Investigation and Analysis of Lung Cancer Risk Factors in the Health Check-Up Population

Objective: To investigate and analyze the risk factors of lung cancer in the population of health checkups. Methods: A total of 500 cases of the health check-up population were selected for data study. Surveyed showed that 19 cases of lung cancer were grouped as the lung cancer group and the remaining 481 cases made up the control group, and the risk factors were analyzed. Results: Among men, there was a significant proportion of individuals aged 60-69 years old, and women aged 30-39 years old. Additionally, individuals aged 60 and above were at increased risk of developing lung cancer. The results of the multifactorial analysis were that the risk factors affecting the detection of lung cancer in healthy people were smoking history, family history of lung cancer, secondhand smoke, history of respiratory diseases, psychosomatic factors, living environment, and kitchen fumes. Conclusion: People over 60 years of age were prone to early lung cancer, followed by individuals aged 30-39 years. It is important to identify the risk factors of lung cancer to strengthen the screening of high-risk groups for early detection and treatment.

Analysis of the Prevalence Characteristics of Lung Nodules and Their Influencing Factors in The Health Check-Up Population

Objective: To study the prevalence characteristics of pulmonary nodules and their influencing factors in the health check-up population. Methods: A total of 500 cases of health checkups were selected for the data study to analyze the detection and prevalence characteristics of pulmonary nodules. The influencing factors between the pulmonary nodules group and the no pulmonary nodules group were analyzed. Results: A total of 209 cases were detected, of which there were more males than females, and for female patients, the detection rate increased with age (P < 0.05). The distribution of gender, age, smoking, respiratory symptoms, and exposure to kitchen fumes between the two groups was compared (P < 0.05). The multifactorial analysis concluded that risk factors include, respiratory symptoms, older age, exposure to kitchen fumes, and smoking. In addition, patients who exercised more had a lower risk of developing lung nodules. Conclusion: The detection rate of pulmonary nodules was high in the health check-up population and the influencing factors analyzed involved the presence of respiratory symptoms, older age, kitchen fume exposure, and smoking, while the positive influencing factor was increased exercise.

Effectiveness Analysis on the Physical Activity and the Health Benefit of a Community Population Based Program

Objective To evaluate the community-based health promotion effect of physical activity. Methods The residents aged 28 and above from two communities in Gongshu District of Hangzhou City, Zhejiang province, were randomly selected and recruited for the multi-strategy and comprehensive physical activity intervention. Questionnaire survey, physical check up and blood biochemistry were conducted. Results After this two-year intervention, the time of the participant spent on weekly physical activity of moderate intensity increased from 464 min to 542 min （P〈0.05）, with an average increase of 78 min. Time spent in walking every week increased from 533 min to 678 min （P〈0.05）, with an average increase of 245 min. The body weight, waistline, blood pressure and heart rate all reduced significantly （P〈0.05）; the vital capacity increased significantly （P〈0.05）; and the related biochemical indicators were also improved. Conclusion Comprehensive and evidence-based physical activity interventions targeting community population can improve the levels of physical activity, related body measurement and biochemical indicators.

Cascaded PFLANN Model for Intelligent Health Informatics in Detection of Respiratory Diseases from Speech Using Bio-inspired Computation

Due to the recent developments in communications technology,cognitive computations have been used in smart healthcare techniques that can combine massive medical data,artificial intelligence,federated learning,bio-inspired computation,and the Internet of Medical Things.It has helped in knowledge sharing and scaling ability between patients,doctors,and clinics for effective treatment of patients.Speech-based respiratory disease detection and monitoring are crucial in this direction and have shown several promising results.Since the subject’s speech can be remotely recorded and submitted for further examination,it offers a quick,economical,dependable,and noninvasive prospective alternative detection approach.However,the two main requirements of this are higher accuracy and lower computational complexity and,in many cases,these two requirements do not correlate with each other.This problem has been taken up in this paper to develop a low computational complexity-based neural network with higher accuracy.A cascaded perceptual functional link artificial neural network(PFLANN)is used to capture the nonlinearity in the data for better classification performance with low computational complexity.The proposed model is being tested for multiple respiratory diseases,and the analysis of various performance matrices demonstrates the superior performance of the proposed model both in terms of accuracy and complexity.

Social Media-Based Surveillance Systems for Health Informatics Using Machine and Deep Learning Techniques:A Comprehensive Review and Open Challenges

Social media(SM)based surveillance systems,combined with machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL)techniques,have shown potential for early detection of epidemic outbreaks.This review discusses the current state of SM-based surveillance methods for early epidemic outbreaks and the role of ML and DL in enhancing their performance.Since,every year,a large amount of data related to epidemic outbreaks,particularly Twitter data is generated by SM.This paper outlines the theme of SM analysis for tracking health-related issues and detecting epidemic outbreaks in SM,along with the ML and DL techniques that have been configured for the detection of epidemic outbreaks.DL has emerged as a promising ML technique that adaptsmultiple layers of representations or features of the data and yields state-of-the-art extrapolation results.In recent years,along with the success of ML and DL in many other application domains,both ML and DL are also popularly used in SM analysis.This paper aims to provide an overview of epidemic outbreaks in SM and then outlines a comprehensive analysis of ML and DL approaches and their existing applications in SM analysis.Finally,this review serves the purpose of offering suggestions,ideas,and proposals,along with highlighting the ongoing challenges in the field of early outbreak detection that still need to be addressed.

Awareness of initiative practice for health in the Chinese population:A questionnaire survey based on a network platform

BACKGROUND In 2016,the Chinese government issued the Healthy China 2030 plan,which also produced the initiative practice for health(IPFH)concept.However,people’s knowledge and awareness of the IPFH are unclear.AIM To investigate awareness of IPFH in the Chinese population and explore the relevant influential factors.METHODS An internet-based self-designed questionnaire survey was used to collect respondents’demographic characteristics and awareness of health and the IPFH from March 26 to April 18,2020.IPFH consciousness was assessed by the scores for different related questions.The Student’s t test,the Chi-square test,and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to analyze the differences and influencing factors.RESULTS A total of 2678 valid questionnaires were collected.Of the respondents,973(36.3%)had heard of the IPFH concept.In addition,89.5% of participants agreed with the view that the IPFH is beneficial to improving quality of life,and over half thought that a regular schedule,a reasonable diet,tobacco and alcohol control,a cheerful mood,specific life goals and plans,taking the initiative to accept health-related education and implement health knowledge,good interpersonal relationships,and regular physical examinations were closely related to the IPFH.The majority of respondents paid attention to their health and usually obtained health-related knowledge via social media and were also willing to promote the IPFH.Most of the participants underestimated the role of hospitals,family doctors,and health managers in promoting the IPFH.Age,monthly income,and medical-related work experience were the influencing factors for IPFH awareness.CONCLUSION The Chinese population has limited knowledge of the IPFH.People with strong IPFH awareness are older,earn more,and have medical-related work experience.

Study of Zero-Inflated Regression Models in a Large-Scale Population Survey of Sub-Health Status and Its Influencing Factors

Objective Sub-health status has progressively gained more attention from both medical professionals and the publics. Treating the number of sub-health symptoms as count data rather than dichotomous data helps to completely and accurately analyze findings in sub-healthy population. This study aims to compare the goodness of fit for count outcome models to identify the optimum model for sub-health study.Methods The sample of the study derived from a large-scale population survey on physiological and psychological constants from 2007 to 2011 in 4 provinces and 2 autonomous regions in China. We constructed four count outcome models using SAS: Poisson model, negative binomial (NB) model, zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) model and zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) model. The number of sub-health symptoms was used as the main outcome measure. The alpha dispersion parameter and O test were used to identify over-dispersed data, and Vuong test was used to evaluate the excessive zero count. The goodness of fit of regression models were determined by predictive probability curves and statistics of likelihood ratio test.Results Of all 78 307 respondents, 38.53% reported no sub-health symptoms. The mean number of sub-health symptoms was 2.98, and the standard deviation was 3.72. The statistic O in over-dispersion test was 720.995 (P<0.001); the estimated alpha was 0.618 (95% CI: 0.600-0.636) comparing ZINB model and ZIP model; Vuong test statistic Z was 45.487. These results indicated over-dispersion of the data and excessive zero counts in this sub-health study. ZINB model had the largest log likelihood (-167 519), the smallest Akaike’s Information Criterion coefficient (335 112) and the smallest Bayesian information criterion coefficient (335455),indicating its best goodness of fit. The predictive probabilities for most counts in ZINB model fitted the observed counts best. The logit section of ZINB model analysis showed that age, sex, occupation, smoking, alcohol drinking, ethnicity and obesity were determinants for presence of sub-health symptoms; the binomial negative section of ZINB model analysis showed that sex, occupation, smoking, alcohol drinking, ethnicity, marital status and obesity had significant effect on the severity of sub-health.Conclusions All tests for goodness of fit and the predictive probability curve produced the same finding that ZINB model was the optimum model for exploring the influencing factors of sub-health symptoms.

Demand for and Accessibility to Reproductive Health Service of Urban Floating Population

Summary： The demand for knowledge of productive health and the current status of productive health services provided by relevant governmental institutions were qualitatively and quantitatively studied. The study identified the key factors that influenced the demand for the productive health services and results of the services. It also discussed the effective approaches to control, planning and sustainable development of the reproductive health services for the floating populations.

Knowledge and Service Demand of Reproductive Health among Migrant Population

Objective To understand the sexual and reproductive health knowledge among unmarried migrant population and their service demands as well as current services delivered by local family planning departments, so as to provide scientific evidences on conducting reproductive health education and appropriate service for migrant population in the district. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among a convenient sample of unmarried young migrant population between 15 and 25 years old in Dongshan District. All data were entered into database with the software Foxpro6.0 and analyzed with the statistics software SPSS10.0. Results Unmarried migrant population had some kinds＇ of sexual and reproductive health knowledge and was eager to access to reproductive health service. They hoped that relevant governmental departments could provide them more information, education and service on sexuality and reproductive health. Conclusion Relevant departments should work together to popularize reproductive health knowledge among unmarried migrant population and meet their demands on reproductive health service, so as to improve their current reproductive health situation.

Relationship between Perceived Health Status and Health Practices in the General Adult Population in Japan

The objective of this study was to explore the relationship of perceived health status and Breslow’s seven health Practices(7 - 8 hours of sleep per night, maintaining a healthy weight, moderate or no alcohol intake, regular physical activity, no eating between meals, eating breakfast, and having never smoked cigarettes) in adult residents in Kumamoto Prefecture Japan. We used 2011 data from the “Health Japan 21” program in Kumamoto Prefecture, a study consisting of 2519 adults aged from 20 - 74 years. Data for the study were gathered by questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into following sections: perceived health status, seven health practices, life satisfaction, depression, social network, and demographic variables. We found that those groups engaged in more than four health practices had higher scores for perceived health status than those groups with less than four. Using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, positive correlations were found between perceived health status and health practices (r = 0.229, p – 0.058, p – 0.093, p– 0.109, p < 0.001). Furthermore, we clarified the differences in perceived health status by age and gender. The data from multiple regression analysis show an association between level of perceived health status and life satisfaction, the seven health practices, employment, age, depression, and social network. Our findings demonstrate a relationship between perceived health status and the seven health practices, and can be used to encourage healthier practices to enhance perceived health status and life satisfaction in community health care work.

COVID-19,mental health and Indigenous populations in Brazil:The epidemic beyond the pandemic

The aim of this paper was to report on factors contributing to the deterioration of the mental health of Indigenous populations(IP)in Brazil.Five factors seem to have a direct impact on the mental health of IP in Brazil:(1)The absence of public policies;(2)Intellectual production;(3)Psychiatric medical care for remote areas(e.g.,telemedicine)aimed at promoting the mental health of Brazil’s IP,which causes a huge gap in the process of assistance and social,psychological,economic and cultural valorization of native peoples;(4)The dissemination of fake news,which exposed,above all,older IP to risk behaviors in the pandemic,such as refusal of vaccination;and(5)The violence carried out on IP lands due to economic interests with mining/agribusiness.

Leadership,communication,and science:three pillars essential to public health emergency response and closing the gap in the HIV response among key populations

Globally,there have been multiple public health emergencies in recent decades.High rates of morbidity,occasionally mortality,and economic instability are usually associated with pandemics.One of the epidemics that has significantly increased morbidity and mortality worldwide is the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)and acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)pandemic.HIV has a disproportionately negative impact on key populations.Strong leadership,effective communication,and sound science are necessary for public health emergency(PHE)responses to be successful.These three PHE response pllars are also essential for bridging the HIV response gap among key populations in the setting of restrictive laws.In this review,we explored the importance of these three pillars of successful PHEs responses,and how they are essential to closing the gap in the HIV response among key populations.Leaders must make decisions and instil a sense of authority in the populace during PHEs to foster trust and confidence.Leaders should base their choices on scientific evidence.Effective communication during PHEs should be proactive,polite,imaginative,innovative,and constructive.To address gaps in the HIV response among key populations,leaders must create a supportive environment for effective communication and scientific research,communication should be used to raise awareness of HIV and to dispel stigma and discrimination,while science should provide evidence of efficacy and effectiveness of interventions amongkey populations.

The Effect of Brown Coal Mining on the Environment and Health of the Population in Northern Bohemia (Czech Republic)

Coal mining has proven negative impacts on the landscape and health of inhabitants. Solid dust particles and SO2, which are the main polluting substances in coal mining and burning, are the main causes of diseases in areas with intensive coal mining. This contribution deals with areas in the Czech Republic which have the greatest problems in this regard, being North Bohemia (Chomutov, Most, Teplice and ústí nad Labem districts). It is an area with considerable anthropogenic activity, mainly due to the intensive mining of brown coal, which has a direct effect on the health of the inhabitants of the entire ústí nad Labem region. Along with the growing number of inhabitants, energy consumption demands are constantly increasing. Nevertheless, it’s important to focus primarily on renewable energy sources, which will ensure the sustainable development of the environment and society. At the same time, the question arises, which energy sources can potentially be utilized here after mining ends (2052). In terms of geography, wind energy has the greatest potential in this area. This and associated issues are dealt with by the project “Sustainable Forms of Management in an Anthropogenically Burdened Region” at the Faculty of Environment at the University of Jan E. Purkyně in ústí nad Labem.

Study on Health of Rural Poor Population and Health Poverty Alleviation Countermeasures in Chongqing

[Objectives]The paper was to understand the health of rural poor population in Chongqing,and to put forward countermeasures for health poverty alleviation.[Methods]The 439 people living in poverty in Qianjiang District and Pengshui County,Chongqing,were investigated on the spot to deeply understand and analyze the health status,current medical insurance status and accuracy of medical system of rural poor population in Chongqing.[Results]The vast majority of poor households had been lifted out of poverty after targeted poverty alleviation.Poverty due to illness was the main cause of family poverty.The prevalence of chronic diseases in poor households was high,and the overall health level showed a downward trend.The countermeasures and suggestions for strengthening the construction of medical insurance system,exploring and perfecting rural medical assistance system,enhancing the service capacity of primary medical and health institutions,and strengthening health education and health management were put forward.[Conclusions]The study provides an empirical evidence for improving the health level of poor rural residents and promoting targeted health poverty alleviation policies.

The Study of Health Effects of Vinyl Chloride AirPollution on Population

A series of indicators, including serum lysozyme activity, G-banding chromosome aberration (G-banding CA) analysis, sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), chromosome aberration (CA), T-lymphocyte transformation rate (TcTR),-GT, GPT and AKP, were employed in the present survey among occupationally vinyl chloride (VC) exposed workers and inhabitants living in VC polluted area in a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) factory. The results showed that the serum lysozyme (S-LZM) activities in Group 3 (adult inhabitants exposed to 0.20 mg/m3 VC for at least 8 years), Group 2 (workers exposed to 4.1 mg/m3for at least 7 years occupationally), Group 1 (workers exposed to 25.7 mg/m3 for at least 2 years) were significantly higher than control. G-banding CA analysis showed that the total chromosome breakage rates in both Groups 1 and 2 were higher, but no difference existed between Group 3 and control. Only Group 1 was observed having higher SCEs, CA level and lower TcTR than control. AKP levels in Groups 1 and 2 were higher than control,but noγ-GT and GPT differences were found among groups. The study also suggests that G-banding CA analysis is more sensitive than CA and SCEs

Exploring the Perspectives of Healthcare Providers on Providing HIV Prevention and Treatment Services for Key Populations in Rwanda: A Qualitative Study

Background: The overall HIV prevalence and incidence in Rwanda have decreased significantly in the past decade. However, opposite trends are seen among key populations (KP). The HIV prevalence among sex workers is as high as 51% and continues to rise. While the HIV prevalence among KP remains high, their adherence to treatment is low. Healthcare providers play a vital role in KP’s access and adherence to HIV treatment. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of healthcare providers on providing HIV services to key populations in Rwanda. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted with nurses, doctors, social workers, and psychologists who provide HIV services to KP in public health facilities in Rwanda. In-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. All data were analyzed thematically using Dedoose. Results: Interviews were conducted with 18 healthcare providers. Three overarching themes emerged from the interviews: healthcare providers’ intrinsic feelings affect the ways they provide HIV services to key populations, key populations face a multitude of challenges related to accessing treatment and preventing the spread of HIV, and a more comprehensive and sensitive approach should be used to improve HIV services for key populations. Conclusion: Healthcare providers expressed difficulties in providing services to key populations and identified a lack of adherence to treatment and prevention guidelines, structural barriers, KP’s lack of trust in the healthcare system, and the discrimination and abuse KP face as challenges to effective HIV prevention and treatment. More comprehensive services including clinical, financial, and psychosocial support from trusted sources are needed. Some important policy changes are essential to facilitate access to HIV services for KP.

The Analysis on social determinants of health of the floating population

Health literacy refers to the individual obtaining and understanding and dealing with the basic health information and/or services and the ability of use the information and services to make good health decisions.At present, research works related to health literacy in our country are in the initial stage, the information of floating population health literacy is blank, the Chinese Health Education Center （formerly the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Center Health Education） Ministry of Social welfare studies undertaken special ＂Chinese public health Literacy survey and evaluation System ＂to develop a suitable evaluation index system of health literacy of the public, used for evaluation of our country＇ s public health literacy level. October to December 2007, the Chinese health education center of this set of evaluation index in Jinan Shandong province examines the health literacy status of floating population, analysis the influence factors of health literacy of the floating population, for the national macroeconomic regulation and control of the floating population, the rational allocation of health resources, determine priority health work, and provide evidence for health related policies and regulations of the floating population.

The effect of older population on public health spending:Evidence from Spain

ackground:The gradual ageing of the population,and its effect on public spending,constitutes an urgent challenge for advanced economies.Through this study,we analyse the effect of older people,and their health and individual characteristics,on public health spending.Methods:Using logistic regression methods,we have analysed the use of different health services and health technologies by older people in Spain,controlled for several health,socioeconomic,and other individual factors.Results:The main factors that explain the consumption of both health services and health technology,above age,are related to the so-called need factors:self-reported health status,presence of chronic diseases,and disability.Conclusion:Knowing the main factors that imply greater public health spending is a topic of special interest for designing efficient health policies,in a context of growth in public health spending.In this way,preventive attention on the so-called need factors may be an important driver to improve the effectiveness of spending.

Developing a framework to inform scale-up success for population health interventions:a critical interpretive synthesis of the literature

Background:Population health interventions(PHIs)have the potential to improve the health of large populations by systematically addressing underlying conditions of poor health outcomes(i.e.,social determinants of health)and reducing health inequities.Scaling-up may be one means of enhancing the impact of effective PHIs.However,not all scale-up attempts have been successful.In an attempt to help guide the process of successful scale-up of a PHI,we look to the organizational readiness for change theory for a new perspective on how we may better understand the scale-up pathway.Using the change theory,our goal was to develop the foundations of an evidence-based,theory-informed framework for a PHI,through a critical examination of various PHI scale-up experiences documented in the literature.Methods:We conducted a multi-step,critical interpretive synthesis(CIS)to gather and examine insights from scale-up experiences detailed in peer-reviewed and grey literatures,with a focus on PHIs from a variety of global settings.The CIS included iterative cycles of systematic searching,sampling,data extraction,critiquing,interpreting,coding,reflecting,and synthesizing.Theories relevant to innovations,complexity,and organizational readiness guided our analysis and synthesis.Results:We retained and examined twenty different PHI scale-up experiences,which were extracted from 77 documents(47 peer-reviewed,30 grey literature)published between 1995 and 2013.Overall,we identified three phases(i.e.,Groundwork,Implementing Scale-up,and Sustaining Scale-up),11 actions,and four key components(i.e.,PHI,context,capacity,stakeholders)pertinent to the scale-up process.Our guiding theories provided explanatory power to various aspects of the scale-up process and to scale-up success,and an alternative perspective to the assessment of scale-up readiness for a PHI.Conclusion:Our synthesis provided the foundations of the Scale-up Readiness Assessment Framework.Our theoreticallyinformed and rigorous synthesis methodology permitted identification of disparate processes involved in the successful scaleup of a PHI.Our findings complement the guidance and resources currently available,and offer an added perspective to assessing scale-up readiness for a PHI.

The Internet of Things and Next-generation Public Health Information Systems

The Internet of things has particularly novel implications in the area of public health. This is due to (1) The rapid and widespread adoption of powerful contemporary Smartphone’s;(2) The increasing availability and use of health and fitness sensors, wearable sensor patches, smart watches, wireless-enabled digital tattoos and ambient sensors;and (3) The nature of public health to implicitly involve connectivity with and the acquisition of data in relation to large numbers of individuals up to population scale. Of particular relevance in relation to the Internet of Things (IoT) and public health is the need for privacy and anonymity of users. It should be noted that IoT capabilities are not inconsistent with maintaining privacy, due to the focus of public health on aggregate data not individual data and broad public health interventions. In addition, public health information systems utilizing IoT capabilities can be constructed to specifically ensure privacy, security and anonymity, as has been developed and evaluated in this work. In this paper we describe the particular characteristics of the IoT that can play a role in enabling emerging public health capabilities;we describe a privacy-preserving IoT-based public health information system architecture;and provide a privacy evaluation.