Comprehensive Overview of Populus simonii Research in the Recent Years

As an important ecological tree species in northern China, Populus simonii plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and promoting environmental sustainability. The academic community has conducted a series of in-depth studies on this species, covering key areas such as genomics, survival mechanisms, and genetic breeding. Through the analysis of the genomic structure and function of P. simonii, we have not only revealed the molecular basis for its adaptation to harsh environments but also identified key genes that promote its growth and resistance to pests and diseases. Furthermore, exploring the survival mechanisms of P. simonii has deepened our understanding of its stress resistance traits, including how it effectively copes with abiotic stresses such as drought, salinization, and heavy metal pollution. In genetic breeding, significant progress has been made through the application of modern biotechnology, improving the growth rate and wood quality of P. simonii and enhancing its environmental adaptability and disease resistance. These research findings have not only enriched our knowledge of the biological characteristics of P. simonii but also provided a solid scientific foundation for its application in ecological restoration, forestry production, and environmental management.

公路绿化植物油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和小叶杨(Populus simonii)对重金属元素的吸收与积累

对内蒙古西部公路绿化植物油松(Pinustabulaeformis)、小叶杨(Populussimonii)及其根际土壤中重金属元素(Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr)和类金属元素(As和Se)含量以及根际土壤重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cr)形态、土壤pH值进行了测定。对比分析了公路沿线不同绿化植物及其不同器官对重金属元素的吸收与积累特征。结果表明:绿化植物根际土壤对重金属元素的吸附及污染程度以Cd为最高。随原子序数的递增,小叶杨和油松两种植物的根部和茎叶两种营养器官中重金属的含量均表现出“N”字形变动趋势。而且重金属元素在不同植物不同器官中的含量具有Zn>Cu>Ni,Cr,As,Pb>Cd>Hg的基本规律。小叶杨茎叶对重金属元素Cr、Ni和Pb的富集能力较根部为强,油松茎叶对重金属元素Cr、Ni、Cu和Pb的富集能力较根部为强。绿化植物根际土壤重金属元素有效态占总量百分比的大小序列为Zn>Pb>Ni、Cr>Cu,与重金属元素在不同植物不同器官中的含量大小序列Zn>Cu>Ni、Cr、As、Pb>Cd>Hg并非趋于一致。公路绿化植物对根际土壤中重金属元素的吸收和积累与重金属元素有效态所占的比例有关。

Phenotypic variation among five provenances of Populus simonii in northern China

We investigated phenotypic variation ofPopulus simonii from five provenances in northern China. Our results show that significant differences exist between plants of different provenances in morphological and physiological traits, except for leaf-stalk length and the number of leaf margins. The coefficient of variation for all traits ranges from 14.77% to 81.49%. The mean phenotypic coefficient of differentiation （VST） is 47.1%, which means that the variation within provenances is the major source for phenotypic variation in P. simonii. Given our cluster analysis of provenances based on an average linkage computing method, the five provenances ofP. simonii investigated could be divided into three groups. Our results provide a theoretical basis for genetic resource conservation and provenance selection of natural P. simonii in northern China.

Two novel eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A genes from Populus simonii×P.nigra confer tolerance to abiotic stresses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The role of plant eIF5A proteins in multiple biological processes, such as protein synthesis regulation, translation elongation, mRNA turnover, programmed cell death and stress tolerance is well known. Toward using these powerful proteins to increase stress tolerance in agricultural plants, in the present study, we cloned and characterized PsneIFSA2 and PsneIFSA4 from young poplar （P. simonii × P. nigra） leaves. The deduced amino acid sequences of PsneIF5A2 and PsneIF5A4 were 98 % similar to each other, and they are orthologs of eIF5A 1 in Arabidopsis. In a subcellular localization analysis, PsneIF5A2 and PsneIF5A4 proteins were localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm, qRT-PCR analysis showed that PsneIF5A2 and PsneIF5A4 were transcribed in poplar flowers, stem, leaves, and roots. In addition, they were also induced by abiotic stresses. Transgenic yeast expressing PsneIF5A2 and PsneIF5A4 had increased salt, heavy metal, osmotic, oxidative tolerance. Our results suggest that PsneIF5A2 and PsneIF5A4 are excellent candidates for genetic engineering to improve salt and heavy metal tolerance in agricultural plants.

Emissions of saturated C6-C10 aldehydes from poplar (Populus simonii×P. pyramidalis ‘Opera 8277’) cuttings at different levels of light intensity

Aldehydes play an important role in atmospheric chemistry and plant direct and indirect defense against environmental stresses.In this study,the emissions of saturated C6-C10 aldehydes from Populus simonii × P.pyramidalis ＇Opera 8277＇ cuttings were examined by using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry（GC/MS） technique at three levels of light intensity（400,800 and 1 200 μmol·m-2·s-1）.A positive correlation between the emissions of these aldehydes and light intensity was found.Moreover,nordi-hydroguaiaretic acid（NDGA）,a special inhibitor of lipoxygenase（LOX）,significantly inhibited the emissions of C6-C9 aldehydes at three levels of light intensity,but did not influence the emission of decanal（C10）.The emissions of C6-C10 aldehydes in NDGA treated poplar cuttings,exhibited the same positive correlation with light intensity.The results indicated that LOX pathway contributes to the emissions of C6-C9 aldehydes,whereas some pathways regulated by light intensity might be a universal mechanism for emissions of C6-C10 aldehydes.

Transformation of Tobacco with Two AP1 Genes Isolated from Poplar( Populus simonii × Populus nigra)

[ Objective ] This study aimed to analyze the functions of AP1 gene from Populus simonii × Populus nigra and to lay the theoretical foundation for shortening the breeding cycle of forest trees and investigating the flowering mechanism in poplar. [ Method] Plant expression vectors of AP1 genes were constructed and transformed into tobacco leaf disks with Agrobacterium-mediated method. Transgenic tobacco plants were identified by PCR. [ Result] AP1 genes were integrated into the genome of tobacco. Transgenic tobacco plants all presented an early flowering phenotype compared with wild-type tobacco. [ Conclusion] AP1 genes could promote early flowering in transgenic tobacco plants, which provided theoretical basis for molecular regulation of flowering in poplar.

Control Mechanisms and Simulation of <i>Populus simonii</i>Leaf Unfolding

Populus simonii Carr., one of the main poplar tree species, is cultivated widely in Northeast and Northwest China in protection and timber forests. Plant phenology plays an important role in timber production by controlling the growing period (i.e., the period between the leaf unfolding and the leaf turning yellow). It is important to understand this control mechanism and to improve the accuracy of the simulation of leaf unfolding phenology for P. simonii in order to determine accurately the timber production of P. simonii plantations. In this study, based on phenological observation data from 10 agricultural meteorological stations in Heilongjiang Province, China, model simulation was employed to determine the control mechanism of leaf unfolding of P. simonii. Furthermore, the predicting effects of nine phenology-simulating models for P. simonii leaf unfolding were evaluated and the distribution characteristics of P. simonii leaf unfolding in China in 2015 were simulated. The results show that P. simonii leaf unfolding is sensitive to air temperature;consequently, climate warming could advance the P. simonii leaf unfolding process. The phenological model based on air temperature could be better suited for simulating P. simonii leaf unfolding, with 76.7% of the calibration data of absolute error being less than three days. The performance of the models based solely on forcing requirements was found superior to that of the models incorporating chilling. If it was imperative that the chilling threshold is reached, the south of the Yunnan, Guangdong, and Guangxi provinces would be unsuitable for planting P. simonii. In this regard, the phenology model based on the chilling threshold as necessary condition was indicated a more reasonable model for the distribution characteristics of P. simonii leaf unfolding.

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii were investigated by stain-squashing and anatomical techniques. It took approximately 16 days for the pollen to develop from pollen mother cells to mature pollen in the green-house. Meiosis of pollen mother cells was regularly applied and completed by a process of simultaneous cytokinesis. Pollen development was considerably asynchronous. The meiotic division was initiated at the bulgy middle position of the flower bud and proceeded towards the tip and base of the bud. The number and size of the nucleoli varied during pollen development and at most eight nucleoli formed in each daughter nucleus at the meiotic telophase, suggesting a paleopolyploid origin of the genus Populus. An association between floral morphology and pollen development was found and the ratio of width to length of flower buds or catkins presented an S-shaped curve related to pollen development as a function of time. The investigation on the pollen development and floral morphology ofP. pseudo-simonii is important for further cross breeding programs of the section Tacamahaca.

小青杨（populuspseud－simoni）生理生态特性的研究

在野外条件下，测定了小青杨树冠不同方向净光合速率和呼吸速率日进程呈双峰曲线形式，双峰出现在上午９时及下午１５时，低谷出现在１３时，即“午睡现象”，这与光照强度关系不大，而与环境因子有密切关系。小青杨树冠四个方向的光照强度都呈单峰曲线形式、温度也呈单峰曲线形式，但二者的峰值不同。树冠不同方向水分状况不同，饱和亏缺大者，水势较小，蒸腾强度也小。树冠不同方向，叶绿素含量不一，东面和北面叶绿含量较其他两面高，ａ／ｂ比值小于１。

坝上地区退化小叶杨树干液流特征及对环境因子的响应

【目的】探究华北坝上地区退化和未退化小叶杨蒸腾耗水规律,合理配置生态用水,为小叶杨退化林的修复与重建提供理论参考。【方法】选取未退化、退化小叶杨为研究对象,利用热扩散探针(TDP)测定树干液流量,同时监测气象因子,研究两种小叶杨在不同天气下树干液流特征及其对环境因子的响应机制,分析生长旺季(7、8、9月)两种小叶杨树干液流与蒸腾量。【结果】(1)在不同天气条件下,退化和未退化小叶杨晴天树干液流速率大于雨天与阴天,晴天时两者差距最大,且未退化小叶杨树干液流的启动时间总是早于退化小叶杨;(2)生长季内两种小叶杨树干液流速率差异显著,未退化小叶杨蒸腾耗水量是退化小叶杨的3倍;(3)大气温度和光合有效辐射是影响小叶杨树干液流最主要的环境因子,未退化小叶杨对环境因子响应更敏感。【结论】退化小叶杨较低的蒸腾量难以维持正常生理所需,导致生理衰退,对环境因子变化的敏感性增加,进一步削弱了其应对未来干旱事件的能力。建议对已经发生退化的杨树林分进行更新改造。

转PsnNAC007高耐旱性小黑杨种质创制及其特性分析

小黑杨(Populus simonii×P.nigra)是东北地区速生、耐寒、材性优良的树种。为了创制适种范围广、耐旱性状明显改良的林木新种质,利用小黑杨为材料,以干旱胁迫关键响应因子PsnNAC007转录因子为对象,创制了小黑杨过表达OE-PsnNAC007转基因植株。对OE-PsnNAC007转基因植株的生长指标、干旱胁迫适应能力、净光合速率(P_(n))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、气孔导度(G_(s))、导水率指标、细胞形态和木材组分进行分析。结果显示:与野生型小黑杨相比,转基因植株的生长情况无明显差异,而干旱胁迫成活率提高了26.15%。在干旱胁迫条件下,转基因植株气孔导度减小、蒸腾速率下降、水分利用效率明显提高,植株茎干的导水率损失显著减少。解剖学分析发现,PsnNAC007的过量表达导致植株茎干产生更多、更小的导管细胞,这种细胞特性有利于植株在干旱条件下维持水分连续高效的运输。木材组分分析发现,转基因植株茎干木质素沉积明显增强,构成纤维素、半纤维素的单糖含量均无明显变化。

自然群体小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型变异分析

【目的】通过对我国小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型的分析,多角度展示小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型的多样性,为相关的光合遗传机制的探究奠定基础。【方法】针对我国小叶杨叶绿素荧光参数的表型数据,通过聚类分析、表型可塑性和变异系数计算、动态拟合等方法来探究其变化规律。【结果】(1)在静态光照强度下(同一光强)对小叶杨4类荧光表型进行k均值聚类,最优聚类数目受光照强度影响显著。不同类别下,所研究的经过光系统Ⅱ的电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ实际的光量子产量(Yield)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)4个叶绿素荧光参数具有显著差异。(2)4个小叶杨荧光参数的表型可塑性指数和变异系数的计算结果显示:所选小叶杨群体在可变环境下具有丰富的表型可塑性,随光照强度的逐渐增强,ETR、Yield、qP的表型可塑性呈现出先减后增再减的整体变化趋势,而qN的表型可塑性整体呈下降趋势,这可能与各表型内部的遗传控制有关,也反映了不同表型对梯度光强的不同响应程度;ETR、Yield、qP的变异系数随光照强度的增加呈现出先下降后上升的趋势。qN的变异系数随光照强度的增加而逐渐减小,当光照强度达最大值时,所有类别样本的变异系数均小于0.1。(3)梯度光照强度下,小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型经聚类后可划分为2个大类,经生长方程拟合后可发现,不同类别样本的表型变异速率和最大(最小)值差别明显。【结论】小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型变异丰富,受光照强度的影响显著。通过聚类分析、表型可塑性及变异系数计算和生长方程拟合等方法可以有效地探究小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型的变化规律,为小叶杨遗传分析、光合作用机制挖掘奠定了基础,对小叶杨的培育提供了科学指导。

杨树派间远缘杂种小胡杨(Populus simonii×P.euphratica)组培快繁体系的构建

小胡杨是小叶杨和胡杨远缘杂交选育出的抗旱、耐盐碱优良品种,但是其硬枝扦插生根率低,限制了其大面积推广种植。构建小胡杨组培快繁体系既可实现良种快繁,又可为其持续遗传改良奠定基础。本研究以小胡杨无菌苗为材料,分别利用完全随机区组和单因素试验设计筛选出叶片不定芽再生及生根的适合培养基,并初步探索了再生植株的移栽条件。结果显示,小胡杨叶片不定芽再生的最佳培养基为MS+0.4 mg/L6-BA+0.4 mg/L KT+30 g/L蔗糖+6 g/L琼脂(pH=5.8~6.0),叶片分化率可达(97.61±4.12)%,平均每个外植体产生(1.80±0.66)个不定芽;最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+0.3 mg/L IBA+30 g/L蔗糖+6 g/L琼脂(pH=5.8~6.0),生根率可达(98.67±0.13)%,接种9 d就可生根,接种30 d后,平均根长达(7.27±0.41)cm,平均苗高为(6.44±0.07)cm,单株叶片数达(10.47±0.35)片;将生根培养30 d的再生植株移栽到草炭土∶珍珠岩∶蛭石=3∶1∶1混合的基质中,15 d后成活率可达83.33%。小胡杨组培快繁体系的建立,为实现其无性系大规模繁殖提供了技术支持,同时也为继续开展小胡杨双二倍体诱导奠定了基础。

欧黑青杨和小黑杨在山地栽培的对比研究

对栽植在四平市铁东区山地不同坡位的21年生小黑杨和欧黑青杨进行材积生长对比试验。结果表明:品种杨对水分的需要更重于对土壤养分的需要,其人工林抚育浇水重于施肥;品种杨通常适宜在平地和山坡下腹地栽培,而对于速生的欧黑青杨适于在平地和山坡中腹、下腹部位栽培。

硝酸铵钙对加拿大杨和小叶杨扦插苗生长和碳氮代谢的影响

通过研究硝酸铵钙施用量对加拿大杨和小叶杨扦插苗生长和碳氮代谢的影响规律,可以为其育苗中科学施用硝酸铵钙提供依据。试验在田间条件下,以当年生扦插苗为试材,硝酸铵钙施用量分别设置为0、2.0、4.5、7.0、9.5 g/株分析比较了各处理苗木生长及碳氮代谢相关指标。结果显示:加拿大杨和小叶杨7.0 g/株处理株高分别较0 g/株(CK)提高了39.22%、32.91%,地径分别提高了75.22%、39.95%,根干物质积累量分别提高了27.98%、17.75%,茎干物质积累量分别提高了36.24%、33.11%,叶干物质积累量分别提高了28.58%、44.60%;7.0 g/株处理与CK相比显著提高了两种杨树木质部和树皮内总碳和总氮含量,9.5 g/株与7.0 g/株处理差异不显著;7.0 g/株与4.5 g/株处理相比显著提高了两种杨树树皮内淀粉和NSC含量,木质部差异不显著;2.0 g/株与CK相比不能显著提高两种杨树总碳、总氮、淀粉和NSC含量。综合分析认为,两种杨树扦插苗硝酸铵钙的适宜施用量为7.0 g/株。

白城小黑杨遗传转化体系建立及其应用

以白城小黑杨(Populus simonii×P.nigra‘Baicheng’)组培苗茎段为外植体,MS为基本培养基,通过调节不同植物生长激素6-BA、NAA、TDZ和IBA浓度诱导其离体再生。基于组织培养系统,经过卡那霉素浓度筛选、侵染时间确定,最终建立适用于白城小黑杨的农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导的遗传转化体系。利用该系统成功创制了杨树应拉木形成关键调控基因LBD39(Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain)的过量表达转基因植株。结果表明:白城小黑杨组织培养体系包括不定芽分化诱导、抽茎诱导、生根诱导3个阶段,不定芽分化诱导最适培养基为MS+0.5 mg·L^(-1)6-BA+0.1 mg·L^(-1)NAA+0.001 mg·L^(-1)TDZ,分化率92.6%;抽茎诱导最适培养基为MS+0.2 mg·L^(-1)6-BA+0.05 mg·L^(-1)NAA,抽茎增值系数6.5;生根诱导最适培养基为1/2 MS+0.4 mg·L^(-1)IBA,生根率100%。遗传转化最适卡那霉素质量浓度为30 mg·L^(-1)、最佳侵染时间为20 min,经30 d不定芽诱导、15~30 d抽茎诱导、25 d生根诱导即可成功获得转基因植株,GUS基因的转化效率为2%。应用此遗传转化体系,对杨树应拉木关键调控基因LBD39进行了过表达植株创制,最终获得5株过表达植株,转化效率为3.3%。

大青杨×小黑杨异源三倍体新种质创制

为向杨树良种选育提供新种质,以秋水仙素为诱变剂,采用大孢子染色体加倍、胚囊染色体加倍,这2种2n雌配子诱导途径创制大青杨小黑杨异源三倍体,调查各试验组的结种、育苗表现,筛选、鉴定出三倍体后,调查苗期的苗高地径、叶片性状、气孔性状、总叶绿素质量分数。研究结果表明:①相同培养条件时,大青杨雄花序露出芽鳞1/2、花药呈红色至深红色、小孢子发育至单核靠边期,且雌花的花序未露出芽鳞时,是诱导大青杨大孢子染色体加倍的合适时机,采用质量分数为0.5%的秋水仙素溶液在24 h内对雌花芽进行3次注射处理为最佳诱导方案。②授粉后54~60 h是诱导大青杨胚囊染色体加倍的有效时期,授粉后54 h时,采用质量分数为0.5%的秋水仙素溶液袋浸处理雌花序18 h为最佳诱导方案。③共获得了7株大青杨小黑杨异源三倍体,其中大孢子染色体加倍途径获得5株,胚囊染色体加倍途径获得2株。④落果率低、种子质量低、成苗率高、配子育性佳的试验组更有可能存在三倍体,结种、育苗表现可作为三倍体前期筛选的参考指标。⑤苗期性状观测后发现大青杨小黑杨异源三倍体具有巨大性和一定的生长优势,这些异源三倍体为今后杨树良种选育与遗传研究提供了可利用的新材料。

基于探地雷达途径的小叶杨粗根空间分布特征研究

根系研究一直是生态学领域一项极具挑战性的工作,传统研究方法具有多种局限性,因此应用非侵入式方法开展根系研究具有重要实践意义。以黄河漫滩地生长的不同胸径大小(45~104.5 cm)小叶杨共40株为研究对象,应用探地雷达(GPR)技术测定粗根(粗度≥1 cm的根系)空间分布情况,并对1~2、2~3 cm和>3 cm 3个径级粗根进行分类统计,综合研究小叶杨粗根空间分布特征。结果表明,1)在垂直方向0~80 cm范围内,粗根密度以20~40 cm处最大,为8.17 roots/m,其中径级2~3 cm粗根密度占比由23.7%增加至47.2%。2)在水平方向5 m范围内,粗根密度逐渐下降,在1 m处密度值最大,为5.24 roots/m,其中径级1~2 cm粗根密度占比在2 m处最低,为49%,而径级2~3 cm和>3 cm在2 m处最高,分别为34%、17%。3)粗根密度随着胸径径级的增加由15.34 roots/m增加至28.16 roots/m,但不同胸径水平下各径级粗根密度特征存在明显差异,径级1~2 cm的粗根是差异存在的主要原因(P=0.000)。4)粗根密度主要受到胸径和冠幅的影响,此外,在水平方向3~5 m范围和垂直方向20~40 cm处的粗根密度对胸径、冠幅和树高响应更敏感。研究结果表明,探地雷达可以有效实现对粗根空间分布及树体根径大小估算研究,并在以后的根系研究中有重要应用价值。

PsnHB13与PsnHB15在小黑杨中的遗传转化与功能分析

PsnHB13与PsnHB15为小黑杨(Populus simonii×P.nigra)周期蛋白PsnCycD1;1过表达株系转录组差异基因。为探究PsnHB13与PsnHB15基因功能,使用InterPro工具对PsnHB13与PsnHB15保守结构域进行分析,通过STRING数据库对PsnHB13和PsnHB15蛋白质关联网络分析,酵母双杂交验证互作蛋白,统计转基因植株叶片长宽比、叶片和茎部干质量与鲜质量比值,并对PsnHB13过表达小黑杨进行转录组分析。结果显示PsnHB13与PsnHB15分属于2个不同亚家族,PsnHB13主要包含HDZipⅠ结构域,PsnHB15主要包含HDZipⅢ结构域。PsnHB13和PsnHB15蛋白质关联网络分析,均筛选到10条互作蛋白,且PsnHB15对家族蛋白具有较高的互作概率。酵母双杂交结果显示PsnHB15与PsnHB13互作,PsnHB13与PsnCycD1;1互作。PsnHB13与PsnHB15过表达小黑杨株系在幼苗初期叶片长宽比均明显增加。PsnHB13过表达株系茎部干质量与鲜质量比值显著增加(P<0.05)。PsnHB13过表达小黑杨转录组分析显示,差异基因GO富集主要集中在对化学物质的反应、对有机物的反应、调节RNA代谢过程等方面。KEGG富集在转录因子、植物激素信号转导、细胞色素P450等通路。差异基因主要集中在MADS-box、MYBP、ERF1、GH3、SAUR等家族。PsnHB13与PsnHB15在小黑杨的生长发育中发挥着重要的功能,是探究植物的生长规律、揭示细胞周期与生长调节之间的关键基因。

小黑杨转录因子PsnbZIP1应答盐胁迫功能分析

为揭示小黑杨(Populus simonii×P. nigra)在面对非生物胁迫时,转录因子PsnbZIP1在植物体内发挥的功能,以小黑杨为试验材料,克隆得到PsnbZIP1的ORF区序列长为432 bp,并初步分析PsnbZIP1盐胁迫下的分子机制。采用q-PCR分析PsnbZIP1在150 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl处理小黑杨组培苗时的表达模式,发现该基因的表达量快速上升;通过生物信息学分析预测PsnbZIP1转录因子为无跨膜结构且具有信号肽的亲水性不稳定蛋白;用农杆菌(Agrobacterium)介导的烟草(Nicotiana)瞬时表达观察该基因的亚细胞定位情况,结果表明该基因为核定位蛋白;用酵母单杂交实验证明该基因编码的蛋白在酵母体内不具有转录激活功能。对PsnbZIP1基因的启动子序列进行分析,结果表明该启动子包含了生长素应答、脱落酸应答元件、光应答元件以及种子特异性调控的顺式作用调控元件,该基因可能在植物的生长发育与响应胁迫过程中发挥了重要作用;启动子还包括参与干旱诱导的MYB结合位点和MYBHv1结合位点,表明该基因有可能与一些干旱诱导相关MYB基因相互作用。