Alterations in the gut microbiome after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with hepatitis B virus-related portal hypertension

BACKGROUND Gut microbiota(GM)affects the progression and response to treatment in liver diseases.The GM composition is diverse and associated with different etiologies of liver diseases.Notably,alterations in GM alterations are observed in patients with portal hypertension(PH)secondary to cirrhosis,with hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection being a major cause of cirrhosis in China.Thus,understanding the role of GM alterations in patients with HBV infection-related PH is essential.AIM To evaluate GM alterations in patients with HBV-related PH after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)placement.METHODS This was a prospective,observational clinical study.There were 30 patients(with a 100%technical success rate)recruited in the present study.Patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding due to HBV infection-associated PH who underwent TIPS were enrolled.Stool samples were obtained before and one month after TIPS treatment,and GM was analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing.RESULTS One month after TIPS placement,8 patients developed hepatic encephalopathy(HE)and were assigned to the HE group;the other 22 patients were assigned to the non-HE group.There was no substantial disparity in the abundance of GM at the phylum level between the two groups,regardless of TIPS treatment(all,P>0.05).However,following TIPS placement,the following results were observed:(1)The abundance of Haemophilus and Eggerthella increased,whereas that of Anaerostipes,Dialister,Butyricicoccus,and Oscillospira declined in the HE group;(2)The richness of Eggerthella,Streptococcus,and Bilophila increased,whereas that of Roseburia and Ruminococcus decreased in the non-HE group;and(3)Members from the pathogenic genus Morganella appeared in the HE group but not in the non-HE group.CONCLUSION Intestinal microbiota-related synergism may predict the risk of HE following TIPS placement in patients with HBVrelated PH.Prophylactic microbiome therapies may be useful for preventing and treating HE after TIPS placement.

Spleen volume is associated with overt hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with portal hypertension

BACKGROUND Portal shunt and immune status related to the spleen are related to the occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy(HE).It is unknown whether spleen volume before transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)is related to postoperative HE.AIM To investigate the relationship between spleen volume and the occurrence of HE.METHODS This study included 135 patients with liver cirrhosis who underwent TIPS,and liver and spleen volumes were elevated upon computed tomography imaging.The Kaplan-Meier curve was used to compare the difference in the incidence rate of HE among patients with different spleen volumes.Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to identify the factors affecting overt HE(OHE).Restricted cubic spline was used to examine the shapes of the dose-response association between spleen volumes and OHE risk.RESULTS The results showed that 37(27.2%)of 135 patients experienced OHE during a 1-year follow-up period.Compared with preoperative spleen volume(901.30±471.90 cm3),there was a significant decrease in spleen volume after TIPS(697.60±281.0 cm^(3))in OHE patients.As the severity of OHE increased,the spleen volume significantly decreased(P<0.05).Compared with patients with a spleen volume≥782.4 cm^(3),those with a spleen volume<782.4 cm^(3) had a higher incidence of HE(P<0.05).Cox regression analysis showed that spleen volume was an independent risk factor for post-TIPS OHE(hazard ratio=0.494,P<0.05).Restricted cubic spline model showed that with an increasing spleen volume,OHE risk showed an initial increase and then decrease(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Spleen volume is related to the occurrence of OHE after TIPS.Preoperative spleen volume is an independent risk factor for post-TIPS OHE.

Portal hypertension exacerbates intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunt and further induces refractory hepatic encephalopathy: A case report

BACKGROUND Intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunt(IPSVS)is a rare hepatic disease with different clinical manifestations.Most IPSVS patients with mild shunts are asymptomatic,while the patients with severe shunts present complications such as hepatic encephalopathy.For patients with portal hypertension accompanied by intrahepatic shunt,portal hypertension may lead to hemodynamic changes that may result in exacerbated portal shunt and increased shunt flow.CASE SUMMARY A 57-year-old man,with the medical history of chronic hepatitis B and liver cirrhosis,was admitted to our hospital with abnormal behavior for 10 mo.He had received the esophageal varices ligation and entecavir therapy 1 year ago.Comparing with former examination results,the degree of esophageal varices was significantly reduced,while the right branch of the portal vein was significantly expanded and tortuous.Meanwhile,abdominal ultrasound presented the right posterior branch of portal vein connected with the retrohepatic inferior vena cava.The imaging findings indicated the diagnosis of IPSVS and hepatic encephalopathy.Instead of radiologic interventions or surgical therapies,this patient had only accepted symptomatic treatment.No recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy was observed during 1-year follow-up.CONCLUSION Hemodynamic changes may exacerbate intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.The intervention or surgery should be carefully applied to patients with severe portal hypertension due to the risk of hemorrhage.

Prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy during the perioperative period of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)is an established procedure for treating the complications of portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis.While the pathogenesis of postoperative TIPS-related hepatic encephalopathy(HE)has yet to be fully understood,intraoperative portosystemic shunts may provide a pathological basis for the occurrence of postope-rative HE in patients with liver cirrhosis.Studies at home and abroad have expressed mixed opinions about TIPSrelated HE.This study presents a literature review on the risk factors for and prevention and treatment of perioperative TIPS-related HE in patients with liver cirrhosis,aiming to optimize the procedure and reduce the incidence of postoperative HE.

Computed tomography perfusion in differentiating portal hypertension: A correlation study with hepatic venous pressure gradient

BACKGROUND Hepatic venous pressure gradient(HVPG)is the gold standard for diagnosis of portal hypertension(PH),invasiveness and potential risks in the process of measurement limited its widespread use.AIM To investigate the correlation of computed tomography(CT)perfusion parameters with HVPG in PH,and quantitatively assess the blood supply changes in liver and spleen parenchyma before and after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS).METHODS Twenty-four PH related gastrointestinal bleeding patients were recruited in this study,and all patients were performed perfusion CT before and after TIPS surgery within 2 wk.Quantitative parameters of CT perfusion,including liver blood volume(LBV),liver blood flow(LBF),hepatic arterial fraction(HAF),spleen blood volume(SBV)and spleen blood flow(SBF),were measured and compared before and after TIPS,and the quantitative parameters between clinically significant PH(CSPH)and non-CSPH(NCSPH)group were also compared.Then the correlation of CT perfusion parameters with HVPG were analyzed,with statistical significance as P<0.05.RESULTS For all 24 PH patients after TIPS,CT perfusion parameters demonstrated decreased LBV, increased HAF, SBV and SBF, with no statistical difference in LBF. Compared withNCSPH, CSPH showed higher HAF, with no difference in other CT perfusion parameters. HAFbefore TIPS showed positive correlation with HVPG (r = 0.530, P = 0.008), while no correlation wasfound in other CT perfusion parameters with HVPG and Child-Pugh scores.CONCLUSIONHAF, an index of CT perfusion, was positive correlation with HVPG, and higher in CSPH thanNCSPH before TIPS. While increased HAF, SBF and SBV, and decreased LBV, were found afterTIPS, which accommodates a potential non-invasive imaging tool for evaluation of PH.

Targeted puncture of left branch of intrahepatic portal vein in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt to reduce hepatic encephalopathy

BACKGROUND Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS) is currently used for the treatment of complications of portal hypertension. The incidence of hepatic encephalopathy(HE) remains a problem in TIPS placement. It has been reported that the right branch mainly receives superior mesenteric venous blood while the left branch mainly receives blood from the splenic vein. We hypothesized that targeted puncture of the left portal vein would divert the non-nutritive blood from the splenic vein into the TIPS shunt; therefore, targeted puncture of the left branch of the intrahepatic portal vein during TIPS may reduce the risk of HE.AIM To evaluate the influence of targeted puncture of left branch of portal vein in TIPS on HE.METHODS A retrospective analysis of 1244 patients with portal-hypertension-related complications of refractory ascites or variceal bleeding who underwent TIPS from January 2000 to January 2013 was performed. Patients were divided into group A(targeting left branch of portal vein, n = 937) and group B(targeting right branch of portal vein, n = 307). TIPS-related HE and clinical outcomes were analyzed.RESULTS The symptoms of ascites and variceal bleeding disappeared within a short time.By the endpoint of follow-up, recurrent bleeding and ascites did not differ significantly between groups A and B(P = 0.278, P = 0.561, respectively).Incidence of HE differed significantly between groups A and B at 1 mo(14.94% vs36.80%, χ~2 = 4.839, P = 0.028), 3 mo(12.48% vs 34.20%, χ~2 = 5.054, P = 0.025), 6 mo(10.03% vs 32.24%, χ~2 = 6.560, P = 0.010), 9 mo(9.17% vs 31.27%, χ~2 = 5.357, P =0.021), and 12 mo(8.21% vs 28.01, χ~2 = 3.848, P = 0.051). There were no significant differences between groups A and B at 3 years(6.61% vs 7.16%, χ~2 = 1.204, P =0.272) and 5 years(5.01% vs 6.18%, χ~2 = 0.072, P = 0.562). The total survival rate did not differ between groups A and B(χ~2 = 0.226, P = 0.634, log-rank test).CONCLUSION Targeted puncture of the left branch of the intrahepatic portal vein during TIPS may reduce the risk of HE but has no direct influence on prognosis of portalhypertension-related complications.

Passive expansion of sub-maximally dilated transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and assessment of clinical outcomes

AIM To assess for passive expansion of sub-maximally dilated transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts(TIPS) and compare outcomes with maximally dilated TIPS.METHODS Polytetrafluoroethylene covered TIPS(Viatorr) from July 2002 to December 2013 were retrospectively reviewed at two hospitals in a single institution. Two hundred and thirty patients had TIPS maximally dilated to 10 mm(m TIPS), while 43 patients who were at increased risk for hepatic encephalopathy(HE), based on clinical evaluation or low pre-TIPS portosystemic gradient(PSG), had 10 mm TIPS sub-maximally dilated to 8 mm(sm TIPS). Group characteristics(age, gender, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, post-TIPS PSG and clinical outcomes were compared between groups, including clinical success(ascites or varices), primary patency,primary assisted patency, and severe post-TIPS HE. A subset of fourteen patients with sm TIPS underwent follow-up computed tomography imaging after TIPS creation, and were grouped based on time of imaging(< 6 mo and > 6 mo). Change in diameter and crosssectional area were measured with 3D imaging software to evaluate for passive expansion.RESULTS Patient characteristics were similar between the sm TIPS and m TIPS groups, except for pre-TIPS portosystemic gradient, which was lower in the sm TIPS group(19.4 mm Hg ± 6.8 vs 22.4 mm Hg ± 7.1, P = 0.01). Primary patency and primary assisted patency between sm TIPS and m TIPS was not significantly different(P = 0.64 and 0.55, respectively). Four of the 55 patients(7%) with sm TIPS required TIPS reduction for severe refractory HE, while this occurred in 6 of the 218 patients(3%) with m TIPS(P = 0.12). For the 14 patients with follow-up computed tomography(CT) imaging, the median imaging follow-up was 373 d. There was an increase in median TIPS diameter, median percent diameter change, median area, and median percent area change in patients with CT follow-up greater than 6 mo after TIPS placement compared to follow-up within 6 mo(8.45 mm, 5.58%, 56.04 mm^2, and 11.48%, respectively, P = 0.01).CONCLUSION Passive expansion of sm TIPS does occur but clinical outcomes of sm TIPS and m TIPS were similar. Sub-maximal dilation can prevent complications related to overshunting in select patients.

Clinical efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt created through left or right branches of the portal vein:A meta-analysis

Background and aim:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)is a technique successfully used to treat portal hypertension and its complications.However,the choice of the branch,left(L)or right(R),of the portal vein resulting in a better outcome is still under debate.Therefore,this meta-analysis aims to evaluate which branch has a better curative effect on patients treated with TIPS.Methods:PubMed,EMBASE,Web of science,Cochrane Library databases,Wanfang database and CBM were used for our search in October 2019 and updated in June 2021.The following parameters were used in evaluation:overall mortality,hepatic encephalopathy,shunt dysfunction,variceal rebleeding and rate of postoperative ascites.Results:There were seven studies included.The sample size was 1940.A lower risk of mortality was observed in TIPS-L-treated patients compared with TIPS-R-treated ones(OR=0.65,95%CI=0.50-0.85,p=0.002).A lower risk of shunt dysfunction was observed in TIPS-L-treated patients compared with TIPS-R-treated ones(OR=0.53,95%CI=0.33-0.87,p=0.01).And the TIPS-L group had a significantly higher hepatic encephalopathy-free rate than the TIPS-R group(OR=0.59,95%CI=0.44-0.78,p=0.0002).However,the rate of rebleeding(OR=0.75,95%CI=0.55-1.03,p=0.07)and incidence of postoperative ascites(OR=1.14,95%CI=0.86-1.51,p=0.38)was not statistically significant between the two groups.Conclusions:Based on the currently available evidence,the technique of TIPS through the left branch of the portal vein can significantly reduce the occurrence of overall postoperative mortality,hepatic encephalopathy and shunt dysfunction.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt for medically refractory hepatic hydrothorax:A systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis

AIM:To assess the effectiveness of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt(TIPSS) in refractory hepatic hydrothorax(RHH) in a systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis.METHODS:A comprehensive literature search was conducted on MEDLINE,EMBASE,and Pub Med covering the period from January 1970 to August 2014.Two authors independently selected and abstracted data from eligible studies.Data were summarized using a random-effects model.Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test.RESULTS:Six studies involving a total of 198 patients were included in the analysis.The mean(SD) age of patients was 56(1.8) years.Most patients(56.9%) had Child-Turcott-Pugh class C disease.The mean duration of follow-up was 10 mo(range,5.7-16 mo).Response to TIPSS was complete in 55.8%(95%CI:44.7%-66.9%),partial in 17.6%(95%CI:10.9%-24.2%),and absent in 21.2%(95%CI:14.2%-28.3%).The mean change in hepatic venous pressure gradient post-TIPSS was 12.7 mm Hg.The incidence of TIPSS-related encephalopathy was 11.7%(95%CI:6.3%-17.2%),and the 45-d mortality was 17.7%(95%CI:11.34%-24.13%).CONCLUSION:TIPSS is associated with a clinically relevant response in RHH.TIPSS should be considered early in these patients,given its poor prognosis.

Advancing hepatic recompensation:Baveno VII criteria and therapeutic innovations in liver cirrhosis management

The Baveno VII criteria redefine the management of decompensated liver cirrhosis,introducing the concept of hepatic recompensation marking a significant departure from the conventional view of irreversible decline.Central to this concept is addressing the underlying cause of cirrhosis through tailored therapies,including antivirals and lifestyle modifications.Studies on alcohol,hepatitis C virus,and hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis demonstrate the efficacy of these interventions in improving liver function and patient outcomes.Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)emerges as a promising intervention,effectively resolving complications of portal hypertension and facilitating recompensation.However,optimal timing and patient selection for TIPS remain unresolved.Despite challenges,TIPS offers renewed hope for hepatic recompensation,marking a significant advancement in cirrhosis management.Further research is needed to refine its implementation and maximize its benefits.In conclusion,TIPS stands as a promising avenue for improving hepatic function and patient outcomes in decompensated liver cirrhosis within the framework of the Baveno VII criteria.

Selection of a TIPS stent for management of portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis: An evidence-based review

Nowadays,transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)has become a mainstay treatment option for the management of portal hypertension-related complications in liver cirrhosis.Accumulated evidence has shown that its indications are being gradually expanded.Notwithstanding,less attention has been paid for the selection of an appropriate stent during a TIPS procedure.Herein,we attempt to review the current evidence regarding the diameter,type,brand,and position of TIPS stents.Several following recommendations may be considered in the clinical practice:(1)a 10-mm stent may be more effective than an 8-mm stent for the management of portal hypertension,and may be superior to a 12-mm stent for the improvement of survival and shunt patency;(2)covered stents are superior to bare stents for reducing the development of shunt dysfunction;(3)if available,Viatorr stent-grafts may be recommended due to a higher rate of shunt patency;and(4)the placement of a TIPS stent in the left portal vein branch may be more reasonable for decreasingthe development of hepatic encephalopathy.However,given relatively low quality of evidence,prospective well-designed studies should be warranted to further confirm these recommendations.

不同方式联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌合并上消化道出血的临床疗效

目的比较经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic shunt TIPS)、内镜治疗及药物治疗3种不同方式联合经肝动脉化疗栓塞术(transhepatic arterial chemoembolization TACE)对原发性肝癌合并门静脉高压、上消化道出血的临床疗效。方法纳入2014年1月至2020年6月联勤保障部队第九八〇医院原发性肝癌合并门静脉高压、上消化道出血患者105例,根据治疗方式分为TIPS联合TACE组25例,内镜联合TACE组30例,药物联合TACE组50例。比较3种不同治疗方式联合TACE治疗肝癌合并上消化道出血的临床疗效、出血复发率、肝性脑病发生率及生存率。结果3组患者治疗后6、12和24个月出血复发率差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。TIPS组患者治疗前门静脉压力为(38.47±9.35)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),治疗后为(25.24±5.68)mmHg,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后3组患者血红蛋白均不同程度升高,TIPS组及内镜组优于药物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TIPS组术后6、12和24个月出血复发率低于内镜组及药物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);12个月和24个月出血复发率低于内镜组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);内镜组12个月及24个月出血复发率低于药物组(P<0.05),两组6个月内出血复发率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。TIPS组6个月和12个月肝性脑病发生率高于内镜组及药物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),内镜组与药物组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组患者24个月肝性脑病发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。TIPS组与内镜组6个月病死率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组均低于药物组,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);TIPS组12个月及24个月病死率低于内镜组及药物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);内镜组与药物组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论TIPS联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌合并上消化道出血可降低上消化道出血复发率,有效控制肿瘤进展,延长生存期。

消化内镜序贯TIPS在肝硬化急性食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血中的应用研究

目的评估内镜序贯经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)治疗肝硬化急性食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血(EGVB)的安全性及有效性。方法将2019年9月—2021年3月接受内镜序贯TIPS治疗的肝硬化急性EGVB 31例作为内镜序贯TIPS组,将接受单纯内镜序贯治疗的46例作为内镜序贯组。观察内镜序贯TIPS组门静脉压力梯度变化情况,比较2组静脉曲张改善程度及肝功能变化,术后1、3、6、12个月再出血率及肝性脑病发生率,随访结束后分析2组生存情况。结果内镜序贯TIPS组术后门静脉压力梯度低于术前(P<0.01)。内镜序贯TIPS组术后丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)术后1个月高于其他时点(P<0.05),术后3个月开始下降;内镜序贯TIPS组术后血清胆红素升高,术后3个月直接胆红素(DBIL)和间接胆红素(IBIL)升至高峰,术后6个月逐渐下降(P<0.05)。内镜序贯组术后3、7 d ALT、AST较术前降低,ALB较术前升高(P<0.05);术后1个月总胆红素(TBIL)水平低于术前(P<0.05);术后7 d及术后1、3个月DBIL低于术前(P<0.05)。2组术后静脉曲张根除率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。内镜序贯TIPS组术后6、12个月再出血率低于内镜序贯组(P<0.01);2组术后肝性脑病发生率及术后1年生存率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论TIPS可降低门静脉压力,静脉曲张根除率与内镜序贯治疗相当,但可有效降低再出血率,而并不降低生存率且不增加肝性脑病发生率。内镜序贯TIPS治疗肝硬化EVGB安全有效。

TIPS术治疗的肝硬化患者肝性脊髓病临床特征及其影响因素分析

目的观察经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)治疗的肝硬化并发门静脉脉高压症患者术后肝性脊髓病(HM)的临床特征,并分析HM发病的危险因素。方法2017年4月~2022年10月我院收治的526例接受过TIPS治疗的肝硬化并发门静脉高压症患者,随访记录术后HM发生情况,应用二元Logistic回归模型分析影响TIPS术后HM发生的危险因素。结果在TIPS术后中位随访28(7~72)个月,发生HM者41例(7.8%),其中男性33例,女性8例,发病年龄为50(40,71)岁;并发肝性脑病(HE)34例(82.9%)、门静脉血栓13例(31.7%)、食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血6例(14.6%);脊髓功能受损表现为肌力下降31例(75.6%,腱反射亢进21例(51.2%)、肌张力增高23例(56.1%)、病理征阳性22例(53.7%)、主观下肢麻木2例(4.9%)、肛门括约肌功能障碍1例(2.4%);死亡23例;绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,HM患者1 a和3 a累积生存率分别为82.9%和58.5%;随机选择82例未发生HM患者为对照,结果HM组年龄和MELD评分分别为(50.9±12.9)岁和(11.3±2.6)分,显著高于对照组【分别为(47.0±11.3)岁和(10.1±2.1)分,P<0.05】,HM组男性、脾切除术、发生HE、PT延长和血氨升高占比分别为80.5%、26.8%、82.9%、51.2%和92.2%,显著高于非HM组的61.0%、12.2%、47.6%、31.7%和67.1%(P<0.05);二元多因素Logistic回归分析显示男性(OR=2.250,95%CI:1.654~3.735)、脾切除术(OR=1.840,95%CI:1.120~2.298)、血氨升高(OR=1.122,95%CI:1.054~1.605)和发生HE(OR=3.442,95%CI:2.248~6.779)是影响TIPS术后发生HM的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论肝硬化门静脉脉高压患者在接受TIPS术后有发生HM的风险,主要见于男性,了解风险因素并予以干预是今后研究的重点。

经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术降低门静脉高压对外周免疫细胞的影响及免疫变化与肝性脑病的关系

目的本研究旨在分析经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS)降低门静脉高压对外周免疫细胞的影响及免疫变化与肝性脑病的关系。方法收集2020年10月—2022年10月在解放军总医院第五医学中心行TIPS治疗的39例肝硬化患者的临床资料,包括TIPS术前、术后1周及术后12周的实验室检查结果,以及肝性脑病的发生情况,分析外周免疫细胞的变化情况及其与肝性脑病的相关性。结果与基线相比,TIPS术后1周,白细胞(white blood cell,WBC)、中性粒细胞绝对值(absolute neutrophil cell,ANC)、单核细胞绝对值(absolute monocytes cell,AMC)、CD8+T细胞水平均升高,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);术后12周,WBC、CD8+T细胞、T淋巴细胞水平均升高,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。单因素Logistic回归分析表明,年龄≥57岁(P=0.020)、TIPS术后1周丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)≥1 ULN(正常上限值)(P=0.041)、TIPS前中度贫血(P=0.083)和TIPS术后1周ANC<1 ULN(P=0.051)可能是肝性脑病发生的危险因素。将上述因素纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示年龄≥57岁(OR=8.333,95%CI:1.474~47.114)、TIPS术后1周ALT≥1 ULN(OR=7.433,95%CI:1.257~43.949)是肝性脑病发生的风险因素,TIPS术后1周ANC<1 ULN(OR=0.140,95%CI:0.025~0.987)是肝性脑病发生的保护因素。使用受试者工作特征(receiver operatingcharacteristic,ROC)曲线评估预测准确性,结果提示TIPS术后1周ANC<1 ULN的ROC曲线下面积为0.835(95%CI:0.695~0.974,P=0.000),提示具有较显著的预测价值。结论WBC、CD8+T细胞水平在TIPS术后1周及12周增加;ANC、AMC水平在TIPS术后1周增加,术后12周恢复。中性粒细胞绝对值的早期变化可以预测肝性脑病的发生。

门静脉高压症:经颈静脉肝内门体分流术的合理应用及其相关并发症的预防和处理

肝硬化是引起门静脉高压最主要的原因,而门静脉高压可引起一系列严重的临床表现[1].肝静脉压力梯度(hepatic venous pressure gradient;HVPG)是诊断门静脉高压的金标准;HVPG≥10 mmHg提示临床显著门静脉高压[2].经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS)通过在肝静脉与门静脉之间的肝实质内建立分流道,以微创的方法,从结构上显著降低门静脉阻力,是介入治疗门静脉高压有效的措施之一.Richter于1989年首次将TIPS成功应用于临床[3].目前,TIPS已广泛地用于治疗肝硬化门静脉高压所致的食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血、顽固性胸腹水和肝肾综合征等.TIP S术的并发症发生率高,在操作过程中并发症主要是胆道出血和腹腔出血,而术后常见的并发症为肝性脑病、肝功能损伤、支架阻塞等[4].因此,临床医师需要对TIPS术有一个全面的了解,严格掌握适应证,预防和减少常见并发症的发生.

采用Fluency、Viatorr覆膜支架行TIPS治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化门静脉高压的临床分析

目的 回顾Fluency、Viatorr覆膜支架行颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)治疗乙肝肝硬化并发门静脉高压症患者的临床资料,比较两者的临床疗效及转归。方法 选取2015年6月—2021年1月北海市人民医院收治并采用Fluency、Viatorr覆膜支架行TIPS治疗的乙肝肝硬化并发门静脉高压症患者110例。其中,男性77例,女性33例,年龄37~74岁。根据支架类型分为Fluency组、Viatorr组,分别有77例和33例。比较两组患者一般资料、支架狭窄、支架闭塞及再次施行TIPS手术间隔时间及TIPS治疗前后门静脉压力,随访后比较两组患者并发症、病死原因。结果 患者中临床症状为门静脉高压症引起上消化道出血95例(86.4%)、顽固性腹水15例(13.6%)。治疗结束后,110例患者中26例(23.6%)出现支架狭窄、23例出现闭塞(20.9%)。其中Fluency组肝静脉端15例(19.5%)、门静脉端血栓形成8例(10.4%)、肝静脉端6例(7.8%)、门静脉端迂曲打折5例(6.5%);Viatorr组肝静脉端3例(9.1%)、门静脉端血栓形成1例(3.0%)、肝静脉端迂曲打折1例(3.0%)。Viatorr组支架狭窄率、支架闭塞率低于Fluency组(P <0.05)。Viatorr组再次施行TIPS手术间隔时间长于Fluency组(P <0.05)。Fluency组、Viatorr组TIPS治疗前门静脉压力均高于治疗后(P <0.05)。随访6~17个月,患者TIPS治疗后常见并发症包括恶心和呕吐17例(15.5%)、穿刺部位出血10例(9.1%)、暂时性呼吸窘迫和心动过速4例(3.6%)、腹腔内出血3例(2.7%)及胆道出血1例(0.9%)。随访期间病死患者15例(13.6%),其中肝衰竭9例(8.2%)、严重肝性脑病4例(3.6%)及复发性曲张静脉出血2例(1.8%)。两组并发症、病死原因比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 采用Viatorr支架行TIPS治疗支架狭窄或闭塞发生率较低,不过Fluency、Viatorr支架近期疗效、并发症无明显差异,还需进一步探究。

中医延续性护理联合常规疗法干预肝硬化门静脉高压症经颈静脉肝内门体分流术后临床研究

目的:观察中医延续性护理联合常规疗法干预肝硬化门静脉高压症经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)后出院患者的效果。方法:将66例肝硬化门静脉高压症行TIPS治疗的出院患者随机分为对照组及观察组,每组33例。对照组实施常规治疗和常规护理措施,观察组实施常规治疗和中医延续性护理,2组均干预6个月。统计患者出院后1个月、3个月及6个月的再入院率,出院后6个月内的肝性脑病发生率、复诊依从性及对护理措施的满意度。结果:观察组出院后1个月、3个月、6个月的再入院率均低于对照组(P<0.05)。出院后6个月内,观察组肝性脑病发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组合作型患者的比例高于对照组,畏惧型患者的比例低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组对护理措施的特别满意率高于对照组(P<0.05);2组总满意率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:在常规疗法基础上实施中医延续性护理,可提升肝硬化门静脉高压症TIPS术后患者的自我管理能力,有效降低再入院率及肝性脑病发生率,提高患者的复诊依从性及对中医护理的满意度。

DSA图像叠加技术辅助肝动脉标记在TIPS术中的应用

目的:探讨数字减影血管造影(DSA)图像叠加技术辅助肝动脉标记引导在经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS)中门静脉穿刺的应用效果。方法:回顾性分析在我院行TIPS术的患者,并分为超声引导组(超声引导TIPS门静脉穿刺)及新技术组(DSA图像叠加技术辅助肝动脉标记引导TIPS门静脉穿刺)。比较2组门-体分流道穿刺时间、穿刺次数、手术时间以及相关临床指标。结果:48例患者纳人该研究。与超声引导组相比,新技术组的穿刺时间(P<0.001)及手术时间(P=0.018)均明显降低。2组患者术后的天冬氨酸转氨酶、B型脑钠肽及门静脉压力均明显降低。新技术组患者术后的总胆红素(P=0.004)、丙氨酸转氨酶(P=0.022)明显降低。结论:DSA图像叠加技术辅助肝动脉标记能够很好的引导TIPS穿刺门静脉,缩短穿刺及手术时间。

肝静脉压力梯度对肝移植受者术前评估及预后预测的价值

肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)是诊断门静脉高压的“金标准”,可用于肝硬化的评估,与终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分系统联合应用能更精准地匹配肝硬化肝移植供受者,选择合适的手术时机,并为患者在等待肝移植期间的桥接治疗提供指导。除此之外,HVPG也能预测肝移植受者的预后,并为可能出现的并发症提供早发现、早干预的依据。因此,本文通过对HVPG在肝移植受者术前评估及预后预测的价值进行综述,以期为临床肝移植受者术前和术后的诊疗提供指导。