Ancestral return-return by the descendants of migrants to their ancestors＇ origin has been one of the most significant forms of population mobility since 1991 in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The state policy determine...Ancestral return-return by the descendants of migrants to their ancestors＇ origin has been one of the most significant forms of population mobility since 1991 in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The state policy determines the scales of ethnic migration to and within the country. The government adopted a complex program on Kazakh Diaspora repatriation. Under the program, oralmans （ethnic repatriates to the country） are provided with considerable aid program for adaptation to the recipient society. Although the returnees may initially be welcomed back, their homecomings often prove to be ambivalent or negative experiences. Despite their ethnic affinity to the host populace, they are frequently excluded as cultural foreigners and relegated to low-status jobs shunned by the host society＇s populace. Ethnic return migrants and their hosts become frustrated with each other. They find jobs but not expected social welcome. Ethnic return migrant＇s orientations usually are shaped by the terms of the policies that give them the access to the destination country＇s labor markets and citizenship. The report studies the problem of similarity and differences among Ethnic Return Migrants and mother ethnic group. What underlies the misunderstanding between them？ Whether it is a competition for the working places, access to the social benefits or deep cultural differences？ To examine on-the-ground dynamics between natives and ethnic migrants, and in particular their mutual acceptance in a range of contexts, we turn to a qualitative account that draws on observations and interviews, less formal interviews carried out among Mongolian-Kazakh, Chinese-Kazakh and Karakalpak- Kazakh return Migrants in Almaty city and its suburbs during the fieldwork. Characteristics that differentiate returned Diaspora individuals from Kazakhstani Kazakhs are rooted not in ethnic sphere, but in the cultural context of the country they come from. This paper reveals how the socio-cultural characteristics and national origins of the migrants influence their levels of marginalization in their ethnic homelands, forcing many of them to redefine the meanings of home and homeland.展开更多
A buttress on the need for welfare program in Nigeria and the important obligation to consider the Economics’and CIA’s contextual position for the dependency ratios,both total and elderly dependency ratio alongside ...A buttress on the need for welfare program in Nigeria and the important obligation to consider the Economics’and CIA’s contextual position for the dependency ratios,both total and elderly dependency ratio alongside the consideration of the age structure and demography statistics of Nigeria relatively to other economies,particularly as an elixir for the declining older population in Nigeria and the aged male contraction in the nation.Although,older female population is higher in every country as obtainable globally,the Nigerian case is that of drastic contraction in both aged male and older population generally.Therefore,the submission is that the government has to consider the total dependency ratio to the elderly dependency ratio,which is all-encompassing in order to cater for the declining older population and to appropriate the requisite welfare cum benefits programs in the nation.展开更多
The term"folk"(minjian民间)deeply participated in the revolutionary process of 20th-century China,playing an important role in shaping the Communist Party of China's(CPC)concept of"people."To t...The term"folk"(minjian民间)deeply participated in the revolutionary process of 20th-century China,playing an important role in shaping the Communist Party of China's(CPC)concept of"people."To truly understand the significance of this historical evolution,it is necessary to examine the modern transformation of the minjian category itself.As an endogenous category of Chinese intellectual tradition,minjian has maintained a stable interpretative structure from ancient times to the present,often leading to the neglect of significant changes occurring at the micro and internal levels.The modern transformation of the minjian category involves two aspects.First,in defining and referring to the people"'as a group,there was a transition from the traditional"people"to nationals and citizens,and by the 1920s,to commoners and the populace.In imagining the spatial attributes of the"people,""local"first emerged as a spatial construct embodying the modern people.As the crisis of state and social arrangements unfolded,rural areas and border regions gradually became important spaces for understanding the"folk."It was through the convergence of these elements that the"Go to the Folk'movement occurred around the May Fourth Movement,providing the preconditions for the CPC's conceptof"people."展开更多
文摘Ancestral return-return by the descendants of migrants to their ancestors＇ origin has been one of the most significant forms of population mobility since 1991 in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The state policy determines the scales of ethnic migration to and within the country. The government adopted a complex program on Kazakh Diaspora repatriation. Under the program, oralmans （ethnic repatriates to the country） are provided with considerable aid program for adaptation to the recipient society. Although the returnees may initially be welcomed back, their homecomings often prove to be ambivalent or negative experiences. Despite their ethnic affinity to the host populace, they are frequently excluded as cultural foreigners and relegated to low-status jobs shunned by the host society＇s populace. Ethnic return migrants and their hosts become frustrated with each other. They find jobs but not expected social welcome. Ethnic return migrant＇s orientations usually are shaped by the terms of the policies that give them the access to the destination country＇s labor markets and citizenship. The report studies the problem of similarity and differences among Ethnic Return Migrants and mother ethnic group. What underlies the misunderstanding between them？ Whether it is a competition for the working places, access to the social benefits or deep cultural differences？ To examine on-the-ground dynamics between natives and ethnic migrants, and in particular their mutual acceptance in a range of contexts, we turn to a qualitative account that draws on observations and interviews, less formal interviews carried out among Mongolian-Kazakh, Chinese-Kazakh and Karakalpak- Kazakh return Migrants in Almaty city and its suburbs during the fieldwork. Characteristics that differentiate returned Diaspora individuals from Kazakhstani Kazakhs are rooted not in ethnic sphere, but in the cultural context of the country they come from. This paper reveals how the socio-cultural characteristics and national origins of the migrants influence their levels of marginalization in their ethnic homelands, forcing many of them to redefine the meanings of home and homeland.
文摘A buttress on the need for welfare program in Nigeria and the important obligation to consider the Economics’and CIA’s contextual position for the dependency ratios,both total and elderly dependency ratio alongside the consideration of the age structure and demography statistics of Nigeria relatively to other economies,particularly as an elixir for the declining older population in Nigeria and the aged male contraction in the nation.Although,older female population is higher in every country as obtainable globally,the Nigerian case is that of drastic contraction in both aged male and older population generally.Therefore,the submission is that the government has to consider the total dependency ratio to the elderly dependency ratio,which is all-encompassing in order to cater for the declining older population and to appropriate the requisite welfare cum benefits programs in the nation.
文摘The term"folk"(minjian民间)deeply participated in the revolutionary process of 20th-century China,playing an important role in shaping the Communist Party of China's(CPC)concept of"people."To truly understand the significance of this historical evolution,it is necessary to examine the modern transformation of the minjian category itself.As an endogenous category of Chinese intellectual tradition,minjian has maintained a stable interpretative structure from ancient times to the present,often leading to the neglect of significant changes occurring at the micro and internal levels.The modern transformation of the minjian category involves two aspects.First,in defining and referring to the people"'as a group,there was a transition from the traditional"people"to nationals and citizens,and by the 1920s,to commoners and the populace.In imagining the spatial attributes of the"people,""local"first emerged as a spatial construct embodying the modern people.As the crisis of state and social arrangements unfolded,rural areas and border regions gradually became important spaces for understanding the"folk."It was through the convergence of these elements that the"Go to the Folk'movement occurred around the May Fourth Movement,providing the preconditions for the CPC's conceptof"people."
