Comparative Study on Population Ageing Between China and Other Asian Countries

Compared with developed countries, the main characteristics of population ageing in China have been regarded as a rapid ageing society. However, China and other Asian countries have been experiencing the demographic transition simultaneously, it is better to understand the characteristics of population ageing in China when compared with other Asian countries. Using the latest UN data, this paper compares the percentage of elderly population, the speed of ageing and the size of aged population among China and other Asian countries. The result indicates that China has a relatively high percentage of aged population, relatively rapid ageing population and will keep the largest size of aged population of the world in the next 60 years.

Population Ageing and Sustainable Development Research in China

According to the United Nations population projections, the population of the elderly is expected to roughly triple in China from 2000 to 2050, particularly when the generations who were born between the 1950s and 1970s move through the age structure, and also because people are living longer and fertility rates have fallen, population aging is expected to put pressure on government's fiscal balance through higher old-age security benefits and health-care expenditures. This work draws together the broad range of elements involved within a consistent framework, based on a computable dynamic general equilibrium model with an overlapping generation structure. Further analysis using model simulation illustrates that the alternative schemes for the benefit rate, retirement age and technological progress are likely to be beneficial, and that an obvious slow-down in the growth of living standards is likely to be avoided.

The Chinese Strategy for Actively Responding to Population Ageing

The course of population ageing in China has unique features, and the country’s fundamental national conditions, development path and governance model impose special requirements on the country’s response. A path with Chinese characteristics that actively addresses this issue is urgently needed. The Chinese strategy is built on solid foundations,comprising the governance paradigm advantage of “one core and multiple components”;the structural advantage of “state-family-society” governance arrangements;the national endowment of being a major country with a rich culture;and the late-mover advantage conferred by the scientific and technological innovations of our changing times. It is necessary to clarify the relationship between the national strategy of actively responding to an population ageing and the population development strategy;on this basis, a positive view of ageing need to be cultivated to provide a better environment for the implementation of the national strategy;and to establish a holistic governance framework in which individuals,families, communities, the state, and the world are interconnected by integrating Chinese advantages in the governance of an ageing society. Thus, a systemic Chinese strategy for actively responding to population ageing can be continuously refined.

Coping with the effects of population ageing on public finances in the European Union and China

The population age structure is changing fast both in the European welfare states and in China,as fertility remains low and longevity continues to increase.The pressure on public pensions,health care and long-term care expenditures is receiving increased attention.Sound public finances in the Euro area call for pension reforms,especially for raising the retirement age.Although the challenges are qualitatively similar in the EU and China,the quantitative picture is different:GDP per capita in China is about 30%of that in the more advanced states of the EU,and the ageingrelated public expenditures as a percentage of GDP is currently one quarter of this ratio in the EU.A particular factor in China is migration of workers to the cities and factories from rural areas.For a harmonious society,their rights to social security,including pensions and their children’s access to education,require modernisation of government institutions.The retirement age in practically all EU countries and in China is currently low,lagging behind the increase in longevity.Increasing the ratio of participating in working life to the average years of retirement is a key to moderating the pressures on public finances.

Population ageing and the impacts of the universal two-child policy on China’s socio-economy

The two-child policy was officially proclaimed in the Guideline of the 13th Five-Year Plan and approved in March 2016.This article provides a detailed analysis of the Chinese demographic structure characterised by ageing with sub-replacement fertility.It argues that the universal two-child policy is timely and necessary for the New Normal economy.The policy has significance in relieving socio-economic pressure and promoting economic growth,for which it is not only a necessary premise but also a sufficient condition.Having reviewed the evolution of the demographic transition theory,this research undertakes a comparative analysis of different stages of demographic transition in different regions across the world.It further investigates the three stages of successful demographic transition in China.The universally adopted two-child policy,as it meets the requirements of demographic transition,is also inevitable for socio-economic development.

Implications of population ageing for the Chinese productivity

Since 2000 when China entered the‘ageing society’,the pace of ageing has speeded up.At the same time,traditional growth engines of the Chinese economy(i.e.export and investment)are losing momentum.Against this background,to what extent the expected demographic transformation would affect growth trajectory of the Chinese economy is of great interest.Among new growth engines,productivity has been receiving increasing attention among China’s top policy makers.In this paper,we try to identify both micro and macro effects of ageing on China’s productivity.In general,our research supports the hypothesis that more working experience and/or elder contributes to higher wage growth and total factor productivity,although with a reversed Ushaped pattern.

A decomposition analysis of recent health expenditure growth in China: is population ageing a significant effecting factor?

Since the new round of health system reform,the annual average growth rate of health expenditure in real term in China was 10.5%,which is much faster than that of any other Asian countries.The aim of this study is to analyze major effect-ing factors include population ageing’s contribution to health expenditure growth,as population ageing is accelerating and considered as a major driver of health expenditure growth in China.A component based health expenditure model was developed in this study and five major factors were employed,namely popula-tion size,population structure,disease prevalence rate,excess health price infla-tion(EHPI)and expenditure per prevalent case.Then Das Gupta’s decomposition method was applied to decompose the health expenditure growth into the five factors.Results shows that expenditure per prevalent case was the major factor,which accounted for 59.6%of the health expenditure growth.21.2%of the health expenditure growth was driven by population ageing,followed by EHPI(11.2%),population growth(5.4%)and disease prevalence rate(2.6%).Population age-ing affected circulatory diseases the most,which caused 5.2%of the difference in health expenditure,followed by neoplasms(2.9%),respiratory diseases(2.0%),digestive diseases(1.8%),and endocrine(1.5%).Our work highlights that meas-ures should be taken to reduce risk factors of major non-communicable disease to promote healthy ageing,and it is fundamental to address growth in expenditure per case,especially for circulatory,respiratory,digestive,genitourinary diseases,and endocrine,nutritional and metabolic to contain the rapid health expenditure growth in China.

Issues of an Ageing Population in European Union

One of the main contemporary problems requiring urgent attention since its present and future repercussions on particular countries is the decrease of population and related problems of population ageing. The population ageing is not a worldwide problem yet, it concerns mostly world developed countries. On the other hand, it is a known fact that the population ageing in developing countries will culminate in few decades and will be more dramatic as the current population ageing in the developed world. In the developed countries, the population ageing is cause by the prolonged human life and the decrease of natality. This trend is resulting from many factors that are related to the modernization of the society which caused the decrease in fertility and natality. The health care improvement resulted in the prolonged life expectancy and a better health condition of the population. The science advance prolonged the average life expectancy which is the main reason for the population ageing.

The effects of population aging on industrial structure upgrading:Empirical analysis of provincial and threshold characteristics in China

Global population aging trends are intensifying,presenting multifaceted economic and social challenges for countries worldwide.As the world’s largest developing country,China has entered a phase of extreme demographic aging,posing significant questions about its impact on the ongoing upgrading of industrial structures.How does this demographic shift influence the upgrading of industrial structures,and does technological innovation mitigate or exacerbate this impact?The empirical results indicate that population aging impedes upgrading the industrial structure,while technological innovation positively affects the relationship between the two.Moreover,using technological innovation as a threshold variable,the impact of population aging on industrial structure upgrading evolves in a“gradient”manner from“impediment”to“insignificant”to“promotion”as the technological innovation levels increase.These findings offer practical guidance for tailoring industrial policies to different stages of technological advancement.

Study on the Spatiotemporal Pattern Evolution and Influencing Factors of Population Aging in Henan Province

This study utilized census data from Henan Province for the years 2000,2010,and 2020 to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of population aging,defined by the proportion of the population aged 65 and above.Employing spatial analysis techniques such as spatial autocorrelation and the standard deviation ellipse,the research mapped out the progression and distribution of aging demographics.Furthermore,the study delved into the influencing factors of aging using an optimal parameters-based geographical detector.Results indicate a deepening degree of population aging in Henan Province,transitioning from an adult type to an old type structure.There is a marked positive spatial correlation among counties,with high-value aging areas initially decreasing,then increasing,and notably spreading from the central to the central and southern regions of the province.The center of gravity for population aging,specifically around Changge City and Xuchang City,exhibits a trajectory moving southeast before shifting northwest.Factor detection reveals that in 2000,2010,and 2020,the elderly dependency ratio predominantly influences the aging trend,with explanatory powers of 88.4%,87.9%,and 90.9%,respectively.Interaction analysis indicates that the interaction between the old-child ratio and the elderly dependency ratio has a strong explanatory power for the aging patterns in Henan Province,reaching 97.3%,97.0%,and 97.4%,respectively.

Designing an Elderly-Friendly City in Cardiff: Cultivating Sense of Security for the Aging Population: Transforming Butetown for the Entertainment, Health, and Diversification of the Elderly

As an important part of urban construction,elderly-friendly construction is crucial to the formation of an elderly-friendly society,which has been widely recognized internationally.Especially after the COVID-19 pandemic,various organizations around the world have called for changes in public space and urban building planning,with an emphasis on the accessibility of green spaces.This underscores the complexity and difficulty of integrating vulnerable groups of the elderly into cities and using infrastructure and public space.

Research on the Renovation of Rural Buildings Suitable for Aging Populations Based on Cross-Analysis

Based on the intersection of“Implementing the National Strategy to Actively Cope with Population Aging”and“Guiding Opinions on Future Rural Construction”in Zhejiang Province,this study constructed the evaluation index system of rural age-appropriate building space.This is done by analyzing the current situation locally and internationally,summarizing the existing problems,and optimizing countermeasures.The cross-analysis method is adopted by fully listening to the opinions of the elderly and introducing a professional team to transform the physical,psychological,and rural natural environment of the elderly.The renovation strategies of building layout,indoor and outdoor space,and supporting facilities for the elderly are put forward.Looking to the future,including the application of intelligent technology,the development of a community pension model,and multi-party cooperation,it aims to create a comfortable,safe,and convenient living environment for rural elderly people,improve the quality of life,promote rural revitalization and actively respond to the challenges of population aging.

Ageing Society and Assistive Products

North East Asian countries are facing to rapid increase in aged population ratio.The most recent values of aged population ratios are 19.5%,8.7%,and 6.9%,for Japan,Korea and China,respectively.One of the welfare services in the aged society is provision of assistive products.Electronic control systems are commonly adopted in modern assistive products and sensors are indispensable for control units.Alarm systems,such as fire alarm,smoke detectors,and gas leak detectors,have been regarded as indispensable to safety of elderly persons and persons with disability.Main application of chemical sensors in home care of elderly persons is in the field of personal care and personal medical treatment.Products for personal medical treatment include that for medical treatment in home care and that to keep elderly persons healthy.Large market is expected in the latter one.

Effects of population aging on the mortality burden of related cancers in urban and rural areas of China, 2004–2017: a population-based study

Objective:China is a developing country with urban–rural disparities and accelerating population aging.Therefore,quantifying the effects of population aging on the cancer mortality burden is urgently needed.Methods:Using data from China’s death surveillance datasets(2004–2017),we decomposed and quantified the effects of population aging and factor variations on cancer mortality rates in urban and rural China during 2004–2017 through a decomposition method.R ratios were used to assess the extent of the mortality decreases attributable to factor variations offsetting the increases attributable to population aging for 4 aging-related cancers(lung,colorectal,esophageal,and stomach cancer).Results:Overall,population aging has led to continued increases in cancer mortality rates in China during 2004–2017(mortality rates attributable to population aging:8.63/100,000 for urban men,4.21/100,000 for urban women,11.95/100,000 for rural men,and 5.66/100,000 for rural women).The 4 cancers displayed 3 patterns.The mortality rates from lung cancer in rural China and from colorectal cancer nationwide increased because of both population aging and factor variations.Population aging was primarily responsible for the growing mortality due to lung cancer in urban areas.However,for esophageal and stomach cancer,the effect of population aging was not dominant,thus resulting in decreases in mortality rates.Conclusions:Health resource allocation should prioritize areas or cancers more adversely affected by population aging.The burden of cancer will continue to increase in the future,because of rapid population aging,but can still be offset or even reversed with enhanced cancer control and prevention.

The Status Quo of and Development Strategies for Healthcare Towns Against the Background of Aging Population

In consideration of elderly peopled need for healthcare in the context of aging population, authois of this paper stxidied tiie combination 〇 ￡ characteristic towns and the healthcare industry against the background, of a vigorous campaign for chafacteristic town construction. In addition to studying thevalue and status quo of healthcare towns, they put forward development strategies for healthcare towns in terms of the health industry, health preservation, eldercare, and vacationing, with a view to injecting new vitality into the construction of healthcare towns.

The Localization, Practice and Innovation of Time Banking——On a New Approach to China's Aging Population

In the context of an aging population, the promotion of time banking as a new model of voluntary service can help alleviate the ever–increasing pressures for elderly care and services in China. The development of time banking in China has successively undergone the stage of traditional practice, the stage of infancy and exploration, as well as the stage of accelerated growth. Meanwhile, this process has also witnessed the formation of many localized innovations. To further the localization and innovation of time banking, this paper analyzes its basis in traditional culture, summarizes its process of practice and explores new directions of future innovation. Based on the summary of existing problems, this paper proposes to enhance the recognition of time banking among the public, facilitate localized innovation of time banking, promote its informatization, and involve the participation of young people, particularly college students.

An Analysis on the Spatial Distribution of Population Aging Pressure in China

Based on comprehensive analysis of the impact of population aging to social and economic development,a comprehensive evaluation system including 18 indexes was constructed for evaluating regional pressure of population aging on social and economic development.Using statistics data of 31 regions in China from 2004 to 2008,the pressure of population aging on social and economic development,was comprehensively evaluated by using the factor analysis method.The spatial distribution of population aging in China was also analyzed.This study is to provide scientific basis for government to make strategies of coping with population aging according to regional pressure of population aging on social and economic development in China.

Thoughts about Person-Centered Care for the Adult Population with Multimorbidity

Patients with multimorbidity are becoming the norm rather than the exception. The management of patients with several chronic diseases is now the most important challenge facing health care systems in developed countries. Based on the actual medical records of ambulatory care visits, this study investigated the prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity in 55 and older population. Among a cohort comprised of 300,000 beneficiaries selected randomly from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan in 2001, 42,441 were eligible. These were followed longitudinally 10 years. The prevalence of chronic disease rose from 62.3% to 79.8% and multimorbidity rose from 57.4% to 75.7%. Multimorbidity patterns were found fell in-to four clusters: metabolic diseases, cardiac diseases, mental joints and gastrointestinal tract disorders. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus, as well as hyperplasia of the prostate in men, were the most common chronic diseases. The prevalence of chronic disease increased with age, especially high at age 75 - 79. Thought about the health care system for an ageing society is necessary. Applying the concept of customer experience and strengthening people-centered management in an integrated model of health care, enhancing knowledge and skills in the long-term management of chronic disease, revising clinical guidelines and training professionals in caring for the elderly, reinforcing preventive health services, especially in men’s health, modifying the materials for health education, and planning for health manpower resources will provide a better model to ensure the health care for people with multimorbidity.