Comprehensive Overview of Populus simonii Research in the Recent Years

As an important ecological tree species in northern China, Populus simonii plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and promoting environmental sustainability. The academic community has conducted a series of in-depth studies on this species, covering key areas such as genomics, survival mechanisms, and genetic breeding. Through the analysis of the genomic structure and function of P. simonii, we have not only revealed the molecular basis for its adaptation to harsh environments but also identified key genes that promote its growth and resistance to pests and diseases. Furthermore, exploring the survival mechanisms of P. simonii has deepened our understanding of its stress resistance traits, including how it effectively copes with abiotic stresses such as drought, salinization, and heavy metal pollution. In genetic breeding, significant progress has been made through the application of modern biotechnology, improving the growth rate and wood quality of P. simonii and enhancing its environmental adaptability and disease resistance. These research findings have not only enriched our knowledge of the biological characteristics of P. simonii but also provided a solid scientific foundation for its application in ecological restoration, forestry production, and environmental management.

公路绿化植物油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和小叶杨(Populus simonii)对重金属元素的吸收与积累

对内蒙古西部公路绿化植物油松(Pinustabulaeformis)、小叶杨(Populussimonii)及其根际土壤中重金属元素(Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr)和类金属元素(As和Se)含量以及根际土壤重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cr)形态、土壤pH值进行了测定。对比分析了公路沿线不同绿化植物及其不同器官对重金属元素的吸收与积累特征。结果表明:绿化植物根际土壤对重金属元素的吸附及污染程度以Cd为最高。随原子序数的递增,小叶杨和油松两种植物的根部和茎叶两种营养器官中重金属的含量均表现出“N”字形变动趋势。而且重金属元素在不同植物不同器官中的含量具有Zn>Cu>Ni,Cr,As,Pb>Cd>Hg的基本规律。小叶杨茎叶对重金属元素Cr、Ni和Pb的富集能力较根部为强,油松茎叶对重金属元素Cr、Ni、Cu和Pb的富集能力较根部为强。绿化植物根际土壤重金属元素有效态占总量百分比的大小序列为Zn>Pb>Ni、Cr>Cu,与重金属元素在不同植物不同器官中的含量大小序列Zn>Cu>Ni、Cr、As、Pb>Cd>Hg并非趋于一致。公路绿化植物对根际土壤中重金属元素的吸收和积累与重金属元素有效态所占的比例有关。

Foraging behavior of parasitoid chalcid to the essential oil from bark of Populus pseudo-simonii P. nigra and Quadraspidiotus gigas

采用四臂式嗅觉仪测定了长棒四节蚜小蜂（Pteroptrix longgiclava(Girault)(Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae))和黄胸扑虱蚜小蜂（Encarsia gigas(Tshumakova)(Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae)),对健康的小青×黑杨（Populus pseudo-simonii×P.nigra)树皮、被杨圆蚧（Quadraspidiotus gigas(Thiem & Gerneck)）危害的杨树皮、杨圆蚧1齿固定若虫的虫体和介壳的挥发油的趋性反应。测定结果表明：被杨圆蚧危害后的小青×黑杨树皮和杨圆蚧1龄因定若虫的介壳对长棒四节蚜小蜂和黄胸扑虱蚜小蜂成虫具有较大的吸引力。3－7μL介壳挥发油和5－9μL受害杨树皮挥发油对长棒四节蚜小蜂的寄主搜寻行为具有较强的引导作用。虫体的挥发油对小蜂的寄生定位也起到了一定的引诱作用。两种小蜂对健康树皮的挥发油几乎没有反应。图4表1参20。

Transformation of Tobacco with Two AP1 Genes Isolated from Poplar( Populus simonii × Populus nigra)

[ Objective ] This study aimed to analyze the functions of AP1 gene from Populus simonii × Populus nigra and to lay the theoretical foundation for shortening the breeding cycle of forest trees and investigating the flowering mechanism in poplar. [ Method] Plant expression vectors of AP1 genes were constructed and transformed into tobacco leaf disks with Agrobacterium-mediated method. Transgenic tobacco plants were identified by PCR. [ Result] AP1 genes were integrated into the genome of tobacco. Transgenic tobacco plants all presented an early flowering phenotype compared with wild-type tobacco. [ Conclusion] AP1 genes could promote early flowering in transgenic tobacco plants, which provided theoretical basis for molecular regulation of flowering in poplar.

Two novel eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A genes from Populus simonii×P.nigra confer tolerance to abiotic stresses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The role of plant eIF5A proteins in multiple biological processes, such as protein synthesis regulation, translation elongation, mRNA turnover, programmed cell death and stress tolerance is well known. Toward using these powerful proteins to increase stress tolerance in agricultural plants, in the present study, we cloned and characterized PsneIFSA2 and PsneIFSA4 from young poplar （P. simonii × P. nigra） leaves. The deduced amino acid sequences of PsneIF5A2 and PsneIF5A4 were 98 % similar to each other, and they are orthologs of eIF5A 1 in Arabidopsis. In a subcellular localization analysis, PsneIF5A2 and PsneIF5A4 proteins were localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm, qRT-PCR analysis showed that PsneIF5A2 and PsneIF5A4 were transcribed in poplar flowers, stem, leaves, and roots. In addition, they were also induced by abiotic stresses. Transgenic yeast expressing PsneIF5A2 and PsneIF5A4 had increased salt, heavy metal, osmotic, oxidative tolerance. Our results suggest that PsneIF5A2 and PsneIF5A4 are excellent candidates for genetic engineering to improve salt and heavy metal tolerance in agricultural plants.

Emissions of saturated C6-C10 aldehydes from poplar (Populus simonii×P. pyramidalis ‘Opera 8277’) cuttings at different levels of light intensity

Aldehydes play an important role in atmospheric chemistry and plant direct and indirect defense against environmental stresses.In this study,the emissions of saturated C6-C10 aldehydes from Populus simonii × P.pyramidalis ＇Opera 8277＇ cuttings were examined by using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry（GC/MS） technique at three levels of light intensity（400,800 and 1 200 μmol·m-2·s-1）.A positive correlation between the emissions of these aldehydes and light intensity was found.Moreover,nordi-hydroguaiaretic acid（NDGA）,a special inhibitor of lipoxygenase（LOX）,significantly inhibited the emissions of C6-C9 aldehydes at three levels of light intensity,but did not influence the emission of decanal（C10）.The emissions of C6-C10 aldehydes in NDGA treated poplar cuttings,exhibited the same positive correlation with light intensity.The results indicated that LOX pathway contributes to the emissions of C6-C9 aldehydes,whereas some pathways regulated by light intensity might be a universal mechanism for emissions of C6-C10 aldehydes.

Phenotypic variation among five provenances of Populus simonii in northern China

We investigated phenotypic variation ofPopulus simonii from five provenances in northern China. Our results show that significant differences exist between plants of different provenances in morphological and physiological traits, except for leaf-stalk length and the number of leaf margins. The coefficient of variation for all traits ranges from 14.77% to 81.49%. The mean phenotypic coefficient of differentiation （VST） is 47.1%, which means that the variation within provenances is the major source for phenotypic variation in P. simonii. Given our cluster analysis of provenances based on an average linkage computing method, the five provenances ofP. simonii investigated could be divided into three groups. Our results provide a theoretical basis for genetic resource conservation and provenance selection of natural P. simonii in northern China.

Control Mechanisms and Simulation of <i>Populus simonii</i>Leaf Unfolding

Populus simonii Carr., one of the main poplar tree species, is cultivated widely in Northeast and Northwest China in protection and timber forests. Plant phenology plays an important role in timber production by controlling the growing period (i.e., the period between the leaf unfolding and the leaf turning yellow). It is important to understand this control mechanism and to improve the accuracy of the simulation of leaf unfolding phenology for P. simonii in order to determine accurately the timber production of P. simonii plantations. In this study, based on phenological observation data from 10 agricultural meteorological stations in Heilongjiang Province, China, model simulation was employed to determine the control mechanism of leaf unfolding of P. simonii. Furthermore, the predicting effects of nine phenology-simulating models for P. simonii leaf unfolding were evaluated and the distribution characteristics of P. simonii leaf unfolding in China in 2015 were simulated. The results show that P. simonii leaf unfolding is sensitive to air temperature;consequently, climate warming could advance the P. simonii leaf unfolding process. The phenological model based on air temperature could be better suited for simulating P. simonii leaf unfolding, with 76.7% of the calibration data of absolute error being less than three days. The performance of the models based solely on forcing requirements was found superior to that of the models incorporating chilling. If it was imperative that the chilling threshold is reached, the south of the Yunnan, Guangdong, and Guangxi provinces would be unsuitable for planting P. simonii. In this regard, the phenology model based on the chilling threshold as necessary condition was indicated a more reasonable model for the distribution characteristics of P. simonii leaf unfolding.

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii were investigated by stain-squashing and anatomical techniques. It took approximately 16 days for the pollen to develop from pollen mother cells to mature pollen in the green-house. Meiosis of pollen mother cells was regularly applied and completed by a process of simultaneous cytokinesis. Pollen development was considerably asynchronous. The meiotic division was initiated at the bulgy middle position of the flower bud and proceeded towards the tip and base of the bud. The number and size of the nucleoli varied during pollen development and at most eight nucleoli formed in each daughter nucleus at the meiotic telophase, suggesting a paleopolyploid origin of the genus Populus. An association between floral morphology and pollen development was found and the ratio of width to length of flower buds or catkins presented an S-shaped curve related to pollen development as a function of time. The investigation on the pollen development and floral morphology ofP. pseudo-simonii is important for further cross breeding programs of the section Tacamahaca.

NaCl胁迫下胡杨(Populus euphratica)和群众杨(P.popularis)抗氧化能力及耐盐性

在盐浓度逐渐提高的胁迫条件下，对抗盐的胡杨（Populuseuphratica）和盐敏感的群众杨（Ppopularis35-44）1年实生苗木叶片中Na^＋、Cl^-水平、O2^-产生速率以及抗氧化酶：超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的动态变化以及抗盐性进行了研究。结果表明，在盐浓度不断提高的胁迫条件下，群众杨叶片中Na^＋、Cl^-浓度持续增加，盐胁迫18d时，群众杨叶中Na^＋、Cl^-含量分别达到对照的17．8和14．6倍，此时O2^-产生速率也达到最高水平。而在盐胁迫期间，群众杨叶片SOD活性没有明显提高，CAT活性维持在对照水平以下，只有APX和GR活性在盐胁迫13—18d，即盐害症状出现前才有所上升，属于典型的盐害反应。胡杨与群众杨明显不同：在盐胁迫初期，胡杨叶片Na^＋、Cl^-含量虽然没有明显的变化，但胡杨叶片中O2^-产生速率在盐胁7d时明显提高，SOD、APX、CAT活性也都先后相应上升，表明胡杨能响应盐胁迫并上调SOD、APX和CAT等保护酶类，降低盐诱导的膜脂过氧化，从而减少了电解质外渗，最终提高了树木的抗盐性。

Responses of germination and radicle growth of two Populus species to water potential and salinity

Abstract The effects of water potential, NaCl and Na2SO4 on germination and radicle growth of two riparian tree species, Populus euphratica Oliv. and P. pruinosa Schrenk （Salicaceae）, were tested. Growth chamber studies revealed an optimum temperature range for seed germination of both species between 15-35℃. The final germination percentage of both species decreases with decreasing water potential in all types of solution applied in the experiments. P. pruinosa was less tolerant to low ψw stress than P. euphratica, especially in salt solutions. Germination percentages fell below 20% for P. pruinosa at -0.6 MPa （NaCl） or -0.4 MPa （Na2SO4） and for P. euphratica at -1.2 MPa （NaCl） or -0.6 MPa （Na2SO4）. Radicle growth of both species was inhibited by high concentrations of PEG1 NaCl and Na2SO4. However, growth was enhanced at -0.13 and -0.29 MPa in PEG or at -0.13 MPa in NaCl solutions compared to distilled water. Radicle growth of P. euphratica was higher than that of P pruinosa. Germination and radicle growth of both species exhibited ion toxicity. Na2SO4 was more toxic than iso-osmotic solutions of NaCl. Radicle growth proved to be more sensitive than seed germination. Thus, flooding does not only yield the necessary soil moisture for germination but also favors seedling establishment of both species through leaching of salts from the soil surface. The different sensitivity of the species during their early growth stages might, moreover, contribute to the observed differences in their distribution in the Talim Basin （northwest China）.

转PsnNAC007高耐旱性小黑杨种质创制及其特性分析

小黑杨(Populus simonii×P.nigra)是东北地区速生、耐寒、材性优良的树种。为了创制适种范围广、耐旱性状明显改良的林木新种质,利用小黑杨为材料,以干旱胁迫关键响应因子PsnNAC007转录因子为对象,创制了小黑杨过表达OE-PsnNAC007转基因植株。对OE-PsnNAC007转基因植株的生长指标、干旱胁迫适应能力、净光合速率(P_(n))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、气孔导度(G_(s))、导水率指标、细胞形态和木材组分进行分析。结果显示:与野生型小黑杨相比,转基因植株的生长情况无明显差异,而干旱胁迫成活率提高了26.15%。在干旱胁迫条件下,转基因植株气孔导度减小、蒸腾速率下降、水分利用效率明显提高,植株茎干的导水率损失显著减少。解剖学分析发现,PsnNAC007的过量表达导致植株茎干产生更多、更小的导管细胞,这种细胞特性有利于植株在干旱条件下维持水分连续高效的运输。木材组分分析发现,转基因植株茎干木质素沉积明显增强,构成纤维素、半纤维素的单糖含量均无明显变化。

Improved salt tolerance of Populus davidiana × P. bolleana overexpressed LEA from Tamarix androssowii

Development of transgenic plants with tolerance to environ- mental stress is an important goal of plant biotechnology. （LEA） proteins accumulate in seeds dur- ing late embryogenesis, where they protect cellular membranes and macromolecules against drought. In this work, we transferred the Tamarix androssowii LEA gene into hybrids of Populus davidiana xp. bolleana. We compared relative rates of height growth, chlorophyll fluo- rescence kinetic parameters, and leaf Na＋ levels of six TaLEA-containing lines with non-transferred plants （NT）, all grown under 0.8% NaC1 stress condition. Survival percentages of transgenic lines were all higher than for NT controls after rehydration and the sur- vival percentage of SL2 was five-fold higher than for NT controls. Seed- ling height increased 48.7% in SL2 （from the onset of induced stress to the end of the growing season）, 31% more than for the NT controls. Chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic parameters showed a marked increase in photosynthetic capacity in SL2 and SL5. Na＋ levels in young leaves of transgenic lines were lower than in control NT leaves, but higher in yel- low and withered leaves, indicating improved salt tolerance in transgenic lines.

小青杨（populuspseud－simoni）生理生态特性的研究

在野外条件下，测定了小青杨树冠不同方向净光合速率和呼吸速率日进程呈双峰曲线形式，双峰出现在上午９时及下午１５时，低谷出现在１３时，即“午睡现象”，这与光照强度关系不大，而与环境因子有密切关系。小青杨树冠四个方向的光照强度都呈单峰曲线形式、温度也呈单峰曲线形式，但二者的峰值不同。树冠不同方向水分状况不同，饱和亏缺大者，水势较小，蒸腾强度也小。树冠不同方向，叶绿素含量不一，东面和北面叶绿含量较其他两面高，ａ／ｂ比值小于１。

Effects of pruning intensity on nonstructural carbohydrates of Populus alba×P.talassica in the arid desert region of Northwest China

Although pruning is important to obtain highquality,large-diameter timber,the effects of pruning on nonstructural carbohydrates(NSC)in aboveground organs of many timber species are not well understood.Three intensities of pruning(none,moderate and severe)were tested on poplars(Populus alba×P.talassica)in the arid desert region of northwest China to compare the concentrations of soluble sugar(SS),starch(ST)and total nonstructural carbohydrate(TNC)in leaves,branches and trunks during the growing season.The concentration of NSC components after different pruning intensities varied similarly in seasonal patterns,increasing slowly at the beginning of the growing season,continuously declining in the middle,then gradually recovering by the end of the growing season.The monthly mean NSC concentration in poplar differed significantly among the three pruning intensities(p<0.05).The SS concentration in pruned trees was higher than in unpruned trees(p<0.05).For moderately pruned trees,the concentrations of ST and TNC in trunks and branches were higher than in unpruned and in severely pruned trees(p<0.05).Compared with no pruning,pruning changed the seasonal variation in NSC concentration.The orders of SS and TNC concentrations in aboveground organs were leaf>branch>trunk,while the order of ST concentration was trunk>leaf>branch,which was related to functional differences of plant organs.The annual average growth in height of unpruned,moderately pruned,and severely pruned poplars was 0.21±0.06,0.45±0.09 and 0.24±0.05 m,respectively,and the annual average growth in DBH were 0.92±0.04,1.27±0.06 and 1.02±0.05 cm,respectively.Our results demonstrate that moderate pruning may effectively increase the annual growth in tree height and DBH while avoiding damage caused by excessive pruning to the tree body.Therefore,moderate pruning may increase the NSC storage and improve the growth of timber species.

An improved draft genome sequence of hybrid Populus alba×Populus glandulosa

Populus alba × P.glandulosa clone 84 K,derived from South Korea,is widely cultivated in China and used as a model in the molecular research of woody plants because of hi gh gene transformation efficiency.Here,we combined63-fold coverage Illumina short reads and 126-fold coverage PacBio long reads to assemble the genome.Due to the hi gh heterozygosity level at 2.1% estimated by k-mer analysis,we exploited TrioCanu for genome assembly.The PacBio clean subreads of P.alba × P.glandulosa were separated into two parts according to the similarities,compared with the parental genomes of P.alba and P.glandulosa.The two parts of the subreads were assembled to two sets of subgenomes comprising subgenome A(405.31 Mb,from P.alba)and subgenome G(376.05 Mb,from P.glandulosa) with the contig N50 size of 5.43 Mb and 2.15 Mb,respectively.A high-quality P.alba × P.glandulosa genome assembly was obtained.The genome size was 781.36 Mb with the contig N50 size of 3.66 Mb and the longest contig was 19.47 Mb.In addition,a total of 176.95 Mb(43.7%),152.37 Mb(40.5%)of repetitive elements were identified and a total of 38,701 and 38,449 protein-coding genes were predicted in subgenomes A and G,respectively.For functional annotation,96.98% of subgenome A and 96.96% of subgenome G genes were annotated with public databases.This de novo assembled genome will facilitate systematic and comprehensive study,such as multi-omics analysis,in the model tree P.alba X P.glandulosa.

Survival and development of immature Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) feeding on Chaitophorus populeti (Panzer) propagated on transgenic Populus alba × P. glandulosa

Laboratory feeding experiments with the poplar aphid, Chaitophorus populeti （Panzer）, feeding on transgenic poplar （P. alba × P. glandulosa） varieties C13-5 and C013-5, were carried out to study the effect of transgenic poplar on the ladybird Harmonia axyridis （Pallas）. The mortality and development time of the immature stages, the eclosion rate and body mass of H. axyridis were measured. The results indicated that C. populeti feeding on different varieties of transgenic plants had no statistically significant ef- fect on the mortality ofH. axyridis larvae. The development time of larval and pupal stages were not significantly different between the two transgenic poplars and a non-transgenic poplar. Furthermore, the body mass and eclosion rate did not show any difference between the H. axyridis feeding on aphids reared on transgenic plants and those from non-transgenic plants. It is suggested that transgenic plants have no deleterious effect on the predatory ladybird.

PsnHB13与PsnHB15在小黑杨中的遗传转化与功能分析

PsnHB13与PsnHB15为小黑杨(Populus simonii×P.nigra)周期蛋白PsnCycD1;1过表达株系转录组差异基因。为探究PsnHB13与PsnHB15基因功能,使用InterPro工具对PsnHB13与PsnHB15保守结构域进行分析,通过STRING数据库对PsnHB13和PsnHB15蛋白质关联网络分析,酵母双杂交验证互作蛋白,统计转基因植株叶片长宽比、叶片和茎部干质量与鲜质量比值,并对PsnHB13过表达小黑杨进行转录组分析。结果显示PsnHB13与PsnHB15分属于2个不同亚家族,PsnHB13主要包含HDZipⅠ结构域,PsnHB15主要包含HDZipⅢ结构域。PsnHB13和PsnHB15蛋白质关联网络分析,均筛选到10条互作蛋白,且PsnHB15对家族蛋白具有较高的互作概率。酵母双杂交结果显示PsnHB15与PsnHB13互作,PsnHB13与PsnCycD1;1互作。PsnHB13与PsnHB15过表达小黑杨株系在幼苗初期叶片长宽比均明显增加。PsnHB13过表达株系茎部干质量与鲜质量比值显著增加(P<0.05)。PsnHB13过表达小黑杨转录组分析显示,差异基因GO富集主要集中在对化学物质的反应、对有机物的反应、调节RNA代谢过程等方面。KEGG富集在转录因子、植物激素信号转导、细胞色素P450等通路。差异基因主要集中在MADS-box、MYBP、ERF1、GH3、SAUR等家族。PsnHB13与PsnHB15在小黑杨的生长发育中发挥着重要的功能,是探究植物的生长规律、揭示细胞周期与生长调节之间的关键基因。

小黑杨转录因子PsnbZIP1应答盐胁迫功能分析

为揭示小黑杨(Populus simonii×P. nigra)在面对非生物胁迫时,转录因子PsnbZIP1在植物体内发挥的功能,以小黑杨为试验材料,克隆得到PsnbZIP1的ORF区序列长为432 bp,并初步分析PsnbZIP1盐胁迫下的分子机制。采用q-PCR分析PsnbZIP1在150 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl处理小黑杨组培苗时的表达模式,发现该基因的表达量快速上升;通过生物信息学分析预测PsnbZIP1转录因子为无跨膜结构且具有信号肽的亲水性不稳定蛋白;用农杆菌(Agrobacterium)介导的烟草(Nicotiana)瞬时表达观察该基因的亚细胞定位情况,结果表明该基因为核定位蛋白;用酵母单杂交实验证明该基因编码的蛋白在酵母体内不具有转录激活功能。对PsnbZIP1基因的启动子序列进行分析,结果表明该启动子包含了生长素应答、脱落酸应答元件、光应答元件以及种子特异性调控的顺式作用调控元件,该基因可能在植物的生长发育与响应胁迫过程中发挥了重要作用;启动子还包括参与干旱诱导的MYB结合位点和MYBHv1结合位点,表明该基因有可能与一些干旱诱导相关MYB基因相互作用。

小黑杨转录因子PsnbHLH162基因在盐和低温胁迫下应答分析

为揭示小黑杨(Populus simonii×P. nigra)在面对非生物胁迫时,转录因子PsnbHLH162在植物体内发挥的作用,同时探究该基因在植物体内的信号转导过程,进而为未来获取优良的抗逆树种提供理论基础。以小黑杨为原材料,克隆获取PsnbHLH162基因,对目的基因和启动子进行生物信息学分析;之后用150 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl、4℃低温分别对野生型小黑杨进行胁迫处理,利用荧光定量PCR,分析基因响应非生物胁迫的功能。结果显示:PsnbHLH162 cDNA基因片段长537 bp,基因N端内含1个高度保守的HLH结构域。该基因表达蛋白是不含跨膜区域的稳定的亲水性蛋白,其定位在细胞核内且没有转录激活活性。启动子区域内含多种ABA应答、生长素应答、光应答和circadian元件,证实此基因参加非生物胁迫应答。荧光定量PCR结果表明在盐胁迫下,与茎、叶组织相比,基因在根组织的表达量最高;在低温胁迫下,与叶、根组织相比,基因在茎组织的表达量最高。发现野生植株内,PsnbHLH162能被盐、低温诱导表达。