Wind-dispersed seeds blur phylogeographic breaks:The complex evolutionary history of Populus lasiocarpa around the Sichuan Basin

The strength of phylogeographic breaks can vary among species in the same area despite being subject to the same geological and climate history due to differences in biological traits.Several important phylogeographic breaks exist around the Sichuan Basin in Southwest China but few studies have focused on wind-dispersed plants.Here,we investigated the phylogeographic patterns and the evolutionary history of Populus lasiocarpa,a wind-pollinated and wind-dispersed tree species with a circum-Sichuan Basin distribution in southwest China.We sequenced and analyzed three plastid DNA fragments(ptDNA) and eight nuclear microsatellites(nSSRs) of 265 individuals of P.lasiocarpa from 21 populations spanning the entire distribution range.Distribution patterns based on nSSR data revealed that there are three genetic groups in P.lasiocarpa.This is consistent with the three phylogeographic breaks(Sichuan Basin,the Kaiyong Line and the 105°E line),where the Sichuan basin acts as the main barrier to gene flow between western and eastern groups.However,the distribution pattern based on ptDNA haplotypes poorly matched the phylogeographic breaks,and wind-dispersed seeds may be one of the main contributing factors.Species distribution modelling suggested a larger potential distribution in the last glacial maximum with a severe bottleneck during the last interglacial.A DIYABC model also suggested a population contraction and expansion for both western and eastern lineages.These results indicate that biological traits are likely to affect the evolutionary history of plants,and that nuclear molecular markers,which experience higher levels of gene flow,might be better indicators of phylogeographic breaks.

Extraction of Total DNA from Populus euphratica Oliv. and Populus pruinosa Schrenk. by Improved CTAB Method

This study presented an improved CTAB method for extracting DNA from leaves of Populus euphratica Oliv. and Populus pruinosa Schrenk. based on the conventional CTAB method. The results showed that preventing DNA from browning is a key step to obtain the high-quality DNA during DNA extraction, and under the condition of grinding in the presence of liquid nitrogen, adding such three antioxidants as PVP dry powder, Vc and β-mercaptoethanol could prevent DNA from browning effectively. The total DNA extracted by the improved CTAB method was subjected to PCR detection which proved that it totally satisfied the requirements of subsequent study.

胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)根繁殖特征

以新疆塔里木河中游河岸北部河漫滩的胡杨幼林带为对象,从克隆生态学的角度,采用挖掘法、高压冲洗法及断根胁迫实验,研究了胡杨在资源异质环境中的风险分担、资源觅食与保持功能以及根源性克隆生长形态特征。结果表明:胡杨的地下根分枝类型为单轴型,同一生长方向2水平根的夹角平均约为180°,水平根与垂直根的夹角为90°～100°,水平根和垂直根的空间构型近似T形;基株的胚根周长>分株的次根周长;水平根呈侧圆台形,胡杨的2水平根之间存在着养分的传递。

Analysis of the Correlation between the Geographical Distribution of Populus euphratica Oliv. and the Climatic Environment

[Objective] This research was to study the correlation regional climatic characteristics and changing geographic distribution of Populus euphratica Oliv. (Salicaceae), as well as the adaption of Populus euphratica Oliv. to the climatic environment. [Method] The climatic characteristics, water source, groundwater and soil type in the distribution regions of Populus euphratica Oliv. and the effect of long-term human activities were comprehensively analyzed based an overview of Populus euphratica Oliv. and its distribution. [Result] Specific regional climatic characteristics and long term human activities are the principle determinants for the growth of Populus euphratica Oliv. The change of leaf shape is a distinct feature of Populus euphratica Oliv. in adapting to the climatic environment. Populus euphratica Oliv. withstands various environmental stresses by means of in vivo synthesis, transport and conversion of secondary phenolic metabolites. Effective protection and rehabilitation measures, and ecological water transport have obvious effect on the restoration and reconstruction of damaged ecological environment of Populus euphratica oasis. [Conclusion] This study is of great significance for the restoration of ecological environment in the arid inland regions, north-west China.

Evapotranspiration of a Populus euphratica Oliv. forest and its controlling factors in the lower Heihe River Basin,Northwest China

Evapotranspiration (ET) within an ecosystem is crucial for die water-limited environment that currently lacks adequate quantification in the arid region of Northwest China, mainly covered by phreatophytes, such as the Populus euphratica Oliv. tree and the Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. shrub species. Accordingly. ET was measured for an entire year using eddy covariance (EC) in P. euphratica stands in the lower Heihe River Basin, Northwest China. During the growing season, the total ET was 850 mm, with a mean of 4.0 mm/d, Which is obviously more than that observed at tree-level and stand level scales, which was likely due to the different level of soil evaporation induced by irrigation via water conveyance. Factors associated with ET fall into either environmental or plant eco-physiological categories. Environmental factors account for at least 79% variation of ET and the linear relationship between ET and the voundwater table (GWT) revealed the potential water use of P. euphratica forests under the non-water stress condition with die GWT less than 3 m deep. Plant eco-physiological parameters, specifically die leaf area 'index (LAI), have direct impact on the seasonal pattern of ET which provides a valuable reference to the wide-area estimates of ET for riparian forests by using LAI. In conclusion, P. euphratica forests have high water use after water conveyance, which may be the result of long-term adapting to local climates and limited water availability.

Effects of temperature on flowering phenological traits of Populus euphratica Oliv. and Populus pruinosa Schrenk populations, Xinjiang, China

The aims of this study were to explore the interspecific differences of Populus euphratica Oliv.and Populus pruinosa Schrenk populations and the intraspecific differences of males and females within the same species in flowering phenological traits,and the effects of temperatures on flowering phenological traits in different growth years(2001–2003 and 2013–2015).The results showed that P.euphratica population flowered earlier than P.pruinosa population.Moreover,flowering phenological period of population,number of days of flowering phenological period per population,number of days of flowering phenological period per plant and average number of days of flowering period per plant of P.euphratica population were less than those of P.pruinosa population.The differences between male and female within the same species indicated that the flowering periods of males P.euphratica and P.pruinosa populations were earlier than those of female plants.For both species,flowering phenological traits were significantly and negatively correlated with the average temperatures in previous ten days,previous one month and previous three months of flowering.Both species are sensitive to temperature changes and adjust to the changes by advancing the start of flowering and prolonging the duration of flowering.

Cloning of plasma membrane H^+-ATPase gene in Populus euphratica Oliv.

For this paper, the plasma membrane （PM） H^＋-ATPase gene has been cloned from Populus euphratica Oliv. through a ho- mology based strategy. The isolated 3,210 bp cDNA contains a single 2,862 bp open reading frame （ORF） which encodes a putative H^＋-ATPase protein of 953 amino acid residues, with a significant homology to plasma membrane H^＋-ATPase of Prunus persica, Phaseolus vulgaris, Sesbania rostrata and Daucus carota. The predicted protein has a molecular weight of 104,553 Da. The copy number analysis revealed multiple copies of the PM H^＋-ATPase in the P. euphratica genome after digestion of their genomic DNA by the restriction enzymes EcoRI, NdeI, FbaI and Bg/Ⅱ, and Southern blot.

胡杨(Populus euphratica)在额济纳绿洲三种生境内的根蘖繁殖特性

以额济纳荒漠绿洲胡杨根蘖幼苗为研究对象,通过对绿洲内胡杨分布的3种主要生境内根蘖幼苗的调查,得出如下结论。近年来绿洲内胡杨种群的更新几乎完全依赖于无性繁殖更新,种子萌发产生的幼苗在调查地内没有发现。河岸沙丘地及胡杨林下地的根蘖幼苗中,3龄幼苗所占比重最大,龄级越小的根蘖苗在群落中的数量越少;在河水漫灌后的林间空地,2龄幼苗的数量最多。水漫灌后的林间空地中根蘖幼苗密度显著大于其余两生境内根蘖幼苗密度,同时该生境内每段胡杨根系萌生出的不定芽也大于另两生境。随着龄级增加,未枯枝根蘖幼苗的比率逐渐减小。根蘖幼苗的萌发点分布于土层30cm以内的根系上,分布深度大于30cm的根系不能萌发出根蘖幼苗。

改进的CTAB法提取胡杨(Populus euphratica)总DNA

以胡杨幼叶为材料,对影响胡杨DNA提取质量的主要因子进行研究,以期建立适宜胡杨DNA提取的优化反应体系,结果表明,在胡杨基因组DNA提取过程中,CTAB缓冲液中增加EDTA的用量及添加完异丙醇沉淀时间是影响胡杨基因组DNA提取的最主要因子。

不同土壤处理方式对胡杨幼苗根系生长的影响

为明晰植物幼苗在不同土壤质地中的生长适应策略,探讨利用不同土壤处理方式调控植株幼苗生长发育和提高人工育苗效率的可能。将苗圃土壤分别设置为平床深耕、起垄和平床浅耕3种处理,研究不同处理下当年生胡杨幼苗生长季的生长动态和根系变化特征。结果表明:7月份是胡杨幼苗生长关键期,比根长能够作为反映其生长情况的重要指标,土壤处理方式影响着胡杨幼苗地上、地下生物量分配以及根系形态,深耕对幼苗根系生长有促进作用,为胡杨苗圃土壤处理方式的选择提供参考价值。

Influence of environmental,root,and stand parameters on soil surface CO_2 efflux in a Populus euphratica of desert forest in extreme arid region

Spatial variation in soil surface CO2 efflux was measured in a stand of Populus euphratica in the Ejina Oasis of desert riparian forest in the extreme arid region in northwestern China from April 2007 through October 2007.Measurements were taken with a gas-exchange analyzer linked to a soil-respiration chamber.The mean soil CO2 efflux in the stand was 2.71 μmol/(m2·s) during the growing season and 1.38 μmol/(m2·s) in the nongrowing season.The seasonal maximum (end of May through early June) andminimum (October) CO2 efflux were 3.38 and 0.69 μmol/(m2·s),respectively.The diurnal fluctuation of CO2 efflux was relatively small (< 20 percent),with theminimum appearing around 05:00 and the maximum around 15:00.Linear regression analysis showed soil-surface CO2 efflux to be most highly correlated with soil temperature (R2=0.435) and soil moisture (R2=0.213).When all variables were considered simultaneously,only soil temperature (R2=0.378),soil moisture (R2=0.147),and root volume density (R2=0.021) explained a significant amount of variance in soil surface CO2 efflux.Stand volumes were not correlated with soil CO2 efflux on our sites.

Seasonal characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics of heteromorphic leaves in Populus Euphratica

Populus euphratica Oliver grown in desert areas have polymorphic leaves, which include lanceolate to serrate oval leaves.This paper measures the chlorophyll fluorescence-induction kinetics curves of two types of heteromorphic leaves(lanceolate and serrate oval) of P. euphratica over the growth season in the Ejina Desert area, China. This is in order to study the electron transport, as well as absoprtion, distribtution, and dissipation of light energy and their adaptation characteristics.The results indicate that(1) serrate oval leaves' photosystem II(PSII) initial light-energy-conversion efficiency(Fv/Fm),potential activity(Fv/F_0), and the light-energy-utilization parameter(PI) are higher than those of lanceolate leaves; the accumulated amount of Q_A-(V_j) and the relative speed of Q_A deoxidation(M_0) are lower than those of lanceolate leaves;(2)the reaction center density(RC/CS_0) and electron-transfer energy(ET_0/CS_0) in the unit cross-sectional area of serrate oval leaves are higher than those of lanceolate leaves; the energy consumed in unit cross-sectional area(DI_0/CS_0), and energyflow parameters(ABS/RC, ET_0/RC, TR_0/RC, and DI_0/RC) in the unit reaction center of serrate oval leaves are lower than those of lanceolate leaves;(3) the proportion of energy used for photochemical reaction and energy electron transport in serrate oval leaves(Φ_(P0), Ψ_0, and Φ_(E0)) are larger than those in lanceolate leaves, and the maximum quantum yield(Φ_(D0)) of nonphotochemical reaction is less than that of lanceolate leaves. Thus, serrate oval leaves of P. euphratica have a more efficient energy-distribution strategy and better adaptability to extreme environmental conditions than lanceolate leaves.

大叶杨干旱和水淹胁迫的转录组分析

大叶杨(Populus lasiocarpa)是中国特有的杨属物种,干旱和水淹是影响大叶杨生长和分布范围的2个关键因子。AP2/ERF转录因子家族在植物响应非生物胁迫中发挥重要作用。研究采用转录组测序、生物信息学分析手段并结合分子实验验证初步鉴定了参与大叶杨干旱和水淹胁迫响应的关键基因。研究结果显示,(1)在大叶杨中分别鉴定到3986/385个响应干旱/水淹胁迫的差异表达基因,其中包括237个同时响应干旱和水淹胁迫的差异表达基因。(2)在大叶杨中共鉴定到205个AP2/ERF家族成员,系统发育分析表明其在大叶杨中主要分为5个亚家族,并显著富集于差异表达基因中。(3)筛选部分胁迫前后差异表达的PlAP2/ERF基因进行qRT-PCR实验,经证实这些基因在大叶杨受到干旱/水淹胁迫时均可被诱导表达。综上,大叶杨在水淹胁迫下的差异表达基因数量明显少于干旱胁迫,AP2/ERF基因家族的部分基因参与到大叶杨干旱/水淹胁迫的应激表达过程。

叶尔羌河流域荒漠河岸林胡杨根际微生物数量时空变化及其与根际土壤环境因子的关系

以叶尔羌河流域荒漠河岸林胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)为研究对象,对不同河段、土层和季节的根际细菌、放线菌和真菌数量进行比较,对根际土壤环境因子特征进行分析,并对根际土壤环境因子与根际微生物数量进行Pearson相关性分析。结果表明:3个河段的根际细菌、放线菌和真菌数量的均值分别为49.50×10^(6)、8.32×10^(6)和4.52×10^(6)cfu·g^(-1),3种根际微生物数量的变异系数均在25%以上;并且,3种根际微生物数量在中游与上游和中下游间存在极显著(P<0.01)差异,但在上游与中下游间无显著差异。夏季3个河段及秋季上游和中游的3种根际微生物数量均随着土层深度增加而增大。比较而言,秋季各河段的根际细菌、放线菌和真菌数量高于夏季相应河段,并且,2个季节的根际微生物数量均表现为细菌最多、真菌最少,夏季和秋季的根际细菌数量分别占相应季节根际微生物总数的89.7%和72.4%。土壤环境因子检测结果显示:上游、中游和中下游的根际土壤总盐含量在夏季分别为0.8705、3.7186和2.6722 g·kg^(-1),在秋季分别为3.4367、2.9662和4.5915 g·kg^(-1),属于轻度盐渍化土壤,且根际土壤阳离子主要为K^(+)和Na^(+),阴离子主要为Cl^(-)和SO_(4)^(2-);除pH值外,其余9个土壤环境因子的变异系数多在20%以上。相关性分析结果表明:根际细菌数量与根际土壤含水率和CO_(3)^(2-)含量分别呈极显著正相关和极显著负相关;根际放线菌和真菌数量与根际土壤总盐含量和CO_(3)^(2-)含量呈极显著负相关,与根际土壤Ca^(2+)含量呈显著(P<0.05)负相关,与根际土壤HCO_(3)^(-)含量、含水率和pH值呈极显著正相关,与根际土壤Cl^(-)含量呈显著正相关,此外,根际放线菌数量还与根际土壤K^(+)和Na^(+)的总含量呈显著正相关。研究结果显示:叶尔羌河流域荒漠河岸林胡杨根际微生物数量分布极不均匀,具有明显的垂直分布特征和季节变化特征,而且其分布受到根际土壤环境因子的影响,其中,根际土壤放线菌和真菌数量受影响较大。

塔里木河下游地下水埋深对胡杨气体交换和叶绿素荧光的影响

为了分析干旱环境下地下水埋深变化对胡杨(Populus euphratica oliv.)光合作用的影响,对塔里木河下游3个地下水埋深(4.91,6.93m和8.44m)环境下胡杨叶片的气体交换日变化、光响应曲线、PN-Ci曲线以及叶绿素荧光特性等进行了比较研究。研究结果表明:当地下水埋深从4.91m增加到6.93m和8.44m,胡杨光合速率(PN)(10:00),初始荧光(F0)、最大荧光(Fm)、以及PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΩPSⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)和正午叶水势(Ψmidday)等都发生了明显变化,其中胡杨NPQ增加了109%-127%,ΩPSⅡ,ETR和Ψmidday分别减小了24%-29%,17%-22%和31.6%-45.6%,表明胡杨受到的干旱胁迫程度在增加;而当地下水埋深在6.93-8.44m之间时,上述参数无显著变化,表明胡杨很可能处于相同干旱胁迫程度;并且在地下水埋深4.91-8.44m范围内,最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),表观量子效率(φ),Rubisco羧化速率(Vcmax),等参数都未发生明显变化,表明即使地下水埋深增加到8.44m,此时的干旱胁迫程度也未超过胡杨的耐受能力,其光合能力也未受到不可逆转的伤害。

胡杨叶片气孔导度特征及其对环境因子的响应

依据2005年对极端干旱区荒漠河岸林胡杨的观测资料,对胡杨气孔运动进行了分析研究以揭示胡杨的水分利用特征与抗旱机理。结果表明:(1)胡杨叶片气孔导度日变化呈现为周期波动曲线,其波动周期为2 h,傍晚(20:00)波动消失;净光合速率和蒸腾速率与气孔导度的波动相对应而呈现同步周期波动。(2)胡杨的阳生叶气孔导度高于阴生叶,且不同季节气孔导度值不同,阳生叶气孔导度的季节变幅大于阴生叶。(3)胡杨气孔导度与气温、相对湿度和叶水势有显著相关关系,当CO2浓度较小时,胡杨气孔导度随CO2浓度的增加而增加,当CO2浓度达到一定值后气孔导度不再增加,反而随CO2浓度的增加大幅度降低。(4)胡杨适应极端干旱区生境的气孔调节机制为反馈式反应,即由于叶水势降低导致气孔导度减小,从而减少蒸腾耗水,达到节约用水、适应干旱的目的,表明胡杨的水分利用效率随气孔限制值的增大而减小,二者呈显著负相关。

胡杨异形叶结构型性状及其相互关系

胡杨在个体生长发育过程中,叶形不断发生变化,植株上会逐年依次出现条形、披针形、卵形和阔卵形叶,且在同时具有这4种叶形的植株上,叶片在树冠中分布的顺序自上而下分别是阔卵形、卵形、披针形和条形。通过实验的方法对胡杨4种叶形叶片厚度、叶面积、比叶面积、叶片干重和干物质含量等5个结构型性状指标进行分析,研究不同叶形叶片的结构型性状与叶形(叶长/宽比值)之间的关系,以及各结构型性状指标间的相互关系。结果表明:叶片厚度、叶片干物质含量、叶面积和叶片干重与叶长/宽比值之间均呈明显负相关(P<0.05);比叶面积随着叶长/宽比值的减小而逐渐减小,但二者相关性不明显,表明胡杨在个体发育过程中通过增加叶面积、叶厚度,减小比叶面积等方式来提高适应环境的能力。各结构型性状指标间相关性表现为:比叶面积与叶干物质含量和叶干重之间均呈明显负相关(P<0.05),与叶厚度间呈极明显负相关(P<0.01);叶片干重与叶厚度间呈明显正相关(P<0.05);叶厚度与叶干物质含量之间、叶干重与叶面积之间均呈极明显正相关(P<0.01),其它指标间无明显相关性。

大叶杨群落植物性系统多样性的分布格局

应用丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数等指标,分析了湖北大老岭自然保护区不同样地大叶杨群落物种和性系统多样性。结果表明:组成大叶杨群落的植物共有182种,隶属于73科143属,其中单种属和寡种属占优势。大叶杨群落物种丰富度受海拔、坡向和林内小气候的影响,在样方3达峰值。从4个样地科属种的共有性来看,科的共有性较高,种的共有性较低,与样地间微环境的差异程度有关。大叶杨群落是演替过程中的群落,大叶杨的年龄结构除2号样地表现为增长型结构外,其他3个样地均是衰退型。群落植物性系统类型较丰富,两性花植物最多,雌雄异株和雌雄同株植物在大叶杨群落中也占有重要地位;乔木层中重要的性系统类型是雌雄异株植物,与建群种大叶杨的性系统一致,灌木层和草本层中两性花植物是重要的类型,并且两性花植物所占的比例随草本层植物种类的增加而增大。此外乔木层中建群种大叶杨的重要值最大且在样方3中最高。4个样地中物种多样性和植物性系统多样性指数变化一致,即乔木层多样性指数的变化不大,灌木层随海拔的升高逐渐增大,草本层在样方3达到最大,这种变化与各样地不同层物种数的变化相一致;在最低海拔样方中,各层的均匀度指数最大,物种和植物性系统分布最均匀。

胡杨异形叶叶绿素荧光特性对高温的响应

胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv)是塔里木极端干旱荒漠区优势乔木树种,由于其生长在荒漠环境中,极端高温远高于其它地区,因此研究胡杨对高温胁迫的响应特征对于解释胡杨的抗逆机理与生态适应策略具有极为重要的意义。以胡杨3种典型的异形叶为材料,研究不同温度对其叶绿素荧光特性和能量分配的影响。结果表明,25—45℃温度下胡杨异形叶的F0、Fm、Fv/Fm与Fv/F0变化不大,尤其Fv/Fm仍能保持在0.78左右,光合反应正常;高温胁迫下(>45℃)Fm、Fv/F0、Fv/Fm、F′v/F′m、qP、ΦPSⅡ、P和ETR均大幅降低;F0、qN、E显著上升,而D先上升后下降,说明高温抑制了PSⅡ的功能,使PSⅡ反应中心活性下降,QA-的还原速率加快,光化学电子传递速率降低,某些能量耗散途径受阻,影响了PSⅠ和PSⅡ激发能的平衡分配,最终导致光合机构受损、光合速率降低。胡杨3种异形叶的叶绿素荧光参数随温度升高变幅不同,高温处理下锯齿阔卵形叶各参数均高于卵形叶与条形叶,表明锯齿阔卵形叶比卵形叶和条形叶具有更强的高温耐受能力。用模糊数学的隶属度函数对胡杨3种异形叶的耐热性进行综合评价,锯齿阔卵形叶的耐热性最强。

人工调水对额济纳胡杨荒漠河岸林繁殖的影响

研究了围封禁牧条件下人工调控黑河水文过程对额济纳胡杨荒漠河岸林繁殖的影响。结果表明:在分水实施的3a中,胡杨主要靠根蘖繁殖更新,种子繁殖几乎不存在。在没有放牧干扰的条件下,不同年份之间林窗内胡杨的根蘖繁殖差异明显,胡杨幼苗个体密度平均为(213.9±112.5)株/100m2,其中1龄为(27.5±18.8)株/100m2,2龄为(113.8±67.7)株/100m2,3龄为(71.0±73.9)株/100m2。胡杨幼苗的丛密度平均为(108.3±56.0)丛/100m2,其中1龄为(19.2±13.9)丛/100m2,2龄为(59.0±37.8)丛/100m2,3龄为(29.8±22.8)丛/100m2。这种差异与当年的生态水文条件有关。划分的整体、大林窗、小林窗3种类型中,大林窗内2龄胡杨幼苗的根蘖繁殖更新受到了距样方最近和最远母树距离的影响。在生态水文条件较好的年份(2龄苗对应于2002年),在距母树较远的地方根蘖繁殖最容易发生。在其它林窗中,胡杨根蘖繁殖主要受林窗生境如环样方母树株数(Tn)、距样方最近母树距离(Nd)、距样方最远母树距离(Fd)和林窗面积(Ga)等因子的综合影响,任何一个因子的单独影响都不显著。总之,本研究的初步结论是黑河分水工程实施对胡杨的繁殖更新无疑是有利的,但前提是消除放牧等干扰因素的影响。