Autophagy in plants: Physiological roles and post-translational regulation

In eukaryotes, autophagy helps maintain cellular homeostasis by degrading and recycling cytoplasmic materials via a tightly regulated pathway.Over the past few decades, significant progress has been made towards understanding the physiological functions and molecular regulation of autophagy in plant cells. Increasing evidence indicates that autophagy is essential for plant responses to several developmental and environmental cues, functioning in diverse processes such as senescence, male fertility, root meristem maintenance, responses to nutrient starvation,and biotic and abiotic stress. Recent studies have demonstrated that, similar to nonplant systems,the modulation of core proteins in the plant autophagy machinery by posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination,lipidation, S-sulfhydration, S-nitrosylation, and acetylation is widely involved in the initiation and progression of autophagy. Here, we provide an overview of the physiological roles and posttranslational regulation of autophagy in plants.

All Roads Lead to Auxin: Post-translational Regulation of Auxin Transport by Multiple Hormonal Pathways

Auxin is a key hormonal regulator,that governs plant growth and development in concert with other hormonal pathways.The unique feature of auxin is its polar,cell-to-cell transport that leads to the formation of local auxin maxima and gradients,which coordinate initiation and patterning of plant organs.The molecular machinery mediating polar auxin transport is one of the important points of interaction with other hormones.Multiple hormonal pathways converge at the regulation of auxin transport and form a regulatory network that integrates various developmental and environmental inputs to steer plant development.In this review,we discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms that underlie regulation of polar auxin transport by multiple hormonal pathways.Specifically,we focus on the post-translational mechanisms that contribute to fine-tuning of the abundance and polarity of auxin transporters at the plasma membrane and thereby enable rapid modification of the auxin flow to coordinate plant growth and development.

Compartmentalized regulation of organelle integrity in neurodegenerative diseases:lessons from the Drosophila motor neuron

Neurons are highly polarized,morphologically asymmetric,and functionally compartmentalized cells that contain long axons extending from the cell body.For this reason,their maintenance relies on spatiotemporal regulation of organelle distribution between the somatodendritic and axonal domains.Although some organelles,such as mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum,are widely distributed throughout the neuron,others are segregated to either the somatodendritic or axonal compartment.For example,Golgi outposts and acidified lysosomes are predominantly present in the somatodendritic domain and rarely distributed along the axon,whereas newly formed autophagosomes and synaptic vesicles are mainly distributed in the distal axon(Britt et al.,2016).

Doubly-Fed Pumped Storage Units Participation in Frequency Regulation Control Strategy for New Energy Power Systems Based on Model Predictive Control

Large-scale new energy grid connection leads to the weakening of the system frequency regulation capability,and the system frequency stability is facing unprecedented challenges.In order to solve rapid frequency fluctuation caused by new energy units,this paper proposes a new energy power system frequency regulation strategy with multiple units including the doubly-fed pumped storage unit(DFPSU).Firstly,based on the model predictive control(MPC)theory,the state space equations are established by considering the operating characteristics of the units and the dynamic behavior of the system;secondly,the proportional-differential control link is introduced to minimize the frequency deviation to further optimize the frequency modulation(FM)output of the DFPSU and inhibit the rapid fluctuation of the frequency;lastly,it is verified on theMatlab/Simulink simulation platform,and the results show that the model predictive control with proportional-differential control link can further release the FM potential of the DFPSU,increase the depth of its FM,effectively reduce the frequency deviation of the system and its rate of change,realize the optimization of the active output of the DFPSU and that of other units,and improve the frequency response capability of the system.

From metabolic regulation to kidney protection: β-arrestin 2 as a dual-function therapeutic target

We are deeply interested in the recent findings onβ-arrestin 2.Liu et al demonstrated thatβ-arrestin 2 knockout provides significant protection in diabetic nephropathy,underscoring its potential as a promising therapeutic target for diabetic nephropathy treatment.Furthermore,the role ofβ-arrestin 2 in metabolic regulation is equally critical,particularly in insulin signaling,hepatic glucose production,and adipose tissue function.Althoughβ-arrestin 2 plays a distinct role in metabolism and kidney protection,its tissue-specific regulation opens up valuable avenues for developing targeted therapeutic strategies centered onβ-arrestin 2.

Post-translational regulation of inflammasomes

Infiammasomes play essential roles in immune protection against microbial infections. However, excessive inflammation is implicated in various human diseases, including autoinflammatory syndromes, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, precise regulation of inflammasome activities is critical for adequate immune protection while limiting collateral tissue damage. In this review, we focus on the emerging roles of post-translational modifications （PTMs） that regulate activation of the NLRP3, NLRP1, NLRC4, AIM2 and IFI16 inflammasomes. We anticipate that these types of PTMs will be identified in other types of and less well-characterized inflammasomes. Because these highly diverse and versatile PTMs shape distinct inflammatory responses in response to infections and tissue damage, targeting the enzymes involved in these PTMs will undoubtedly offer opportunities for precise modulation of inflammasome activities under various pathophysiological conditions.

Post-translational Regulation of SPX Proteins for Coordinated Nutrient Signaling

Proteins containing an SPX domain are involved in numerous aspects of phosphate homeostasis and the response to phosphate deficiency.SPX4 is known to bind to the transcription factor PHR2 in the presenee of inositol polyphosphate,affecting its ability to activate the expression of phosphate-starvation-induced (PSI) genes.Plants have evolved mechanisms to coordinate the uptake and utilization of phosphate and nitrate.Two recent works (Hu et al.,2019;Ruan et al.,2019) have identified different E3 ubiquitin ligases that mediate the degradation of SPX4 under either phosphate-deficient conditions or nitrate-replete conditions.These studies highlight the potential of SPX proteins,E3 ubiquitin ligases,and inositol polyphosphate to regulate distinet nutrient signaling pathways in a coordinated fashion.

Phase separation and transcriptional regulation in cancer development

Liquid-liquid phase separation,a novel biochemical phenomenon,has been increasingly studied for its medical applications.It underlies the formation of membrane-less organelles and is involved in many cellular and biological processes.During transcriptional regulation,dynamic condensates are formed through interactions between transcriptional elements,such as transcription factors,coactivators,and mediators.Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation,but the precise mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis often remain to be elucidated.Emerging evidence has linked abnormal transcriptional condensates to several diseases,especially cancer,implying that phase separation plays an important role in tumorigenesis.Condensates formed by phase separation may have an effect on gene transcription in tumors.In the present review,we focus on the correlation between phase separation and transcriptional regulation,as well as how this phenomenon contributes to cancer development.

A short overview of the lead iodide residue impact and regulation strategies in perovskite solar cells

Lead iodide(PbI2) is a vital raw material for preparing perovskite solar cells(PSCs),and it not only takes part in forming the light absorption layer but also remains in the grain boundary as a passivator.In other words,the PbI2 content in the precursor and as formed film will affect the efficiency and stability of the PSCs.With moderate residual PbI2,it passivates the bulk/surface defects of perovskite,reduces the interfacial recombination,promotes the perovskite stability,minimizes the device hysteresis,and so on.Deficient PbI2 residue will reduce the interfacial passivation effect and device performance.In addition to facilitating the non-radiative recombination,over PbI2 residue can also lead to electronic insulation in the grain boundary and deteriorate the device performance.However,the impact and regulation of PbI2 residue on the device performance and stability is still not fully understood.Herein,a comprehensive and detailed review is presented by discussing the PbI2 residue impact and its regulation strategies(i.e., elimination,facilitation and conversion of the residue PbI2) to manipulate the PbI2 content,distribution and forms.Finally,we also show future outlooks in this field,with an aim to help further the progression of high-efficiency and stable PSCs.

Flexible bidirectional pulse charging regulation achieving long-life lithium-ion batteries

Typical application scenarios,such as vehicle to grid(V2G)and frequency regulation,have imposed significant long-life demands on lithium-ion batteries.Herein,we propose an advanced battery life-extension method employing bidirectional pulse charging(BPC)strategy.Unlike traditional constant current charging methods,BPC strategy not only achieves comparable charging speeds but also facilitates V2G frequency regulation simultaneously.It significantly enhances battery cycle ampere-hour throughput and demonstrates remarkable life extension capabilities.For this interesting conclusion,adopting model identification and postmortem characterization to reveal the life regulation mechanism of BPC:it mitigates battery capacity loss attributed to loss of lithium-ion inventory(LLI)in graphite anodes by intermittently regulating the overall battery voltage and anode potential using a negative charging current.Then,from the perspective of internal side reaction,the life extension mechanism is further revealed as inhibition of solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)and lithium dendrite growth by regulating voltage with a bidirectional pulse current,and a semi-empirical life degradation model combining SEI and lithium dendrite growth is developed for BPC scenarios health management,the model parameters are identified by genetic algorithm with the life simulation exhibiting an accuracy exceeding 99%.This finding indicates that under typical rate conditions,adaptable BPC strategies can extend the service life of LFP battery by approximately 123%.Consequently,the developed advanced BPC strategy offers innovative perspectives and insights for the development of long-life battery applications in the future.

Regulation of Lithium-Ion Flux by Nanotopology Lithiophilic Boron-Oxygen Dipole in Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Metal Batteries

Inhomogeneous lithium-ion(Li^(+))deposition is one of the most crucial problems,which severely deteriorates the performance of solid-state lithium metal batteries(LMBs).Herein,we discovered that covalent organic framework(COF-1)with periodically arranged boron-oxygen dipole lithiophilic sites could directionally guide Li^(+)even deposition in asymmetric solid polymer electrolytes.This in situ prepared 3D cross-linked network Poly(ACMO-MBA)hybrid electrolyte simultaneously delivers outstanding ionic conductivity(1.02×10^(-3)S cm^(-1)at 30°C)and excellent mechanical property(3.5 MPa).The defined nanosized channel in COF-1 selectively conducts Li^(+)increasing Li^(+)transference number to 0.67.Besides,The COF-1 layer and Poly(ACMO-MBA)also participate in forming a boron-rich and nitrogen-rich solid electrolyte interface to further improve the interfacial stability.The Li‖Li symmetric cell exhibits remarkable cyclic stability over 1000 h.The Li‖NCM523 full cell also delivers an outstanding lifespan over 400 cycles.Moreover,the Li‖LiFePO_(4)full cell stably cycles with a capacity retention of 85%after 500 cycles.the Li‖LiFePO_(4)pouch full exhibits excellent safety performance under pierced and cut conditions.This work thereby further broadens and complements the application of COF materials in polymer electrolyte for dendrite-free and high-energy-density solid-state LMBs.

Transcriptional regulation in the development and dysfunction of neocortical projection neurons

Glutamatergic projection neurons generate sophisticated excitatory circuits to integrate and transmit information among different cortical areas,and between the neocortex and other regions of the brain and spinal cord.Appropriate development of cortical projection neurons is regulated by certain essential events such as neural fate determination,proliferation,specification,differentiation,migration,survival,axonogenesis,and synaptogenesis.These processes are precisely regulated in a tempo-spatial manner by intrinsic factors,extrinsic signals,and neural activities.The generation of correct subtypes and precise connections of projection neurons is imperative not only to support the basic cortical functions(such as sensory information integration,motor coordination,and cognition)but also to prevent the onset and progression of neurodevelopmental disorders(such as intellectual disability,autism spectrum disorders,anxiety,and depression).This review mainly focuses on the recent progress of transcriptional regulations on the development and diversity of neocortical projection neurons and the clinical relevance of the failure of transcriptional modulations.

Contract Mechanism of Water Environment Regulation for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Based on Optimal Control Theory

The small and scattered enterprise pattern in the county economy has formed numerous sporadic pollution sources, hindering the centralized treatment of the water environment, increasing the cost and difficulty of treatment. How enterprises can make reasonable decisions on their water environment behavior based on the external environment and their own factors is of great significance for scientifically and effectively designing water environment regulation mechanisms. Based on optimal control theory, this study investigates the design of contractual mechanisms for water environmental regulation for small and medium-sized enterprises. The enterprise is regarded as an independent economic entity that can adopt optimal control strategies to maximize its own interests. Based on the participation of multiple subjects including the government, enterprises, and the public, an optimal control strategy model for enterprises under contractual water environmental regulation is constructed using optimal control theory, and a method for calculating the amount of unit pollutant penalties is derived. The water pollutant treatment cost data of a paper company is selected to conduct empirical numerical analysis on the model. The results show that the increase in the probability of government regulation and public participation, as well as the decrease in local government protection for enterprises, can achieve the same regulatory effect while reducing the number of administrative penalties per unit. Finally, the implementation process of contractual water environmental regulation for small and medium-sized enterprises is designed.

Dynamic regulation of the irrigation-nitrogen-biochar nexus for the synergy of yield,quality,carbon emission and resource use efficiency in tomato

Integrated water and fertilizer management is important for promoting sustainable development of facility agriculture,and biochar plays an important role in guaranteeing food production,as well as alleviating water shortages and the overuse of fertilizers.The field experiment had twelve treatments and a control(CK)trial including two irrigation amounts(I1,100%ETm;I2,60%ETm;where ETm is the maximum evapotranspiration),two nitrogen applications(N1,360 kg ha^(−1);N2,120 kg ha^(−1))and three biochar application levels(B1,60 t ha^(−1);B_(2),30 t ha^(−1)and B3,0 t ha^(−1)).A multi-objective synergistic irrigation-nitrogen-biochar application system for improving tomato yield,quality,water and nitrogen use efficiency,and greenhouse emissions was developed by integrating the techniques of experimentation and optimization.First,a coupled irrigation-nitrogen-biochar plot experiment was arranged.Then,tomato yield and fruit quality parameters were determined experimentally to establish the response relationships between irrigation-nitrogen-biochar dosage and yield,comprehensive quality of tomatoes(TCQ),irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE),partial factor productivity of nitrogen(PFPN),and net greenhouse gas emissions(NGE).Finally,a multi-objective dynamic optimization regulation model of irrigation-nitrogen-biochar resource allocation at different growth stages of tomato was constructed which was solved by the fuzzy programming method.The results showed that the application of irrigation and nitrogen to biochar promoted increase in yield,IWUE and PFPN,while it had an inhibitory effect on NGE.In addition,the optimal allocation amounts of water and fertilizer were different under different scenarios.The yield of the S1 scenario increased by 8.31%compared to the B_(1)I_(1)N_(2) treatment;TCQ of the S2 scenario increased by 5.14%compared to the B_(2)I_(2)N_(1) treatment;IWUE of the S3 scenario increased by 10.01%compared to the B1I2N2 treatment;PFPN of the S4 scenario increased by 9.35%compared to the B_(1)I_(1)N_(2) treatment;and NGE of the S5 scenario decreased by 11.23%compared to the B_(2)I1N1 treatment.The optimization model showed that the coordination of multiple objectives considering yield,TCQ,IWUE,PFPN,and NGE increased on average from 4.44 to 69.02%compared to each treatment when the irrigation-nitrogen-biochar dosage was 205.18 mm,186 kg ha^(−1)and 43.31 t ha^(−1),respectively.This study provides a guiding basis for the sustainable management of water and fertilizer in greenhouse tomato production under drip irrigation fertilization conditions.

Rice melatonin deficiency causes premature leaf senescence via DNA methylation regulation

In a study of DNA methylation changes in melatonin-deficient rice mutants,mutant plants showed premature leaf senescence during grain-filling and reduced grain yield.Melatonin deficiency led to transcriptional reprogramming,especially of genes involved in chlorophyll and carbon metabolism,redox regulation,and transcriptional regulation,during dark-induced leaf senescence.Hypomethylation of mCG and mCHG in the melatonin-deficient rice mutants was associated with the expression change of both protein-coding genes and transposable element-related genes.Changes in gene expression and DNA methylation in the melatonin-deficient mutants were compensated by exogenous application of melatonin.A decreased S-adenosyl-L-methionine level may have contributed to the DNA methylation variations in rice mutants of melatonin deficiency under dark conditions.

Effects of anions on the structural regulation of Zn‑salen‑modified metal‑organic cage

By virtue of a 3∶1 complementary coordination strategy,a chiral heteroleptic metal-organic cage that con-tains divergent functional units,Pd‑R(Zn),was precisely constructed via self-assembly of monodentate variational Zn-salen ligands RZn and NADH(reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)mimic modified tridentate ligands with square-planar Pd ions.UV-Vis and luminescence spectra experiments reveal that different anions could selec-tively interact with different sites of Zn-salen modified metal-organic cages to achieve the structural regulation of cage compound,by using the differentiated host-guest electrostatic interactions of counter ions with metal-organic hosts.Compared to other anions,the presence of chloride ions caused the most significant fluorescence emission enhancement of Pd‑R(Zn),meanwhile,the UV-Vis absorption band attributed to the salen aromatic backbone showed an absorption decrease,and the metal-to-ligand induced peak displayed a blue shift effect.Circular dichro-ism and ^(1)H NMR spectra further demonstrate that the introduction of chloride anions is beneficial to keeping a more rigid scaffold.

Research on the origin and evolution of technical management regulations for railway

Purpose–To facilitate technical managers and field workers to master and understand the provisions of Technical Management Regulations for Railway more accurately,so as to better serve the comprehensive revision of the Regulations,this paper carries out the research on the traceability and evolution of the provisions of the Regulations.Design/methodology/approach–This paper studies and analyzes the evolution of the 11th edition of the Regulations by analyzing the relevance of clauses and summarizes the historical background of the development of calendar editions of the Regulations.The basic research on the traceability and evolution of the Regulations is carried out from four aspects:the continuity of the development of the Regulations,the authority of contents,the relevance of clauses and the richness of historical materials.Findings–From the first edition of the Regulations issued by the former Ministry of Railways in 1950 to the 11th edition,there have been ten comprehensive revisions.There is a strong correlation and continuity between the calendar editions of the Regulations in terms of chapter structure and clauses.Studying the context of the terms of the Regulations is an important way to understand and master the current clauses of the Regulations.Originality/value–Through the research on the traceability and evolution of the clauses of the Regulations,one is to explore the context of the development of railway technical equipment in China,the other is to clarify the historical background when the provisions were formulated and the third is to trace the development and evolution of the provisions.The revision of the Regulations is based on an accurate grasp of the context of the provisions,which can effectively judge the possible security risks caused by the revision of the provisions and avoid the possible risks in field implementation from the source.

Investigation on mechanical properties regulation of rock-like specimens based on 3D printing and similarity quantification

3D printing is widely adopted to quickly produce rock mass models with complex structures in batches,improving the consistency and repeatability of physical modeling.It is necessary to regulate the mechanical properties of 3D-printed specimens to make them proportionally similar to natural rocks.This study investigates mechanical properties of 3D-printed rock analogues prepared by furan resin-bonded silica sand particles.The mechanical property regulation of 3D-printed specimens is realized through quantifying its similarity to sandstone,so that analogous deformation characteristics and failure mode are acquired.Considering similarity conversion,uniaxial compressive strength,cohesion and stress–strain relationship curve of 3D-printed specimen are similar to those of sandstone.In the study ranges,the strength of 3D-printed specimen is positively correlated with the additive content,negatively correlated with the sand particle size,and first increases then decreases with the increase of curing temperature.The regulation scheme with optimal similarity quantification index,that is the sand type of 70/140,additive content of 2.5‰and curing temperature of 81.6℃,is determined for preparing 3D-printed sandstone analogues and models.The effectiveness of mechanical property regulation is proved through uniaxial compression contrast tests.This study provides a reference for preparing rock-like specimens and engineering models using 3D printing technology.

Recent Progress and Regulation Strategies of Layered Materials as Cathode of Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)have shown great potential in the fields of wearable devices,consumer electronics,and electric vehicles due to their high level of safety,low cost,and multiple electron transfer.The layered cathode materials of ZIBs hold a stable structure during charge and discharge reactions owing to the ultrafast and straightforward(de)intercalation-type storage mechanism of Zn^(2+)ions in their tunable interlayer spacing and their abilities to accommodate other guest ions or molecules.Nevertheless,the challenges of inadequate energy density,dissolution of active materials,uncontrollable byproducts,increased internal pressure,and a large de-solvation penalty have been deemed an obstacle to the development of ZIBs.In this review,recent strategies on the structure regulation of layered materials for aqueous zinc-ion energy storage devices are systematically summarized.Finally,critical science challenges and future outlooks are proposed to guide and promote the development of advanced cathode materials for ZIBs.

Research on the Legal Framework of Content Regulations for Network Platforms

In the era of the Internet,various network platforms have evolved into new hubs for information dissemination.Currently,China has established a platform-centered content regulation framework,wherein platforms proactively enforce content regulations in accordance with legal censorship obligations.Additionally,platform policies and user agreements augment their authority in content regulation.The platforms can achieve cost-effective and highly efficient content regulation by leveraging their strategic advantages enabled by their own technical capabilities and extensive coverage.The platform self-regulation model,however,still faces challenges.First,accurately evaluating content remains a formidable task;second,ensuring effective platform publicity through self-regulation poses difficulties;third,users may potentially face disadvantages due to the platform’s right of self-regulation;and fourth,digital copyright owners face challenges when defending digital copyright disputes under the safe harbor rule.Therefore,it is imperative to establish,review,and revise the legal framework for content regulation of network platforms in order to enhance the efficiency of their governance systems.The formulation of the legal framework for content regulation of network platforms may encompass the following aspects:rationalizing obligations pertaining to platform content regulations,enhancing supervision over platform self-regulation,and establishing a dual-track responsibility system for digital copyright content regulation.This will ensure a harmonious balance among public interests,users’personal rights and interests,and commercial benefits through regulating the content on network platforms.