Restoration of Road Landscape Space on Campus:A Case Study of Tianjin University

In order to study the restoration of road landscape space,subjective evaluation method was adopted to visually evaluate different road spaces in Tianjin University with college students as the research objects.Using random block design,9 plots were quantitatively studied by Perceived Restorativeness Scale(PRS)from four dimensions:alienation,compatibility,richness and attractiveness.The results show that gray space has the worst restorative effect in the dimension of alienation,and can not bring people the feeling of being away from daily trivialities;in terms of compatibility dimension,green and blue spaces have better restorative effects;richness dimension has no obvious influence on the restoration of plots;in terms of attraction dimension,blue space has strong restorative ability and can easily attract people’s attention,while gray space has low attraction.There are differences in environmental restoration among different types of road space,and gray space,blue space and green space show weak,strong,and relatively stable restorative effects,respectively.

Problems in Ecological Landscape and Traffic Safety of Urban Roads

This study mainly analyzed problems in ecological landscape and traffic safety of urban roads, and in view of these problems, proposed the design concepts, principles and focuses of urban road eco-landscape ensuring traffic safety.

Discussion on Theme-based Design of Road Landscape in Scenic Area——A Case Study of Five Dragon Temple Cultural Park in Yingcheng City

The combination of ornamental function and recreational function should be taken into account in road landscape design of scenic area.The theme characteristic should be highlighted by designing techniques.Roads in scenic area should be used to lead tourists' behavior according to people's behavioral psychology.With Five Dragon Temple Cultural Park as case study,starting from its geographic location and establishment concept,the paper had extracted design theme of Five Dragon Temple Cultural Park.Profound religious cultural connotation had been given to the cultural park with Chinese traditional religion and "Five Elements" theory as the inspiration.It designed five main roads with different colors which represented five elements covering "gold,wood,water,fire and earth".Different scenic areas had been linked together by five man roads,forming a road landscape pattern of "meeting of five dragons".Then,flowering plants had been collocated along the five roads which were Vatica astrotricha,Punica granatum,Prunus serrulata,Morus alba and Osmanthus fragrans,creating theme-based road landscape not only representing religious significance but also corresponding with "Five Elements" theory.

Study on Road Landscape Design in Scenic Areas

Based on surveys of road landscape in scenic areas of China,the present situation was analyzed and the basic principles for road landscape design in scenic areas were put forward.

Road construction and landscape fragmentation in China

The landscape fragmentation caused by road construction has many direct and indirect impacts on wildlife and ecosystems. By using the GIS and statistic software of fragmentation computation, a comprehensive index, road-induced landscape fragmentation index (RLFI), is proposed to quantify the degree of landscape fragmentation resulting from different levels of road constructions. The results show that road-induced fragmentation index in China ranges from 0.987 to 3.357, with a mean of 1.846 in 2002. The regional differences of landscape fragmentation are obvious and scoring sequence is: North China (2.65) > East China (2.62) > Central China (2.60) > South China (2.51) > Southwest China (2.34) > Northeast China (2.19) > Inner Mongolia (1.88) > Northwest China (1.67) > Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (1.65). The anisotropic analysis indicates that the variation of fragmentation index in east-west direction is larger than that in south-north direction.

Road Impacts on Spatial Patterns of Land Use and Landscape Fragmentation in Three Parallel Rivers Region,Yunnan Province,China

The structure and function of network is a central issue in landscape ecology.Road networks with hierarchical structure are crucial for understanding landscape dynamics.In this study,we compared the distribution of national road,provincial road,county road and rural road in the Three Parallel Rivers Region(TPRR)in Yunnan Province of China,and estimated the effect of roads(and other factors)on the spatial patterns of land use and land cover with logistic regression.In addition,we analyzed the land use and land cover change(LUCC)and landscape fragmentation in 1989–2005 along a buffer zone of the primary traffic corridor,national road G214.The results showed that,county and rural roads had much higher percentage of length extending into more natural habitats at higher elevation and steeper slope,compared with the higher level roads in this region.While the distributions of natural land cover types were dominated by environmental factors,human land use types i.e.,building land and farmland types were significantly related with roads,linking more closely with lower level roads.The LUCC dynamics(1989–2005)of the G214 buffer zone showed a general trend of land transformation from conifer forests and valley arid shrubs to building land and farmland,and from ice and snow to alpine shrubs and forests.With the length of G214 unchanged during the time,the overall landscape pattern changed little in the buffer zone,but habitat fragmentation and area decrease had occurred for the natural vegetation types,in contrast to patch mergence and expansion of human land use types,and landscape fragmentation was intensified above 2500 m a.s.l.but declined below the elevation.The results indicated the dynamics of landscape composition and patch type level distribution in spite of the stability of the overall landscape pattern,and implied the potential role of roads,especially the low level roads on landscape changes.

Landscape Network Approach to Assess Ecological Impacts of Road Projects on Biological Conservation

Awareness of the adverse ecological effects of road and other large construction projects has resulted in a rapidly growing demand to quantitatively predict and evaluate the effects on gene flow among plants and animals in natural habitats.In this study,we evaluated the effects of different road construction scenarios on animal species movement by using the methods of ecological landscape connectivity in the typical regions of Yunnan Province,China.The results showed landscape connectivity levels(Probability of Connectivity(PC))decreased after road construction and species with lower dispersal abilities were more affected to the subsequent habitat fragmentation.First level roads affected landscape connectivity most significantly.At a distance of 100 m,the PC index decreased more than 50%.Further analysis suggested that the use of landscape connectivity to assess landscape processes revealed the adverse effects on the species movement more effectively compared with the traditional landscape pattern analysis.In addition,we conducted a graph theory and a least-cost modeling discussion,it is obvious that they are powerful tools to represent and analyze landscape networks with respect to related species movement.Network analysis offers a quantitative and simple but effective tool for ecological process assessment and biological conservation on large scales.

Road Centrality and Landscape Spatial Patterns in Wuhan Metropolitan Area,China

Road network is a corridor system that interacts with surrounding landscapes,and understanding their interaction helps to develop an optimal plan for sustainable transportation and land use.This study investigates the relationships between road centrality and landscape patterns in the Wuhan Metropolitan Area,China.The densities of centrality measures,including closeness,betweenness,and straightness,are calculated by kernel density estimation(KDE).The landscape patterns are characterized by four landscape metrics,including percentage of landscape(PLAND),Shannon′s diversity index(SHDI),mean patch size(MPS),and mean shape index(MSI).Spearman rank correlation analysis is then used to quantify their relationships at both landscape and class levels.The results show that the centrality measures can reflect the hierarchy of road network as they associate with road grade.Further analysis exhibit that as centrality densities increase,the whole landscape becomes more fragmented and regular.At the class level,the forest gradually decreases and becomes fragmented,while the construction land increases and turns to more compact.Therefore,these findings indicate that the ability and potential applications of centrality densities estimated by KDE in quantifying the relationships between roads and landscapes,can provide detailed information and valuable guidance for transportation and land-use planning as well as a new insight into ecological effects of roads.

Selection and Evaluation of Road Landscape Trees in Binzhou University

Several quantitative and qualitative indexes were selected for road landscaping in universities, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to construct an evaluation system for the selection of road landscaping trees for universities. Such an evaluation system was also used to objectively and comprehensively appraise present ornamental tree species in Binzhou University, and select species fit for its road landscaping, plant furnishings in Binzhou University were also analyzed.

Landscape Design of East Dukang Road in Baishui County of Shaanxi Province Based on Regional Cultures

Components of urban road landscapes and regional cultures in the urban road landscape designs were analyzed. In view of the crisis that cities are confronting with, that is, lack of regional cultural features, landscape design for East Dukang Road in Baishui County, Shaanxi Province was taken for example, cultural background of the county, general situation and design orientation of the project, guiding concepts, overall designs and nodal layouts were elaborated, so as to explore the reasonable utilization of regional cultures in urban road landscape designs. Moreover, regional cultures were taken as an important foundation for landscape design, and its useful "genes" are available for creating road landscapes with features of regional cultures so as to demonstrate the individuality and characteristics of the city in a better way.

Road Landscape Design in Newly-Developed Urban Districts——Using the City-West Harbor District of Jiujiang City as a Case Study

Problems existing in the road landscape design of newly-developed urban districts in China were analyzed,and improvement strategies proposed.By taking the City-West Harbor District in Jiujiang City for an example,road landscape designs for such newly-developed urban districts were further studied.

Microclimate Regulation of Urban Road Landscapes and PM 2.5 Control Measures

This paper proposed through systematic analysis that road tail gas is an important source of PM2.5,and elaborated the infl uence of urban road space forms and road landscapes on urban microclimate,on the basis of which gave corresponding landscape design suggestions for PM2.5 control.

Landscape fragmentation associated with the Qingzang Highway and its influencing factors-A comparison study on road sections and buffers

Many studies have examined the effect of roads on landscape fragmentation.Yet they rarely considered local characteristics of the road and road buffer widths.Therefore,this study that took place in the Qingzang Highway(QH)examined the variations in road buffers and road sections of landscape fragmentation.The QH was divided into 32 sections with 23 buffer areas.Based on the indicators of landscape fragmentation from 1980 to 2018,we found significant spatial heterogeneity between sections and buffers.Generally,landscape fragmentation de-creased with increasing buffer distance to the QH.For different sections,the coefficients of variation between buffers were rather high and significantly different.Therefore,fixed-width buffers may overestimate or underes-timate the spatial scope and influence intensity of a road.The impacts of road sections around provincial capitals,prefecture-level cities and main counties on landscape fragmentation were relatively extensive and formed clus-ters of highly fragmented areas.Geodetector results indicated that natural and anthropogenic factors,such as altitude,climate,distance to major settlements and socioeconomic conditions,could well explain the spatiotem-poral characteristics of landscape fragmentation.Altitude,precipitation and the distance to major settlements had higher explanatory power for landscape fragmentation in permafrost regions,whereas slope and socioeconomic condition had higher explanatory power for non-permafrost regions in Xizang Autonomous Region.

Color Landscape Planning and Design of Urban Street Buildings:A Case Study of the Western Section of Zhongshan Road in Shenyang City

Through exploring color landscape planning and design of buildings in the western section of Zhongshan Road in Shenyang City, this paper proposed color landscape design methods adaptive to Chinese urban construction, concerning various tasks such as reasonable orientation of street building colors, effective control of street building colors, realization of regional characteristics and cultural connotations of urban colors via designs, so as to provide references and theoretical support for the future landscape design of urban streets.

Ecological Landscape Road Design

With the Traveling Road in Ma＇anshan as an example, natural and human-made plants are both used to create a four-dimensional space considering plant layers and colors. Besides, the relationships between landscape and eco-environment, input and output, and construction and maintenance should be well coordinated in order to make sure sustainable development of road afforestation. On the other hand, landscaping of the Road as a whole should be guaranteed by coordinating functional regions along roads to make sure benign evolvement of urban greening system. Finally, the principle of people first ensures road landscaping to better serve the city socially, culturally and economically. The central greenbelt combines rule and nature and match shrub and arbor to shape a linear landscape sequence in order to maximize road functions and ecological benefits and build ecological landscape-oriented roads.

Research on the Model of General Landscape Planning of City Road System

This paper analyses the overall landscape framework of city road system in ancient and modern China, using the ideal state terrain model which was fi rst recorded by the construction system of the Zhou Dynasty, and summarizes the ideal model of overall landscape framework of city road system, based on Chinese psychological needs of landscape, and conducts the applied research taking Nanchong in Sichuan, China for example.

Landscape Improvement Design of Mountainous Scenic Roads Under the Background of“All-for-one tourism”:A Case Study of Scenic Roads of Nanshan in Chongqing

"All-for-one tourism" emphasizes the transformation of tourism from the original single scenic spot service to "traveling on the road",and advocates the guiding destination service of integrating transportation and surrounding scenery sources.As the most abundant carrier of tourism environment,mountainous scenic spots are valued more by the development of natural tourism resources.In addition to the characteristics of scenic spots,how to use scenic roads to create a regional atmosphere has become a focus of tourism construction.Taking scenic roads of Nanshan in Chongqing as an example,this study analyzed the key points of road landscape upgrading under different construction levels,and put forward design strategies from the perspective of regional characteristics and regional cultural elements,so as to effectively enhance the regional landscape characteristics of the roads,with a view to providing reference for relevant planning and design.

Research on the road landscape evaluation system with the emphasis on the landscape ecology

As the idea of the sustainable development wins support among the people, people have already realized that not only should the road have the transportation function, but we also should consider the rationality of the road construction fi＇om the multiple angles of the landscape ecology, and the visual art and so on. From the point of view of the landscape ecology, combined with the characteristics of the landscape ecology and the overall targets and requirements of the evaluation, this article constructs a three-tier system of indicators, uses the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model based on the analytic hierarchy process to evaluate the road landscape, and makes an empirical analysis with the evaluation of the road landscape fi＇om the Luoshi Road to the East Lake Road in the Second Loop of Wuhan City as an example.

Key Points in the Supervision of Road Landscaping Project——A Case Study of the South 3^(rd) Ring Road in Yanta District of Xi'an City,China

Characteristics of road landscaping were analyzed,as a kind of "linear" landscaping,it could be classified into urban street landscaping,urban ring road and expressway landscaping.Differences between road landscaping projects and other garden landscaping projects or construction projects were analyzed.Landscaping project for the South 3rd Ring Road of Xi'an City(in Yanta District)was taken for an example to summarize construction experience,discuss present conditions and features of garden landscaping supervision in China.The artistic and physiological properties of garden landscaping,as well as the supervision during maintenance period were stressed,but it was also pointed out that garden landscaping supervision in China was actually not given sufficient attention.On this basis,key points in the supervision of road landscaping project were proposed:understanding design ideas,selection of landscape plants,quality control of concealed works,prevention and control of diseases and insects,construction safety management and overall image;only by effectively implementing these key points,a high-quality road landscaping project could be realized to improve the image of a city and beautify its environment.

Renovation of Road Landscaping in Old Downtown Areas of Mountainous Cities:A Case Study of Pengshui County,Chongqing Municipality

Current situation of road landscaping in old districts of mountainous cities was analyzed,renovation design principles and basis were proposed. Pengshui County in Chongqing was taken for example to explore renovation design methods,overall concepts and relevant contents of the road landscaping in old districts of mountainous cities,so as to provide references for the renovation design of road landscaping in old districts of modern mountainous cities.