Characteristics of Environment Factors in Secondary Poplar-Birch Forests after Mutual-Belt Selective Cutting

The mutual-belt selective cutting was conducted in the secondary poplar-birch forests. The changes of environmental factors after cutting were observed. The environmental factors of effect belts(cutting belts) of 15m in width had great changes. 10-m effect belts had unnoticed changes in environmental factors. The reserved belts with 10-m effect belts had a greater increase in DBH growth rate and volume growth rate. The reserved belts for 6-m and 8-m effect belts had lower increase in DBH and volume. The environmental factors of 6-m and 8-m effect belts did not change much. comparing with their reserved belts. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis for environmental factors between each two belts were also made. and the results proved that 10-m cutting belt is the best way for management of the secondary poplar-birch forests.

COMMUNITY ECOLOGY OF POPLAR-BIRCH FOREST IN CHINA

The community ecology of Poplar-Birch forest in China was studied. It includes the distribution, classification. structure. growth.regeneration, succession and forest management. Research direction of community ecology and forest management for PoplarBirch forest was pointed out. Further studies should be made on the relation between stand and ecological environment. the structure and dynamics. nursery role to needle leave trees,target cultivation and classification management. management of the second generation forest and the third generation forest.

THE POSSIBILITY ANALYSIS OF NATURAL POPLAR-BIRCH FOREST RECOVERY TO BROAD-LEAF KOREAN PINE FOREST THROUGH THE METHOD OF LIFE TABLE IN THE XIOAXING'AN MOUNTAINS

The basic principle of life table method is deseribed, and the method of tree height instead of tree age in static life table is suggested, and it is also discussed that the possibility of natural poplar -birch forest recover to broad-leaf Korean pine forest on low pitches in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains by this method. If there is no particular situation, Korean pines after high than 5m under natural Poplar-birch forest will basically survive and make their way into dominant callopy accompanied by climax broad-leaf species.

Effects of climate factors on the height increment of poplar protec-tion forest in the riverbank field

Based on the data of stand investigation and stem analysis, the effects of climate factors on the poplar protection forest increment in the riverbank field of the Dalinghe and Xiaolinghe rivers of Liaoning Province, China were studied by step-wise regression procedure and grey system theories and methods. A regression model reflecting the correlation between the height increment of poplar protection forest and climatic factors was developed. The order of grey relevance for the effect of climatic factors on the height increment of poplar protection forest is: light>water>heat, and it could be interpreted that the poplar increment was mainly influenced by light factor, water factor, and heat factor. This result will provide scientific basis for the in-tensive cultivation and regeneration of the poplar protection forest in riverbank field in similar regions in China.

DIVERSITY OF HIGHER PLANT IN BROAD LEAVED KOREAN PINE AND SECONDARY BIRCH FORESTS IN LIANGSHUI NATURAL RESERVE

Shannon diversity index and its evenness are used to analyze the difference of higher plants in brod-leaved Korean pine forest and secondary birch forest. The result show that the species diversity of higher plants in secondary bireh forest is higher than that in broad-leaved Korean pine forest. Many of rare species existing in broad-leaved Korean pine forest are few or absent in secondary birch forest. The diversity of herbs both in broad-leaved Korean pine and in secondary birch forest is very rich and has a great change in different scesons.

包含哑变量的大兴安岭天然白桦林碳密度模型

以内蒙古地区牙克石林业管理局的大兴安岭天然白桦林(Betula platyphylla)为研究对象,利用198块样地数据分析天然白桦林林分碳密度与各林分变量之间的关系,建立碳密度预测基础模型,同时将立地条件(草类白桦林、杜鹃-越桔白桦林、榛子白桦林)作为哑变量引入到预测模型中,对不同林型的林分碳密度进行预测,为林业研究中碳密度模型的构建以及森林碳汇工作提供思路和方法。结果表明,天然白桦林林分碳密度基础模型决定系数(R^(2))为0.703,均方根误差(RMSE)为8.615 t/hm^(2),赤池信息量(Akaike information criterion,AIC)为841.206,贝叶斯信息量(Bayesian Information Criterion,BIC)为851.071。引入立地条件哑变量后,R^(2)有所增大,最大达到0.818,RMSE均小于等于8.241 t/hm^(2),说明模型具有较好的稳定性,预估参数较为精确。哑变量模型的AIC均小于等于541.431,BIC均小于等于550.320。哑变量模型能够反映不同立地条件下碳密度的变化,在模型的拟合和检验方面都显示适合于研究地区林分碳密度的预测,为天然白桦林碳密度估算提供参考。

内蒙古地区天然白桦林碳密度预测模型的构建

为了对天然白桦林碳储量预测提供方法,以内蒙古地区198块天然白桦林样地实测数据为材料,建立了碳密度预测模型,并进行了模型拟合优度检验,选出最优的内蒙古地区天然白桦林碳密度预测模型。结果表明:该模型为二元线性模型,决定系数R^(2)为0.568,均方根误差RMSE为12.515 t·hm^(-2),平均偏差ME为0.005 t·hm^(-2),平均绝对偏差为9.435 t·hm^(-2),准确率Acc为0.776。该二元线性模型能更好模拟碳密度与各个因子之间的关系,估算精度更高,可为估测森林碳储量提供参考依据。

不同演替阶段3种林型土壤有机碳密度及影响因素

研究不同演替阶段3种林型土壤有机碳积累特征,为评估东北原始林区土壤有机碳储量及碳汇管理提供理论依据。以相同坡位、不同林龄的椴树红松林成熟林、中幼龄林及次生杨桦林为研究对象,探讨3种林型土壤有机碳密度及活性有机碳分布特征,分析土壤有机碳密度与活性有机碳组分(可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳)、氮组分(速效氮)及容重等理化性质的相关性。结果表明:3种林型土壤有机碳密度均随土层的加深而降低,综合0~30 cm土层,次生杨桦林土壤有机碳密度最高[(17.11±1.13)kg/m^(2))];椴树红松林成熟林居中[(14.69±1.31)kg/m^(2)];椴树红松林中幼龄林最低[(12.06±1.26)kg/m^(2)],且三者之间差异显著。土壤有机碳密度与有机碳、可溶性有机碳、速效氮呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与全氮、孔隙度、C/N呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。相对于椴树红松林,次生杨桦林更利于土壤有机碳固存。土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳、速效氮极显著影响3种林型土壤有机碳积累;全氮、孔隙度、C/N显著影响土壤有机碳积累。

冀北山地桦木林土壤细菌群落特征对坡向的响应

为了揭示冀北山地桦木林土壤细菌群落特征对坡向的响应规律,以冀北山地阴坡、半阴坡和半阳坡桦木林土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术,分析了土壤细菌群落结构和多样性。结果表明:细菌群落组成主要包含41门、107纲,其中优势细菌门为变形菌门和酸杆菌门;土壤细菌群落α多样性指数在坡向间存在显著差异,阴坡>半阴坡>半阳坡;土壤含水量、容重、硝态氮和氨态氮均影响细菌微生物群落的结构组成,其中,土壤含水量与多种细菌门存在显著相关性,且与细菌α多样性存在极显著的正相关性。综上所述,不同坡向桦木林土壤细菌群落结构和多样性呈现出一定的变化规律,坡向和土层深度变化引起的土壤含水量变化是该地区桦木林土壤细菌群落结构和多样性差异的主要因素。

插岗梁管护中心青杨叶锈病风险分析探究

经过深入的研究得出的结论:在7月下旬至9月上旬,由于扦插密度、地形地貌、降雨量以及管理水平的变化,使得青杨叶锈病的发生频繁,而且其中最重要的侵染来源就是夏孢子。因此,采取有效的措施可以有效减少该疾病的发生,从而改善苗木的品质。在育苗期间通过减少植株的密集,并在疾病初期采取适当的化学预防措施,能够大大减少植物的损伤程度以及患者的痛苦。在使用的各种药剂中,29%石硫合剂1000倍液的预防作用是最好的,其预防作用的发生率和患者的痛苦指数都是5%,比未使用这种药剂的植物的患者的痛苦指数Ⅲ和Ⅳ都要小(CK),其差距都非常明显。

朔州市小叶杨防护林带间植被多样性与土壤理化性质的相关性分析

以朔州市作为试验研究地点,分析小叶杨防护林带间植被多样性和土壤理化性质相关性。方法于小叶杨防护林划分3组不同带间距,分别为5 m、10 m和15 m带间距,测定其不同带间距植被多样性和其土壤理化性质,分析二者相关性。结果:①植被多样性:带间距大小对小叶杨防护林植被多样性有显著影响,植被天然状态下,植被多样性、群落稳定性表现为15 m带间距>10 m>5 m(P<0.05);②土壤理化性质:随着带间距的增加,土壤理化性质(有机碳、全氮、速效磷和速效钾)表现为15 m>10 m>5 m(P<0.05),而土壤容重与其相反,表现为15 m<10 m<5 m(P<0.05);③相关性:植被多样性与土壤理化性质为相辅相成的关系,其中土壤容重与物种多样性指数呈显著负相关,有机碳、全氮、速效磷土壤理化性质与物种多样性指数呈显著正相关,速效磷相关性不显著。经试验研究结果表明,在小叶杨防护林中,适当增加防护林带间距有助于提升植被多样性,增强群落稳定性,改良土壤理化性质,以15 m效果最佳。

Exploring the factors affecting carbon and nutrient concentrations in tree biomass components in natural forests,forest plantations and short rotation forestry

Background: Coupling biomass models with nutrient concentrations can provide sound estimations of carbon and nutrient contents, enabling the improvement of carbon and nutrient balance in forest ecosystems. Although nutrient concentrations are often assumed to be constant for some species and specific tree components, at least in mature stands,the concentrations usually vary with age, site index and even with tree density. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the sources of variation in nutrient concentrations in biomass compartments usually removed during harvesting operations, covering a range of species and management conditions: semi-natural forest, conventional forest plantations and short rotation forestry(SRF). Five species(Betula pubescens, Quercus robur, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus nitens and Populus spp.) and 14 genotypes were considered. A total of 430 trees were sampled in 61 plots to obtain 6 biomass components:leaves, twigs, thin branches, thick branches, bark and wood. Aboveground leafless biomass was pooled together forpoplar.The concentrations of C, N, K, P, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B were measured and the total biomass of each sampled tree and plot were determined. The data were analysed using boosted regression trees and conventional techniques.Results: The main sources of variation in nutrient concentrations were biomass component > > genotype(species) ≈ age >tree diameter. The concentrations of Ca, Mg and K were most strongly affected by genotype and age. The concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Cu in the wood component decreased with age, whereas C concentrations increased, with a trend to reach 50% in the older trees. In the SRF, interamerican poplar and P. trichocarpa genotypes were comparatively more efficient in terms of Ca and K nutrient assimilation index(NAI)(+65-85%) than eucalypts, mainly because leafless biomass can be removed. In the conventional eucalypt plantations(rotation 15 years), debarking the wood at logging(savings of225% of Ca and 254% of Mg for E. globulus) or the use of selected genotypes(savings of 45% of P and 35% of Ca) will provide wood at a relatively lower nutrient cost. Considering all the E. globulus genotypes together, the management for pulp with removal of debarked wood shows NAI values well above(x 1.7-x 3.9) the ones found for poplar or eucalypt SRF and also higher(x 1.6-x4.0) than the ones found for oak and birch managed in medium or long rotations.The annual rates of nutrient removal were low in the native broadleaved species but the rates of available soil nutrients removed were high as compared to poplar or eucalypts. Management of native broadleaved species should consider nutrient stability through selection of the biomass compartments removed.(Continued on next page)(Continued from previous page)Conclusions: The nutrient assimilation index is higher in poplar grown under short rotation forestry management than in the other systems considered. Nutrient management of fast growing eucalyptus plantations could be improved by selecting efficient genotypes and limiting removal of wood. The values of the nutrient assimilation index are lower in the natural stands of native broadleaved species than in the other systems considered.

Stem taper equations for poplars growing on farmland in Sweden

We developed a simple polynomial taper equation for poplars growing on former farmland in Sweden and also evaluated the performance of some well-known taper equations. In Sweden there is an increasing interest in the use of poplar. Effective management of poplar plantations for high yield production would be facilitated by taper equations providing better predictions of stem volume than currently available equations. In the study a polynomial stem taper equation with five parameters was established for individual poplar trees growing on former farmland. The outputs of the polynomial taper equation were compared with five published equations. Data for fitting the equations were collected from 69 poplar trees growing at 37 stands in central and southern Sweden （lat. 55–60° N）. The mean age of the stands was 21 years （range 14–43）, the mean density 984 stems·ha？1 （198–3,493）, and the mean diameter at breast height （outside bark） 25 cm （range 12–40）. To verify the tested equations, performance of accuracy and precision diameter predictions at seven points along the stem was closely analyzed. Statistics used for evaluation of the equations indicated that the variable exponent taper equation presented by Kozak （1988） performed best and can be recommended. The stem taper equation by Kozak （1988） recommended in the study is likely to be beneficial for optimising the efficiency and profitability of poplar plantation management. The constructed polynomial equation and the segmented equation presented by Max ＆ Burkhart （1976） were second and third ranked. Due to the statistical complexity of Kozak’s equation, the constructed polynomial equation is alternatively recommended when a simple model is requested and larger bias is accepted.

Assessing current stocks and future sequestration potential of forest biomass carbon in Daqing Mountain Nature Reserve of Inner Mongolia, China

Assessment of regional forest carbon stocks and underlying controls is critical for guiding forest management in the context of carbon sequestration. We investigated the variations in tree biomass carbon stocks relating to forest types, and estimated the total tree biomass carbon stocks and projected gains through natural stand development by 2020 and 2050 in the Daqing Mountain Nature Reserve based on Category II data of the Forest Inventory of Inner Mongolia for the period ending 2008. Over a total area of 388,577 ha,this nature reserve currently stores an estimated 2221 Gg C in tree aboveground biomass alone, with potential to grow by more than 30 % to reach 2938 Gg C by 2020 and nearly double to 4092 Gg C by 2050 through natural development of the existing forest stands. The tree biomass carbon density and potential gain in tree biomass carbon stocks vary markedly among forest types and with stand development.The variations in the potential change of tree biomass carbon density for the periods 2008–2020 and 2008–2050 among forest types partly reflect the varying relationships of tree biomass carbon density with stand age for different tree species, and partly are attributable to variations in the stand age structure among different forest types. Of the major forest types, the ranking of projected changes in tree biomass carbon density are not consistent with variations in the relationship between tree biomass carbon density and stand age, neither are they explainable by variations in stand age structures, implying the interactive effect between forest type and stand dynamics on temporal changes in tree biomass carbon density. Birch rank highest for future biomass carbon sequestration because of its dominance in cover area and better age structure for potential gain in tree biomass carbon stocks. Poplar and larch were out-performers compared to other forest types given their greater contribution to total tree biomass carbon stocks relative to their distributional areas. Findings in this study illustrate that protection and proper management of under-aged forests can deliver marked gains in biomass carbon sequestration. This is of great importance to policy-makers as well as to scientific communities in seeking effective solutions for adaptive forest management and mitigation of anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions using forest ecosystems.

Longitudinal height-diameter curves for Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver birch in Norway based on shape constraint additive regression models

Background： Generalized height-diameter curves based on a re-parameterized version of the Korf function for Norway spruce （Piceo abies （L.） Karst.）, Scots pine （Pinus sylvestris L.） and silver birch （Betula pendula Roth） in Norwa are presented. The Norwegian National Forest Inventory （NFI） is used as data base for estimating the model parameters. The derived models are developed to enable spatially explicit and site sensitive tree height imputatio in forest inventories as well as future tree height predictions in growth and yield scenario simulations. Methods： Generalized additive mixed models （gamm） are employed to detect and quantify potentially non-linear effects of predictor variables. In doing so the quadratic mean diameter serves as longitudinal covariate since stand ag as measured in the NFI, shows only a weak correlation with a stands developmental status in Norwegian forests. Additionally the models can be locally calibrated by predicting random effects if measured height-diameter pairs are available. Based on the model selection of non-constraint models, shape constraint additive models （scare） were fit tc incorporate expert knowledge and intrinsic relationships by enforcing certain effect patterns like monotonicity. Results： Model comparisons demonstrate that the shape constraints lead to only marginal differences in statistical characteristics but ensure reasonable model predictions. Under constant constraints the developed models predict increasing tree heights with decreasing altitude, increasing soil depth and increasing competition pressure of a tree. / two-dimensional spatially structured effect of UTM-coordinates accounts for the potential effects of large scale spatial correlated covariates, which were not at our disposal. The main result of modelling the spatially structured effect is lower tree height prediction for coastal sites and with increasing latitude. The quadratic mean diameter affects both the level and the slope of the height-diameter curve and both effects are positive. Conclusions： In this investigation it is assumed that model effects in additive modelling of height-diameter curves which are unfeasible and too wiggly from an expert point of view are a result of quantitatively or qualitatively limited data bases. However, this problem can be regarded not to be specific to our investigation but more general since growth and yield data that are balanced over the whole data range with respect to all combinations of predictor variables are exceptional cases. Hence, scare may provide methodological improvements in several applications by combining the flexibility of additive models with expert knowledge.

杨树病虫害防治的营林及生物措施

杨树是我国常见的树种之一,在植树造林、加工生产等方面应用比较广泛,具有广阔的发展前景。杨树的优势在于环境适应性强,生长迅速,经济价值高等。近年来,随着我国生态保护战略实施的不断推进,扩大了对杨树的种植面积,以满足我国市场发展和生态环境保护的要求。但是在杨树实际种植过程中,受诸多因素的影响,包括人员、技术以及环境等,容易导致杨树发生病虫害,不利于杨树的正常生长。对此应结合杨树病虫害的种类,采取相应的营林措施及生物措施,保证杨树病虫害防治效果,尽可能的减少病虫害发生的几率,进而为杨树种植提供重要保障。

农田防护林杨树烂皮病发生原因及预防措施

随着农田防护林网修复完善工程项目的不断扩大,杨树栽植面积也不断扩大,杨树烂皮病不断发生,危害严重。本文从发病原因进行分析,提出相应的预防措施,以期为预防该病发生提供借鉴。

甘肃太子山国家级自然保护区三北退化林现状调查及修复探索

通过实地调查,全面了解保护区辖区内三北退化林(杨树)的现状,科学研判、精准施策,为保护区三北工程高质量实施提供可靠依据。

不同营林措施对杨树林生长的影响

[目的]探讨杨树人工林根蘖更新技术,筛选适用于张家口西部坝下地区较好的营林措施,提升杨树林质量,为“三北”防护林的杨树林的可持续经营提供科学依据。[方法]选择生长势一般甚至稍差的杨树人工林林分,利用随机区组设计的方法,采用断根、施肥(或猪粪上清液)、伐桩等营林措施,在张家口怀安县灵官庙林场开展营林措施对比试验。[结果]不同营林措施均可以在一定程度上提高杨树生长情况,杨树根蘖苗生长良好,其平均树高、胸径均超过了杨树速生丰产林,也优于杨树林人工造林技术,尤其是猪粪上清液的处理组合。其具体排序为:2年生杨树根蘖苗的数量表现为B>A>D>C>E,树高表现为B>D>A>C>E,胸径表现为B>D>A>C>E,而营林成本的顺序则是A>D>B>C>E。[结论 ]各个指标整体表现基本一致,说明断根或伐桩与施肥相结合的营林措施可以明显改善杨树公益林的现状和经营效果,具有在类似地区的普遍推广价值。

杨树短轮伐期萌芽更新造林与插干造林对比试验

为了探索洞庭湖区杨树不同更新模式的可行性,对XL-90杨萌芽更新造林与插干造林的林分生长及经济效益进行对比研究。萌芽更新造林每个伐桩保留2个萌条,成林后实际密度1 170株·hm^(-2);插干造林株行距为4 m×3 m,平均株数840株·hm^(-2)。结果表明,更新造林4 a,萌芽更新的胸径、树高、单株材积和单位蓄积依次为17.47 cm、14.62 m、0.143 5 m^(3)和167.93 m^(3)·hm^(-2),分别比插干造林高6%、2%、14%和59%,单位面积利润高达26 890元·hm^(-2),是插干造林的3倍。综上所述,XL-90杨在洞庭湖区适宜短轮伐期萌芽更新造林。