Study of post-arc residual plasma dissipation process of vacuum circuit breakers based on a 2D particle-in-cell model

In order to get an insight into residual plasma radial motion during the post-arc stage,a twodimensional(2D)cylindrical particle-in-cell(PIC)model is developed.Firstly,influences of a virtual boundary condition on the residual plasma motion are studied.For purpose of validating this 2D cylindrical particle-in-cell model,a comparison between one-dimensional particle-in-cell model is also presented in this paper.Then a study about the influences of the rising rate of transient recovery voltage on the residual plasma radial motion is presented on the basis of the 2D PIC model.

Effect of Spraying Condition and Material Properties on the Residual Stress in Plasma Spraying

The thermomechanical behavior and the distribution of residual stresses due to thermal spraying of NiCoCrAlY coating were studied by thermomechanical finite element analysis. The effects of phase transformation due to solidifying process of coating particles, thickness and material properties of coating on the residual stresses were discussed. Results showed that residual stress decreases little with the stress relaxation due to the phase transformation. For the substrates with the same thickness, the residual stress increases with the increase in coating thickness. The state of residual stresses relates to the material properties of coating and substrate closely. The stress-induced failure model of coating is also discussed.

Influence of dispersants on coal-water slurry prepared from the solid residue of plasma pyrolysis of coal

This work presents the influence of dispersants on coal-water slurry(CWS),which was prepared from the solid residue of plasma pyrolysis of coal.The effects of dispersant type,solid concentration,dispersant content,and temperature on the rheological properties of CWS are examined.A suitable empirical model regarding the relation between viscosity and temperature is proposed.Through the sedimentation experiment of CWS,dispersants are found to significantly promote the stability of CWS.

Effect of low-temperature plasma on the degradation of omethoate residue and quality of apple and spinach

Dielectric barrier corona discharge was developed to generate low-temperature plasma(LTP) to treat apple and spinach samples contaminated with omethoate. Experimental results showed that,after 20 min exposure, the degradation rate of omethoate residue in apple and spinach was(94.55± 0.01)% and(95.55 ± 0.01)%, respectively. When the treatment time was shorter than 20 min,the contents of moisture, vitamin C and beta-carotene were not affected by LTP. Exploration of related mechanisms suggested that LTP might destroy unsaturated double bonds of omethoate and produce phosphate ion, eventually leading to omethoate destruction. It is concluded that appropriate dosage of LTP can effectively degrade omethoate residue in fruits and vegetables without affecting their quality.

Significant suppression of residual nitrogen incorporation in diamond film with a novel susceptor geometry employed in MPCVD

This work proposed to change the structure of the sample susceptor of the microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition(MPCVD)reaction chamber,that is,to introduce a small hole in the center of the susceptor to study its suppression effect on the incorporation of residual nitrogen in the MPCVD diamond film.By using COMSOL multiphysics software simulation,the plasma characteristics and the concentration of chemical reactants in the cylindrical cavity of MPCVD system were studied,including electric field intensity,electron number density,electron temperature,the concentrations of atomic hydrogen,methyl,and nitrogenous substances,etc.After introducing a small hole in the center of the molybdenum support susceptor,we found that no significant changes were found in the center area of the plasma,but the electron state in the plasma changed greatly on the surface above the susceptor.The electron number density was reduced by about 40%,while the electron temperature was reduced by about 0.02 eV,and the concentration of atomic nitrogen was decreased by about an order of magnitude.Moreover,we found that if a specific lower microwave input power is used,and a susceptor structure without the small hole is introduced,the change results similar to those in the surface area of the susceptor will be obtained,but the spatial distribution of electromagnetic field and reactant concentration will be changed.

Origin,characteristics,and suppression of residual nitrogen in MPCVD diamond growth reactor

Unintentional nitrogen incorporation has been observed in a set of microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition(MPCVD)-grown samples.No abnormality has been detected on the apparatus especially the base pressure and feeding gas purity.By a comprehensive investigation including the analysis of the plasma composition,we found that a minor leakage of the system could be significantly magnified by the thermal effect,resulting in a considerable residual nitrogen in the diamond material.Moreover,the doping mechanism of leaked air is different to pure nitrogen doping.The dosage of several ppm of pure nitrogen can lead to efficient nitrogen incorporation in diamond,while at least thousands ppm of leaked air is required for detecting obvious residual nitrogen.The difference of the dosage has been ascribed to the suppression effect of oxygen that consumes nitrogen.As the unintentional impurity is basically detrimental to the controllable fabrication of diamond for electronic application,we have provided an effective way to suppress the residual nitrogen in a slightly leaked system by modifying the susceptor geometry.This study indicates that even if a normal base pressure can be reached,the nitrogen residing in the chamber can be“activated”by the thermal effect and thus be incorporated in diamond material grown by a MPCVD reactor.

低温等离子体技术在食品行业的应用研究进展

近年来,低温等离子体技术发展迅速,由于低温等离子体设备具有易安装、样品处理简单、绿色环保等性能优势,因此在食品工业领域越来越受到重视。该文在阐析低温等离子体技术的相关概念及分类的基础上,重点对低温等离子体在食品杀菌与贮存、降解真菌毒素与农药残留及菌藻诱变方面的应用进行阐述。以期为低温等离子体技术在食品行业的广泛应用提供参考。

基于破乳诱导萃取和ICP-MS/MS分析渣油中的微量金属元素

基于破乳诱导萃取提出利用电感耦合等离子体串联质谱(ICP-MS/MS)测定渣油中多种金属元素的新策略。渣油样品经二甲苯稀释降低黏度后采用质量分数6%的Triton X-114乳化,超声水浴破乳25 min,利用体积分数40%的盐酸萃取渣油中金属元素至水相,采用ICP-MS/MS测定其中10种金属元素Na、Mg、Al、Ca、V、Cr、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn的含量。详细评估了破乳诱导萃取条件对渣油中金属元素萃取效率的影响,在串联质谱(MS/MS)模式下,利用氦碰撞气或不同反应气消除了金属元素的质谱干扰,采用标准参考物质NIST SRM 1634c(燃油中的微量元素)验证了方法的准确性,以微波消解技术处理渣油样品并采用扇形磁场电感耦合等离子体质谱(SF-ICP-MS)进行对比分析验证了方法的可靠性。结果显示,金属元素在各自的含量范围内呈现良好的线性关系(线性相关系数≥0.9997),检出限(LOD)为2.05~31.4 ng/L,NIST SRM 1634c的测定结果与标准参考物质提供的认证值及文献报道的参考值基本一致,置信度水平达到95%,ICP-MS/MS方法与SF-ICP-MS的对比分析结果无显著性差异。所建立的ICP-MS/MS方法操作简单,分析速率快,准确可靠性好,已用于渣油中多种金属元素的质量评价。

ICP-MS法同时测定地表水中10种痕量金属元素

本文建立电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)同时测定地表水中10种痕量金属元素残留的方法。10种金属元素在1.00~80.0μg·L^(-1)浓度范围内具有较好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999,方法测定标准样品的结果均在保证值范围内,相对标准偏差均小于4%(n=6),样品加标回收率为87.8%~105.5%。本方法可同时进行多种金属元素的快速分析,检出限低,灵敏度高,测试结果准确,可用于地表水中铜、铅、镉、钼、铬等金属残留的分析。

能量配比对6 mm 7A52铝合金板材VPPA-MIG复合焊接残余应力分布的影响

VPPA-MIG复合焊接的热源由VPPA和MIG两种电弧热源混合而成,该焊接方法集合了MIG焊接效率高、参数区间宽以及VPPA焊接能量集中、穿透深度大等优点,能够实现不同厚度铝合金板材的高效率和高质量焊接。在铝合金板材VPPA-MIG复合焊接过程中,VPPA与MIG两种电弧不同能量配比会影响焊后接头的残余应力分布。以6 mm厚7A52铝合金板材为试验材料,设置VPPA电弧能量配比不同的焊接参数进行VPPA-MIG复合焊接试验,焊后采用钻孔法测试并分析了接头残余应力分布及峰值大小。结果表明,复合焊接接头的熔合区和热影响区出现拉应力,母材区出现压应力。在复合焊接热源总能量不变的情况下,残余应力峰值随VPPA电弧能量配比的增加而增大,且当VPPA电弧能量配比从35%增大至40%时,可以获得成形效果良好的复合焊缝,横向残余应力峰值不超过73 MPa,纵向残余应力峰值不超过232 MPa,不会出现过大的残余应力峰值。与单MIG焊接相比,VPPA-MIG复合焊的残余应力峰值比单MIG焊大,而高应力区要比单MIG焊窄。

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定真空精炼镁合金物料中铁、铜、镍

真空精炼是目前镁金属提纯的重要工艺,工艺原料及真空精炼提纯镁金属过程残留物中Fe、Cu、Ni含量的准确测定对工艺参数的优化及调整具有重要的指导作用。传统测定方法中以邻二氮杂菲分光光度法、新亚铜灵分光光度法、丁二酮肟分光光度法测定三种元素含量,结果准确,但操作繁琐,周期较长,难以满足工业生产中高效、快速测定的需要,且方法中所需的有机萃取剂对环境污染较大。选择电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定真空蒸馏精炼镁合金物料中Fe、Cu、Ni,系统探究溶解酸、溶解温度、溶解时间对物料溶解和测定的影响,选择盐酸(1+1)和过氧化氢溶解体系,200℃加热条件下反应20 min为最佳消解镁合金原料条件;选择王水溶解体系,200℃加热条件下反应25 min为真空精炼残留物最佳溶解条件。并探讨ICP-AES测定过程中各元素的检出限和测定下限以及共存元素的干扰情况,建立了ICP-AES法测定真空精炼提纯镁合金物料的方法。测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为Fe 5.9%~11.5%、Cu 2.6%~11.8%、Ni 3.4%~11.5%,各元素加标回收率为Fe 96.4%~102%、Cu 101%~108%、Ni 103%~105%;按照建立的方法测定镁合金原料、真空精炼残留物中的铁、铜、镍,并与国家标准方法测定结果进行对比,结果相一致。实现了ICP-AES法快速、准确测定真空蒸馏精炼镁合金物料中铁、铜、镍含量,对及时、高效、准确评估真空精炼提纯镁工艺及产品具有重要意义。

Integrated multi-omics reveals the relationship between growth performance,rumen microbes and metabolic status of Hu sheep with different residual feed intakes

Residual feed intake(RFI)is a metric that provides a more accurate measure of feed efficiency.The lower the RFI,the higher the feed efficiency.The changes in the host microbiome and metabolome contribute to the greater feed efficiency of low RFI(LRFI)animals.The aim of this study was to explore the differences in rumen microorganisms,rumen metabolites and plasma metabolites of Hu sheep with differing RFI through the microbiome and metabolome.A total of 80 Hu sheep were used.The experiment consisted of a 15-d pretrial period and a 128-d experimental period.The RFI in the experimental period was calculated for all sheep,and the sheep were screened into high RFI(HRFI,n=8)and LRFI(n=8)groups.The HRFI and LRFI sheep did not differ in their initial and final body weights,average daily gain and body measurements,but the dry matter intake of LRFI sheep was significantly decreased(28.4%,P<0.001).The sheep with LRFI had higher digestibility of crude protein(P=0.010)and ether extract(P=0.010)compared to HRFI group.The concentrations of acetate(P=0.036),propionate(P=0.010),valerate(P=0.027)and total volatile fatty acids(P=0.048)in rumen of LRFI group were higher compared to HRFI group.The results of 16S rDNA sequencing indicated that the sheep with LRFI had higher proportions of Prevotella genus in rumen liquid(P=0.031).The rumen metabolome and plasma metabolome results showed that the citrate cycle,pyruvate metabolism and alanine,aspartate and glutamate metabolism processes were more active for sheep in LRFI group,which provided more energy substrate such as malic acid,oxoglutaric acid and citric acid.In conclusion,sheep with LRFI can utilize feed more efficiently,and the more active energy metabolism pathway and the production of energy substances may account for the higher feed efficiency.

脐橙渣和甜叶菊渣微贮饲料对肉牛生长性能、血浆生化指标和粪便微生物多样性的影响

本试验旨在研究脐橙渣和甜叶菊渣微贮饲料对肉牛生长性能、血浆生化指标和粪便微生物多样性的影响。选取24头健康状况良好、体重相近的22月龄西门塔尔杂交牛,随机分成4组,每组6头牛。对照组饲喂含30%微贮稻草的试验饲粮,试验Ⅰ组饲喂含6.0%微贮稻草和24%微贮甜叶菊渣的试验饲粮,试验Ⅱ组饲喂含6.0%微贮稻草和24%微贮脐橙渣的试验饲粮,试验Ⅲ组饲喂含6.0%微贮稻草、12%微贮甜叶菊渣和12%微贮脐橙渣的试验饲粮。预试期1周,正试期11周。结果表明:1)试验Ⅲ组的平均日增重显著高于对照组和试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05),料重比显著低于对照组和试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。2)试验Ⅲ组的血浆谷氨酸(Glu)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PDH)含量显著高于对照组和试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05),血浆尿素氮(UN)和丙酮酸激酶(PK)含量显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。3)在门水平上,试验Ⅲ组的粪便变形菌门(Proteobacteria)相对丰度显著高于其他3组(P<0.05),粪便厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度显著低于其他3组(P<0.05)。在属水平上,试验Ⅲ组的粪便不动菌属(Acinetobacter)相对丰度显著高于其他3组(P<0.05),粪便UCG-005和另枝菌属(Alistipes)相对丰度显著低于其他3组(P<0.05),粪便理研菌科RC9肠道群(Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group)和UCG-010相对丰度显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。4)试验Ⅲ组的Faith_pd指数显著高于其他3组(P<0.05),Shannon指数和Simpson指数显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅲ组与对照组的Beta多样性有明显差异,并且对照组与其他3组在氨基酸代谢、能量代谢等功能方面有显著差异(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加脐橙渣和甜叶菊渣混合微贮饲料能提高肉牛生长性能,改善血浆生化指标,改变肉牛粪便微生物群落Alpha多样性和Beta多样性,调节肉牛肠道微生物的消化和吸收功能。

退火对304不锈钢电解质等离子体抛光的影响

这里主要研究了退火处理对电解质等离子体抛光304不锈钢表面粗糙度、材料去除率和残余应力的影响,从而为降低不锈钢工件表面粗糙度,提高表面性能提供依据。通过在不同温度下对304不锈钢样品进行真空退火处理,并在相同的实验条件下进行电解质等离子体抛光(电压、电流密度、电解液浓度、温度、加工时间),采用粗糙度测试仪、超景深光学显微镜、X射线应力分析仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对抛光前后样品的残余应力、粗糙度值、表面形貌、材料去除率、物相和组织变化进行了测试和表征,讨论了不同退火温度对电解质等离子体抛光304不锈钢样品表面粗糙度和残余应力的影响。结果表明电解质等离子体抛光不仅能有效降低304不锈钢样品的表面粗糙度和残余应力,且表现出了明显的晶粒取向分布。退火温度越高,电解质等离子体抛光后表面残余应力越小,材料去除率随着退火温度的升高而降低。电解质等离子体抛光过程中的热效应和组织转变是造成残余应力松弛的主要原因。

盐渍海蜇脱铝的研究

本文采用高效液相色谱串联电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)检测海蜇中铝残留量来判断不同脱铝剂、脱铝剂浓度、浸泡时间、浸泡温度和料液比下盐渍海蜇的脱铝效果。通过正交试验得到最优的脱铝条件参数,经实验验证,采用0.10 mol/L醋酸溶液,1∶6的料液比浸泡2.0 h可降低盐渍海蜇中铝的含量,同时保持海蜇良好的口感与品质。

有限元探究表面曲率和基体厚度对等离子喷涂层残余应力影响

为探究基体表面曲率和基体厚度对等离子喷涂涂层残余应力的影响,文章建立不同表面曲率和基体厚度的模型,应用有限元方法,在控制喷涂工艺参数不变的情况下,对不同模型进行TC4钛合金表面喷涂NiCrAl涂层的仿真。结果表明,基体表面曲率及基体厚度均不会影响残余应力的整体分布规律,而对其大小有影响。涂层与基体结合面上残余应力分布呈边缘位置应力大,而中心位置上较小的规律。当基体表面曲率κ从0 mm^(-1)增加到1/9 mm^(-1)时,结合面边缘位置的残余应力值降低明显。在基体表面曲率相同的情况下,基体厚度增大可使结合面上残余应力极值明显降低。在文章的参数选择范围内,增大基体表面曲率、增加基体厚度均可减小结合面上的等效残余应力的极值,有助于提高涂层与基体的结合质量。

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定土壤中7种金属元素

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定土壤中Cu、Pb、Ni、Co、Sn、Cr和Mo的分析方法。7种金属元素在0.05~60.0mg·L^(-1)浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均在0.999以上,方法检出限范围为0.005~0.026mg·kg^(-1),加标回收率在91.0%~103.0%之间;精密度RSD(n=6)均小于5.0%。本方法前处理操作简便快捷,样品测试准确度和精密度好,可用于大批量土壤中多种元素的同时分析。

岭南常用中药材外源性污染物分析研究

目的研究岭南不同产地200批次10种常用中药材(巴戟天、化橘红、何首乌、砂仁、广藿香、南板蓝根、黑老虎、鸦胆子、槟榔、益智)中农药残留、重金属外源性污染物含量,以期为南药质量控制提供依据。方法按照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》(简称《中国药典》)对10种岭南常用中药材中重金属及有害元素、农药等外源性污染物进行测定并分析测定结果。结果何首乌、南板蓝根、黑老虎、槟榔、益智中农药残留量及铅、砷、镉、汞、铜限量均符合《中国药典》的限量标准,巴戟天、化橘红、砂仁、鸦胆子均存在重金属不符合,广藿香存在农药残留量不符合。结论对于研究的品种,农药残留控制较好,需要重点监控铅、汞元素。

Investigations on the time evolution of the plasma density in argon electron-beam plasma at intermediate pressure

The time evolution of the argon electron-beam plasma at intermediate pressure and low electron beam intensily was presented.By applying the amplitude modulation with the frequency of 20 Hz on the stable beam current,the plasma evolution was studied.A Faraday cup was used for the measurement of the electron beam current and a single electrostatic probe was used for the measurement of the ion current.Experimental results indicated that the ion current was in phase with the electron beam current in the pressure range from 200 Pa to 3000 Pa and in the beam current range lower than 20 mA,the residual density increased approximately linearly with the maximum density in the log-log plot and the fitting coefficient was irrelative to the pressure.And then three kinds of kinetic models were developed and the simulated results given by the kinetic model,without the consideration of the excited atoms,mostly approached to the experimental results.This indicated that the effect of the excited atoms on the plasma density can be ignored at intermediate pressure and low electron beam current intensity,which can greatly simplify the kinetic model.In the end.the decrease of the plasma density when the beam current was suddenly off was studied based on the simplified model and it was found that the decease characteristic at intermediate pressure was approximate to the one at high pressure at low electron beam intensity,which was in good accordance with the experimental results.

Effects of Low Temperature Plasma on the Forms of Heavy Metals in Sludge

Low temperature plasma was used to treat sludge,and the effects of discharge time on the content of different forms of heavy metals in the sludge were studied. The results showed that Cu and Zn content in the domestic sludge could basically meet the requirements of GB 4284-2018,GB/T 23486-2009,CJ/T 362-2011 and CJ/T 309-2009. There were big differences between different forms of the heavy metals. According to the proportions of different forms of Cu in the sludge,different forms of Cu are arranged as follows: organic state > carbonate bound state> residual state > exchangeable state > iron-manganese oxidation state,and Cu mainly existed in an organic state. Various forms of Zn are arranged in order of the proportion as follows: iron-manganese oxidation state > residual state > carbonate bound state > exchangeable state > organic state,and Zn mainly existed in an iron-manganese oxidation state. After the treatment of sludge by low temperature plasma,the content of exchangeable Cu and Zn in the sludge increased,while the content and proportion of residual Cu and Zn all reduced.