care for the poor are important contents for China to implement the strategy of targeted poverty alleviation and win the battle to get rid of poverty. Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County in Yunnan Province is a national poor county integrating ' nationality,poverty,mountainous area and old revolutionary base area'. In recent years,based on the actual situation,Xundian County has explored an effective way of health poverty alleviation. It has effectively prevented the phenomenon of poverty caused by illness and returning to poverty due to illness,and effectively ensured that Xundian County has successfully achieved the goal of getting rid of poverty. Xundian County finally got rid of the shadow of ' poverty' for more than 30 years to become one of the first batch of counties in Yunnan Province to get rid of poverty. This paper makes great efforts to analyze and summarize the specific methods,main achievements,successful experience,lessons and reference about health poverty alleviation in Xundian County. At the same time,it also studies and analyzes the main problems existing in the model,and puts forward the corresponding measures and suggestions,in order to provide a reference for health poverty alleviation in other poor areas.

Status of Impoverished Population and Contradiction of Economic Development in Qinling-Bashan Mountainous Area——A Case Study of Hanzhong City,Shaanxi Province

The status of impoverished population and economic development in Qinling-Bashan Mountainous area,Shaanxi is introduced based on the brief account of its general situation.Firstly,there are a large proportion of rural people and great outflow of population;a considerable proportion of the weak,the disabled,the sick and the dementia and low population quality;weak capacity of the economy to generate profit on its own and declining trend of financial self-sufficiency rate.taking into account that Qinling-Bashan Mountainous area is the poorest area with the largest impoverished population and the most complex structure of poverty,the impact of the status of the poor population in Qinling-Bashan Mountainous area on its economy is discussed:the first one is backward ecological concept and serious damage to ecological environment;outflow of excellent talents and a serious shortage of labor;the industrial structure is irrational and the resources advantage can not be transformed into economic advantage.Some corresponding measures and suggestions are proposed:the first one to build new small town so as to lessen the loss of population;the second one is to provide preferential policies so as to attract and retain qualified person;the third one to develop education and establish the concept of ecological civilization;the fourth one is to unblock the channels of information transmission and restructure the industry.

A Preliminary Study on the Rational Utilization of Land Resources in the Poverty-Stricken Mountainous Areas in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River:A Case Study of Xueshan Township

As one of the most fragile alpine plateau and canyon areas in China,the upper reaches of the Yangtze River are the key areas of ecological construction in China.It is also a key area for poverty alleviation in the country.Therefore,it is necessary to take into account the dual goals of poverty reduction and ecological environment construction,and explore a win-win road of ecological construction and poverty alleviation in line with the reality of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.Taking Xueshan Township,Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County,Yunnan Province,which is located in the poor mountainous area of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River as an example,based on many field investigations and existing investigation and statistical data,this paper analyzes the current situation and main problems of land use in Xueshan Township,and then puts forward measures and suggestions for rational utilization of land resources in Xueshan Township.This can provide a necessary reference for the next implementation of rural revitalization strategy and ecological construction.

Comparative Research of Residents' Effect Perception and Participation Capacity and Willingness on Pro-poor Tourism

In this article,comparative research on residents' effect perception,participation capacity and willingness on Pro-poor Tourism( PPT) is given based on the questionnaire carried out in Wulong County and Fengjie County in Three Gorges Area,Chongqing,China. Some technologies,such as SPSS 13. 0,ANOVA and T-test are applied to analyze the data and results show Wulong residents' perception behavior is better than that of Fengjie residents. Moreover,the residents with different demographic characteristics have different participation behavior.Finally,multiple regression analysis is applied to identify the key factors influencing residents' perception behavior,that is participation willingness and positive economic effect perception,positive social and cultural effect perception and participation capacity.

我国相对贫困地区文旅融合高质量发展水平评价指标体系构建与测度

立足于巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果的时代需要,在总结前人研究成果基础上开展我国相对贫困地区文旅融合高质量发展水平研究。从经济增长、治理体系、社会文明、文化传承、环境保护5个维度构建我国相对贫困地区文旅融合高质量发展水平评价指标体系,运用投影寻踪分析法和Tobit回归分析法对其高质量发展水平及影响因素进行分析。结果表明,本研究构建的指标体系较为有效。我国相对贫困地区文旅融合高质量发展整体水平较低;空间上地域差异明显,主要有文旅融合高质量发展水平较强、一般两种类型。影响因素中,教育发展水平、政府治理能力、经济发展水平、文旅人力资源规模、社会文明程度是最稳健的影响因素,且表现出一定的区域差异和类型差异。提升我国相对贫困地区文旅融合高质量发展水平主要着力于推动政府职能整合、发展文旅产业要素、强化文旅市场建设、优化文旅产业环境等方面。

脱贫山区农村社会组织发展现状、问题及对策

随着市场经济和社会格局的不断深入与发展,中国农村涌现出大量代表、服务和维护农民利益的社会组织。农村社会组织因其公益性和社会性在参与社会治理、助力乡村建设和推动经济发展等方面发挥了重要作用。然而,由于脱贫山区农村社会组织自身存在内生动力匮乏、组织管理松散和结构失衡等问题,在乡村契合和自身发展中存在一定的制约性。结合脱贫山区农村社会组织的现状、问题及作用,探析增强农村社会组织在农村建设与发展过程中的有效对策,通过加强党政赋能、创新组织体系和强化组织衔接等措施推动农村社会组织作用有效发挥,进而完善其在稳定脱贫成果、推动乡村振兴和实现共同富裕过程中的推动与衔接功能。

社会责任导向下的包装设计课程改革研究

如何将社会责任教育融入大学课程中,引导学生关注乡村与贫困地区的问题,已成为社会关注焦点。为积极推进包装设计课程改革,本文通过系统的理论教育、实践设计任务以及具体项目,引导学生深刻认识包装设计对推动乡村振兴与贫困地区发展的重要作用,以培养他们的爱国情怀和社会责任感,鼓励其通过创新设计为社会进步贡献力量;激发教师对包装设计课程中社会责任教育的深入思考,为培养兼具社会责任感和创新精神的设计人才提供有力的指导。

新疆贫困农村学校体育现状调查与发展对策

该研究关注新疆贫困农村学校体育现状,通过多种研究方法,全面了解其资源、场地、器材和师资等方面的情况。结果显示,学校每年用于体育工作的经费分布较为均匀,但仍有改进空间;场地器材和师资水平评价一般,需改进完善。因此,学校应制定管理办法和规章制度,提高体育工作投入度。此外,还需加强体育教师培训,解决缺额问题。研究旨在推进贫困农村学校体育的精准扶贫工作,促进新疆学校体育教育事业均衡发展。

相对贫困乡村空间分异格局与返贫脆弱性研究——以武陵山片区为例

在脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接的背景下,科学评价相对贫困乡村空间分异与返贫脆弱性有助于精准施策。本文以武陵山片区为研究样本,运用GIS、地理探测器模型和值灰色关联度方法分析影响该片区相对贫困乡村在县域尺度上的空间分异格局和返贫脆弱性,结果表明:1)相对贫困乡村在空间上整体呈集聚分布,分布格局呈现显著的空间自相关性,两极分化特征明显;2)平均高程和少数民族人口比重是影响该片区相对贫困村空间分布的重要因素,平均高程、少数民族人口比重、老龄化率和第一产业占比的交互作用对相对贫困乡村的空间分布造成显著影响;3)受经济发展和社会保障制约,绝大多数县域返贫脆弱性较高,其多维返贫脆弱性在空间上呈现中心分散、两端聚集的整体格局。因此,实施乡村振兴战略应充分利用该片区自然生态优势,因地制宜发展产业并加强公共服务基础设施建设。

土地整治促进贫困地区脱贫的模式及实证

中国目前的贫困人口规模仍然较大,对实现全面建成小康社会目标的实现构成严重障碍。中国政府提出了农村贫困人口到2020年全部脱贫的目标,并要求采取措施确保这一目标实现。该研究分析了土地整治促进贫困地区脱贫机制,认为土地整治通过引导外部要素输入和内部潜力发掘,能够有效缓解或消除贫困地区存在的致贫因素。基于土地整治促进贫困地区脱贫机制分析,该研究将土地整治促进贫困地区脱贫模式划分为3种类型,即政府主导模式、企业带动模式和村民自治模式,每种模式有其适用性。研究以贵州省为例,分析了土地整治在促进该省贫困地区脱贫中发挥的平台作用,并以七星关区现代高效农业园区、赫章县平山乡农业园区和湄潭县复兴镇两路口村为案例,实证了前述3种模式的有效性。研究结果强调,各地在实现贫困地区脱贫目标中,要注意发挥好土地整治的平台作用,根据地方实际情况选择合适模式促进贫困地区脱贫。

中国贫困农村地区卫生服务公平性研究

本文采用入户调查方法、描述性统计方法、Gini系数、Iorenz曲线以及concentration指数等方法,对10个贫困县中3000户12496个农村居民的卫生服务公平性进行了分析评价 结果表明,贫困农村居民在健康、卫生服务的提供、可及性以及卫生服务的筹资等方面都存在着不同程度的不公平性 认为保障每个社会成员基本卫生服务的公平性是政府部门应尽的责任。因此,在改善贫困农村居民卫生服务公平性方面,政府部门应起主要作用。

高校图书馆文化精准扶贫策略研究

高校图书馆文化精准扶贫是高校图书馆参与地方公共文化服务体系的具体体现,也是高校图书馆实现社会化服务、体现教育培训功能的重要渠道。本文分析了高校图书馆文化精准扶贫存在的问题,构建了高校图书馆文化精准扶贫识别体系,在利用TOPSIS数学模型确定精准扶贫目标人群的基础上,提出了高校图书馆文化精准扶贫策略措施,以期提高贫困地区群体的科学文化素养,摆脱文化贫困,促进贫困地区文化发展。

连片特困地区易地扶贫移民生计恢复力评估

借鉴社会-生态系统研究领域的恢复力概念,结合可持续生计分析框架和基于资本的评估方法,构建易地扶贫移民生计恢复力评价指标体系。运用陕南安康市3个区县的657份农户实地调研数据,采用因子分析方法和多元线性回归模型,从微观农户视角实证分析和评估易地扶贫移民的生计恢复力及其影响因素。结果表明:易地搬迁农户物质、社会资本分布不均衡,不同搬迁类型和时间对农户生计资本分化产生作用。物质、金融和社会资本积累水平以及环境、健康服务可及性等均是搬迁户提升生计恢复力的前提和基础,而搬迁类型对移民生计恢复力表现出显著的负向作用。建议政府充分发挥政策优势,针对不同搬迁类型和时间移民进行精准帮扶,着力解决搬迁户生计资本的薄弱环节,不断提升其生计恢复潜力。

贝氏体相变的切变-扩散整合机制

运用试验与综合分析的方法,通过对贝氏体相变的形核、长大,贝氏体铁素体的亚结构、相变动力学的综合研究和分析,认为贝氏体相变机制具有过渡性,既非切变机制,也非台阶扩散机制,并提出了切变-扩散整合机制。依靠涨落、碳原子的扩散,形成贫碳区。贝氏体铁素体在贫碳的奥氏体中形核。系统自组织功能使相界处和奥氏体中的Fe原子和替换原子通过热激活跃迁、界面扩散或切变等方式,重复产生亚单元。在亚单元边界处的富碳奥氏体中析出渗碳体或ε-碳化物,也可以成为残留奥氏体。