Ion dynamics into different pore size distributions in supercapacitors under compression

Compressing supercapacitor(SCs)electrode is essential for improving the energy storage characteristics and minimizing ions’distance travel,faradaic reactions,and overall ohmic resistance.Studies comprising the ion dynamics in SC electrodes under compression are still rare.So,the ionic dynamics of five aqueous electrolytes in electrodes under compression were studied in this work for tracking electrochemical and structural changes under mechanical stress.A superionic state is formed when the electrode is compressed until the micropores match the dimensions with the electrolyte’s hydrated ion sizes,which increases the capacitance.If excessive compression is applied,the accessible pore regions decrease,and the capacitance drops.Hence,as the studied hydrated ions have different dimensions,the match between ion/pore sizes differs.To the LiOH and NaClO4electrolytes,increasing the pressure from 60 to 120 and 100 PSI raised the capacitance from 13.5 to 35.2 F g^(-1)and 30.9 to 39.0 F g^(-1),respectively.So,the KOH electrolyte with the lowest and LiCl with the biggest combination of hydrated ion size have their point of maximum capacitance(39.5 and 36.7F g^(-1))achieved at 140 and 80 PSI,respectively.To LiCl and KCl electrolytes,overcompression causes a drop in capacitance higher than 23%.

Estimation of Pore Size Distribution by CO_2 Adsorption and Its Application in Physical Activation of Precursors

The CO2 adsorption data may show more than one section in the Dubinin-Radushkevich-Kaganer(DRK) plot if samples had been over-activated. Each section in the plot represents a range of pore size. The whole DRK plot provided information on the pore size distribution(PSD) of a sample, which may be used to monitor the effect of activation conditions in activation processes.

Pore size distribution,their geometry and connectivity in deeply buried Paleogene Es1 sandstone reservoir,Nanpu Sag,East China

The study or pore characteristics is or great importance in reservoir evaluation,especially in deeply buried s andstone.It controls the storage mechanism and reservoir fluid properties of the permeable horizons.The first member of Eocene Shahejie Formation(Esl)sandstone is classified as feldspathic litharenite and lithic arkose.The present research investigates the pore characteristics and reservoir features of the deeply buried sandstone reservoir of Esl member of Shahejie Formation.The techniques including thin-section petrography,mercury injection capillary pressure(MICP),scanning electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscope images were used to demarcate the pores including primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular,intragranular,dissolution and fracture pores.Mercury injection test and routine core analysis were led to demarcate the pore network characteristics of the studied reservoir.Pore size and pore throat size distribution are acquired from mercury injection test.Porosity values range from 0.5%to 30%,and permeability ranges 0.006-7000 mD.Pore radii of coarse-grained sandstone and fine-grained sandstone range from 0.2 to>4μm and 1 nm to 1.60μm,respectively,by MICP analysis.The mineral composition also plays an important role in protecting the pores with pressure from failure.Fractured sandstone and coarse-grained sandstone consist of large and interconnected pores that enhance the reservoir porosity and permeability,whereas fine-grained sandstone and siltstone consist of numerous pores but not well interconnected,and so they consist of high porosity with low permeability.

Exploring the interconnectivity of biomimetic hierarchical porous Mg scaffolds for bone tissue engineering:Effects of pore size distribution on mechanical properties,degradation behavior and cell migration ability

Interconnectivity is the key characteristic of bone tissue engineering scaffold modulating cell migration,blood vessels invasion and transport of nutrient and waste.However,efforts and understanding of the interconnectivity of porous Mg is limited due to the diverse architectures of pore struts and pore size distribution of Mg scaffold systems.In this work,biomimetic hierarchical porous Mg scaffolds with tailored interconnectivity as well as pore size distribution were prepared by template replication of infiltration casting.Mg scaffold with better interconnectivity showed lower mechanical strength.Enlarging interconnected pores would enhance the interconnectivity of the whole scaffold and reduce the change of ion concentration,pH value and osmolality of the degradation microenvironment due to the lower specific surface area.Nevertheless,the degradation rates of five tested Mg scaffolds were no different because of the same geometry of strut unit.Direct cell culture and evaluation of cell density at both sides of four typical Mg scaffolds indicated that cell migration through hierarchical porous Mg scaffolds could be enhanced by not only bigger interconnected pore size but also larger main pore size.In summary,design of interconnectivity in terms of pore size distribution could regulate mechanical strength,microenvironment in cell culture condition and cell migration potential,and beyond that it shows great potential for personalized therapy which could facilitate the regeneration process.

A novel hybrid thermodynamic model for pore size distribution characterisation for shale

Scholars often see the gas adsorption technique as a straight-to-interpret technique and adopt the pore size distribution(PSD)given by the gas adsorption technique directly to interpret pore-structure-related issues.The oversimplification of interpreting shale PSD based on monogeometric thermodynamic models leads to apparent bias to the realistic pore network.This work aims at establishing a novel thermodynamic model for shale PSD interpretation.We simplified the pore space into two geometric types—cylinder-shaped and slit-shaped.Firstly,Low-temperature Nitrogen Adsorption data were analyzed utilizing two monogeometric models(cylindrical and slit)to generate PSD_(cyl).and PSD_(slit);Secondly,pore geometric segmentation was carried out using Watershed by flooding on typical SEM images to obtain the ratio of slit-shaped(∅_(s))and cylinder-shaped pores(∅_(c)).Combining the results of the two,we proposed a novel hybrid model.We performed pyrolysis,XRD,FE-SEM observation,quantitative comparison with the results obtained by the DFT model,and fractal analysis to discuss the validity of the obtained PSD_(Hybrid).The results showed that:the hybrid model proposed in this work could better reflect the real geometry of pore space and provide a more realistic PSD;compared with thermodynamic monogeometric models,PSD obtained from the hybrid model are closer to that from the DFT model,with an improvement in the deviation from the DFT model from 5.06%to 68.88%.The proposed hybrid model has essential application prospects for better interpretation of shale pore space.It is also worth noting that we suggest applying the proposed hybrid model for PSD analysis in the range of 5-100 nm.

Pore Size Distribution of High Performance Metakaolin Concrete

The Compressive strength, porosity and pore size distribution of high performance metakaolin (MK) concrete were investigated. Concretes containing 0,5% , 10% and 20% metakaolin were prepared at a water / cementitious material ratio ( W/C) of 0. 30. In parallel, concrete mixtures with the replacement of cement by 20% fly ash or 5 and 10% silica fume were prepared for comparison. The specimens were cured in water at 27℃ for 3 to 90 days. The results show that at the early age of curing (3 days and 7 days), metakaolin replacements increase the compressive strength, but silica fume replacement slightly reduces the compressive strength. At the age of and after 28 days , the compressive strength of the concrete with metakaolin and silica fume replacement increases. A strong reduction in the total porosity and average pore diameter were observed in the concrete with MK 20% and 10% in the first 7 days.

Influence of Superplasticizer Type and Dosage on Early-age Drying Shrinkage of Cement Paste with Consideration of Pore Size Distribution and Water Loss

We introduced a parameter r_s(the radius of the pores where the meniscus forms),which is composed of two factors,i e,water loss and cumulative pore size distribution(PSD),to provide a better explanation of the influence of superplasticizers(SPs)on early-age drying shrinkage.In our experiments,it is found that the addition of three types of SPs leads to a significant increase in the early-age drying shrinkage of cement paste,and drying shrinkage increases with the dosage of SPs.Based on the results above,we further studied the mechanism of the effects of SPs on the early-age drying shrinkage of cement paste by PSD and water loss,which are two components of r_s.The experimental results indicate that r_s can be a better index for the early-age drying shrinkage of cement-based materials with SPs than a single factor.In addition,the effects of SPs on other factors such as hydration degree and elastic modulus were also investigated and discussed.

Insight into fouling behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)hollow fiber membranes caused by dextran with different pore size distributions

Membrane fouling is the key problem that occurs in membrane process for water treatment. However, how membrane microstructure influences the fouling behavior is still not clear. In this study, fouling behavior caused by dextran was deeply and systematically investigated by employing four poly（vinylidene fluoride） （PVDF） membranes with different pore sizes, ranging from 24 to 94 nm. The extent of fouling by dextran was accurately characterized by pore reduction, flux decline, and the change of critical flux. The result shows that membrane with the smallest pore size of 24 nm experienced the smallest fouling rate and the lowest fouling extent. As the membrane pore size increased, the critical flux ranges were 105-114, 63-73, 38-44 and 34- 43 L. m 2. h t, respectively. The critical flux and fouling resistances indicated that the fouling propensity in- creases with the increase of membrane pore size. Two pilot membrane modules with mean pore size of 25 nm and 60 nm were applied in membrane filtration of surface water treatment. The results showed that serious ir- reversible membrane fouling occurred on the membrane with pore size of 60 nm at the permeate flux of 40.5 L.m 2.h 1. On the other hand, membrane with pore size of 25 nm exhibited much better anti-fouling per- formance when permeate flux was set to 40.5, 48 and 60 L-m 2-h- 1.

Pore Size Distribution and Its Quantitative Relationship with Strength of Corundum Based Castables

A series of corundum based castables with 0,2%,4%,6%,and 8% α-Al2O3 micropowders were prepared using tabular alumina aggregates （6-3,3-1 and ≤1 mm） and fines （≤0.088 and ≤0.045 mm）,calcium aluminate cement,and α-Al2O3 micropowders （d50=1.754 μm） as starting materials. Cold mechanical strength and pore size distribution of the castables specimens after heat treatment at 110,1 100 and 1 500 ℃ were tested,respectively. The quantitative relationship between strength and apparent porosity,and that between strength and median pore diameter were verified by Atzeni equation. The correlation between interval of pore size and mechanical strength of specimens was also studied by means of gray relational theory. The results show that：（1） the pore size distribution of castables is strongly influenced by both micropowders filling and matrix sintering; the addition of micropowders decreases median pore diameter while the sintering process increases it; （2） when adding a constant correction term,Atzeni equation can substantially describe the quantitative relationship between median pore diameter and strength of castables specimens after heat treatment at the same temperature; the significant differences of the gray relational degree between the interval of pore size and castables strength are characterized; it is also found that for the same interval of pore size,the gray relational degree isaffected by the heat treatment temperature; the pore size interval 〈0.5 μm has the highest gray relational degree with the strength at 110-1 500 ℃.

Modeling Water Adsorption and Retention of Building Materials From Pore Size Distribution

Water adsorption and capillarity are key phenomena involved during heat and moisture transfer in porous building materials.They account for interaction between solid matrix,liquid water and moist air.They are considered through Water Vapor Adsorption Isotherm(WVAI)and Retention Curve(RC)functions which are constitutive laws characterizing water activity within a porous medium.The objective of this paper is to present a water vapor adsorption and retention models built from multimodal Pore Size Distribution Function(PSDF)and to see how its parameters modify moisture storage for hygroscopic and near saturation ranges.The microstructure of the porous medium is represented statistically by a bundle of tortuous parallel pores through its PSDF.Firstly,the influence of contact angle and temperature on storage properties were investigated.Secondly,a parametric study was performed to see the influence of the PSDF shape on storage properties.Three cases were studied considering the number of modalities,the weight of each modality and the dispersion around mean radius.Finally,as a validation,the proposed model for WVAI were compared to existing model from literature showing a good agreement.This study showed that the proposed models are capable to reproduce various shapes of storage functions.It also highlighted the link between microstructure and adsorption-retention phenomena.

Simulation of the pore size distribution function for a deformable soil

In order to obtain an indirect estimation method of the pore size distribution function(PSDF)for a deformable soil,both the soil-water characteristic curve in the form of gravimetric water content(w-SWCC)and the shrinkage curve(SC)are used as the input parameters.The w-SWCC defines the relationship between the gravimetric water content and soil suction.The SC illustrates the variation of the void ratio with respect to different water contents.10 points in the w-SWCC were selected as initial conditions.By adopting different void ratios,a group of soil-water characteristic curve in the form of the degree of saturation(S-SWCC)can be obtained.Based on Kelvin's capillary law,the S-SWCCs can be converted into a group of PSDFs.In the group of PSDFs,each PSDF represents the geometric pore space in soil corresponding to a given void ratio.From the proposed methodology,it is observed that a bimodal PSDF can be gradually changed into a unimodal PSDF when the soil is compressed.The Chataignier clay is selected as the verification and it shows that the simulation results agree well with the measured results from the mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)test.In addition,the discrepancies between both direct measurement data using the MIP test and the indirect estimated results from the proposed method are also discussed.

Mechanical properties of porous titanium with different distributions of pore size

To satisfy the mechanical and biological requirement of porous bone substitutes, porous Ti with two different pore sizes designed in advance was fabricated by the space-holder sintering process. Mechanical properties of the porous Ti were explored via room temperature compressive tests. The pore sizes and shapes are uniform throughout the specimens with porosities ranging from 36% to 63%. The compression strength and the elastic modulus are in the range from 94.05 to 468.57 MPa and 2.662 to 18 GPa, respectively. It is worth noting that the relationship between the compressive strength and the porosities is completely linear relation beyond the effect of pore size distributions on the mechanical properties. The value of the constant C achieved from the Gibson-Ashby model suggests that the pore sizes affect the yield strength of the porous Ti and the values of density exponent （n） for porous Ti with two different pore sizes are higher than 2, which suggests that the deformation mode of the porous Ti with a porosity ranging from 36% to 63% is mainly buckling of the cell struts.

An effective thermal conductivity model for unsaturated compacted bentonites with consideration of bimodal shape of pore size distribution

An effective thermal conductivity model was proposed for unsaturated compacted bentonites with consideration of the bimodal shape of pore size distribution curves. The pores of soils were grouped into two dominant pore size modes corresponding to the intra- and inter-particle pores, and were simulated with randomly distributed spheroidal inclusions of different aspect ratios. With the assumption of preferential invasion of the wetting fluid （water） into pores of smaller sizes and by virtue of the analyt- ical solution to the inhomogeneous inclusion problem in heat conduction, the model was developed using the Mori-Tanaka （MT）, Ponte Castafieda-Willis （PCW） and self-consistent （SC） homogenization approaches for different considerations of the interactions between pores and the solid phase. The proposed model is functions of the thermal conductivities of the solid, liq- uid and gas phases, porosity, the degree of saturation, the aspect ratios of pores and/or soil particles, and the fraction of the smaller group of pores. The proposed model was validated against five sets of laboratory measurement data on the MX-80, FEBEX, KunigeI-V1 and GMZ01 bentonites, showing a good agreement between the model predictions and the laboratory measurements. The responses of the model with respect to the geometries of pores and solid particles were examined. Com- pared to series-parallel structural models, the proposed model may overall exhibit better performance if proper homogenization schemes are adopted, but as an advantage, the model has clearer physical mechanisms and a smaller number of parameters.

The influence of pore size distribution on thermal conductivity,permeability, and phase change behavior of hierarchical porous materials

Porous foams have been widely employed to improve heat storage rate and prevent leakage of phase change materials(PCMs).Actual porous foams have non-uniform or hierarchical pore size distribution, which is usually neglected in most researches.Here, we establish hierarchical porous models considering different pore size distributions by using Voronoi tessellations. Effects of pore size distribution on thermal conductivity, permeability, and phase change behavior of hierarchical porous foams/PCMs composites are investigated. Uneven pore size distributions are found to decrease the thermal conductivity of porous foams to some extent. On the other hand, the permeability can be reduced by 27.6%, and the heat storage rate can be improved by 7.7% by introducing moderate hierarchy without changing the total porosity. This work opens a new route to enhance heat storage performance of PCMs via leveraging hierarchy of pore size distribution of porous foams.

Pore size distribution of high volatile bituminous coal of the southern Junggar Basin: a full-scale characterization applying multiple methods

Studying on the pore size distribution of coal is vital for determining reasonable coalbed methane development strategies.The coalbed methane project is in progress in the southern Junggar Basin of northwestern China,where high volatile bituminous coal is reserved.In this study,with the purpose of accurately characterizing the full-scale pore size distribution of the high volatile bituminous coal of the southern Junggar Basin,two grouped coal samples were applied for mercury intrusion porosimetry,low-temperature nitrogen adsorption,low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,rate-controlled mercury penetration,scanning electron microscopy,and nano-CT measurements.A comprehensive pore size distribution was proposed by combining the corrected mercury intrusion porosimetry data and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption data.The relationship between transverse relaxation time(T2,ms)and the pore diameter was determined by comparing the T2 spectrum with the comprehensive pore size distribution.The macro-pore and throat size distributions derived from nano-CT and rate-controlled mercury penetration were distinguishingly analyzed.The results showed that:1)comprehensive pore size distribution analysis can be regarded as an accurate method to characterize the pore size distribution of high volatile bituminous coal;2)for the high volatile bituminous coal of the southern Junggar Basin,the meso-pore volume was the greatest,followed by the transition pore volume or macro-pore volume,and the micro-pore volume was the lowest;3)the relationship between T2 and the pore diameter varied for different samples,even for samples with close maturities;4)the throat size distribution derived from nano-CT was close to that derived from rate-controlled mercury penetration,while the macro-pore size distributions derived from those two methods were very different.This work can deepen the knowledge of the pore size distribution characterization techniques of coal and provide new insight for accurate pore size distribution characterization of high volatile bituminous coal.

A Mathematical Model to Study the Effect of Pore Sizes Distribution on Densification Process in Ceramic Compacts

In this research the effect of pore size distribution on densification process during sintering of ceramic compacts is studied by assuming a Gaussian distribution of the pore sizes and depending on a mathematical model that was developed in a previous research in describing the densification process.

Pore throat structure heterogeneity and its effect on gas-phase seepage capacity in tight sandstone reservoirs:A case study from the Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin

The microscopic heterogeneity of pore-throat structures in tight sandstone is a crucial parameter for understanding the transport mechanism of fluid flow.In this work,we firstly developed the new procedure to characterize the pore size distribution(PSD)and throat size distribution(TSD)by combining the nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),cast thin section(CTS),and constant-rate mercury injection(CRMI)tests,and used the permeability estimated model to verify the full-scale PSD and TSD.Then,we respectively analyzed the fractal feature of the pore and throat,and characterized the heterogeneity of pores and throats.Finally,we elaborated the effect of the pore and throat heterogeneity on the gas-phase seepage capacity base on the analysis of the simple capillary tube model and gas-flooding experiment.The results showed that(1)The PSD and TSD of the tight sandstone sample ranged from 0.01 to 10 mm and from 0.1 to 57 mm,respectively,mainly contributed by the micropores and mesopores.Meanwhile,the permeability estimated by the PSD and TSD was consistent with the experimental permeability,and relative error was lower than 8%.(2)The PSD and TSD exhibited multifractal characteristics,and singularity strength range,Δα,could be used as the indicator for characterizing the heterogeneity of pore and throat.Furthermore,the throat of the sample showed stronger heterogeneity than that the pore.(3)The throats played an important role for the fluid transport in the tight sandstone,and the effect of the throat heterogeneity on the gas-phase seepage capacity was different under the lower and higher injection pressure.The macropores and micropores maybe respectively become the preferential migration pathways at the lower and higher injection pressure.In the end,the identification plate was established in our paper,and could be described the relationship among the throat heterogeneity,injection pressure,permeability and flow path of the gas phase in the tight sandstone.

Size Determination of Ultramicropores and Small Mesopores Using a Calculation Procedure Based on the Tangents of Comparison Plot

Pore size distribution（PSD） curves of synthesized hollow silica spheres with ultrmicropores and small mesopores were obtained from calculations based on the BJH,KJS,SF,MP,NLDFT models and Prof.Zhu＇s method.Comparisons indicate that Zhu＇s method not only gives reasonable small mesopore size but also could be further extended to the ultramicropores region for the PSD evaluation.

Air-entrained Concrete： Relationship between Thermal Conductivity and Pore Distribution Analyzed by X-Ray Tomography

The thermal conductivity values of ordinary concrete can be adjusted to those prescribed in constructions by entraining air bubbles to reduce the density of concrete in order to achieve good thermal insulation. This paper concerns the analysis of air bubble distribution in concrete obtained by micro X-ray μCT （computed tomography） and correlates it with its thermal conductivity （k）. The samples were prepared of ordinary concrete varying the density by air-entraining additives, ranging between 2,277 kg/m3 and 1,779 kg/m3, aiming to correlate the mechanical properties and k with the characteristics of the bubble distribution. The results show that air-entrainment leads to viable use of this material as sealer to achieve good thermal insulation, and it can be adjusted, but there seems to be a limit to air entraining. By analysis of the μCT images, it was possible to correlate the more quantity of bubbles of smaller diameter with the minor k, in dry or wet state, and to prove that there is a limit in the entrapped air content, and if it is exceeded, the coalescence occurs.

Effect of seepage-induced erosion on soil macropore structure

Internal erosion is one of the important factors causing geological disasters.The microstructure of soil can change with seepage erosion,resulting in changes in the hydraulic and mechanical properties of the soil.The evolution of seepage erosion is investigated with X-ray computed tomography(CT)in this study.The change in macropore structure characteristics during the seepage erosion test is quantified and the influence of seepage erosion on soil deformation is analyzed.Moreover,a pore network model(PNM)is established for the specimens and the evolution of the connected pore size characteristics is assessed.The results show that the macropore structure is significantly affected by seepage erosion,especially in terms of the porosity and pore geometry characteristics.The changes in macropore structure characteristics are most obvious in the lower part of the specimen.The influence of seepage erosion on the pore size distribution(PSD)and soil deformation is heterogeneous and closely dependent on the spatial location of the soil.Moreover,seepage erosion enhances macropore connectivity and has a directional impact on macropore orientation.These findings can provide a reference for the theoretical modeling and numerical simulation of the seepage erosion and improve the understanding of the seepage erosion evolution in engineering practice.