A new organization and management mechanism with the local government as the main body was created during the post-disaster reconstruction of the "4. 20 " Lushan earthquake,in which the experiences and lesso...A new organization and management mechanism with the local government as the main body was created during the post-disaster reconstruction of the "4. 20 " Lushan earthquake,in which the experiences and lessons were drawn from the "5. 12"Wenchuan earthquake. Correspondingly, the local government conducted an exploration of the organization and management mode in the field of planning and construction. The effective experiences have been accumulated, including working out a full coverage planning,taking the leading part in the urban-rural planning,and exercising whole space control over the disaster area. An innovation management mode named as "Five Generals Pattern"was implemented in the construction projects. In view that the rural housing reconstruction was a weak link, a new approach to improving the construction management was investigated,by means of strengthening on-site supervision,establishing a technical platform,and bolstering public participation.展开更多
Shanbei Village is a village in Yunfu of Guangdong,which has been seriously affected by flood disasters.In the context of the construction of beautiful countryside,utilizing the concept of resilience stormwater,constr...Shanbei Village is a village in Yunfu of Guangdong,which has been seriously affected by flood disasters.In the context of the construction of beautiful countryside,utilizing the concept of resilience stormwater,construction ideas of beautiful countryside of combining the prevention and control of village flood disasters with economic and social development and cultural heritage are proposed.The planning methods of adjusting the planting way of crops,demolition of dwellings in submerged areas and development and utilization of ancient dwellings,sorting out drainage systems and planning“large,medium and small sponges”,and improving the drainage capacity of culverts are summarized.展开更多
An important environmental issue related to planning is created by the political orientation of the government in Turkey.Especially in the new millennium,the government has focused on achieving economic growth and avo...An important environmental issue related to planning is created by the political orientation of the government in Turkey.Especially in the new millennium,the government has focused on achieving economic growth and avoiding the global economic crises as its primary targets.These priorities resulted in efficiency-oriented planning policies in which the metropolitan city of Istanbul is the main field of operation because of its capacity to become a regional centre of finance in the global economy.In this respect,Istanbul is regarded to have the capacity of fuelling the economic boost because of its historic,strategic and environmental assets.The city has become a dynamic bundle of urban operations.Existing public areas such as parks,forests,seashores are subjected to land development;renewal projects transform deteriorated poor neighbourhoods into high income neighbourhoods or inner-city attractions for tourism or globally marketed business areas with high quality offices.Vacant land which is reserved as potential green space for new developments in the plan is given new functions with high densities.This paper attempts to present how local government is pursuing these ends and legitimizing its means by abusing the earthquake risks,and how planning regulations are bent in order to pave the road for foreign and domestic capital.These actions are discussed in relation to the typology of planning approaches and the question of resilience.展开更多
China established Xiong’an New Area in Hebei Province in 2017,which is planned to accommodate about 5 million people,aiming to relieve Beijing City of the functions non-essential to its role as China’s capital and t...China established Xiong’an New Area in Hebei Province in 2017,which is planned to accommodate about 5 million people,aiming to relieve Beijing City of the functions non-essential to its role as China’s capital and to expedite the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.From 2017 to 2021,the China Geological Survey(CGS)took the lead in multi-factor urban geological surveys involving space,resources,environments,and disasters according to the general requirements of“global vision,international standards,distinctive Chinese features,and future-oriented goals”in Xiong’an New Area,identifying the engineering geologic conditions and geologic environmental challenges of this area.The achievements also include a 3D engineering geological structure model for the whole area,along with“one city proper and five clusters”,insights into the ecology and the background endowment of natural resources like land,geothermal resources,groundwater,and wetland of the area before engineering construction,a comprehensive monitoring network of resources and environments in the area,and the“Transparent Xiong’an”geological information platform that is open,shared,dynamically updated,and three-dimensionally visualized.China’s geologists and urban geology have played a significant role in the urban planning and construction of Xiong’an New Area,providing whole-process geological solutions for urban planning,construction,operation and management.The future urban construction of Xiong’an New Area will necessitate the theoretical and technical support of earth system science(ESS)from various aspects,and the purpose is to enhance the resilience of the new type of city and to provide support for the green,low-carbon,and sustainable development of this area.展开更多
This paper presents resilience-oriented transmission expansion planning(RTEP)with optimal transmission switching(OTS)model under typhoon weather.The proposed model carefully considers the uncertainty of component vuln...This paper presents resilience-oriented transmission expansion planning(RTEP)with optimal transmission switching(OTS)model under typhoon weather.The proposed model carefully considers the uncertainty of component vulnerability by constructing a typhoon-related box uncertainty set where component failure rate varies within a range closely related with typhoon intensity.Accordingly,a min-max-min model is developed to enhance transmission network resilience,where the upper level minimizes transmission lines investment,the middle level searches for the probability distribution of failure status leading to max worst-case expected load-shedding(WCEL)under typhoon,and the lower level optimizes WCEL by economic dispatch(ED)and OTS.A nested decomposition algorithm based on benders decomposition is developed to solve the model.Case studies of modified IEEE 30-bus and 261-bus system of a Chinese region illustrate that:a)the proposed RTEP method can enhance resilience of transmission network with less investment than widely used RTEP method based on attacker and defender(DAD)model,b)the influence of OTS on RTEP is closely related with contingency severity and system scale and c)the RTEP model can be efficiently solved even in a large-scale system.展开更多
This research is intended as a practical guide on how to custom-tailor post-disaster housing approaches to suit the countries in which they are implemented.Three classical approaches are chosen,discussed and analytica...This research is intended as a practical guide on how to custom-tailor post-disaster housing approaches to suit the countries in which they are implemented.Three classical approaches are chosen,discussed and analytically compared in order to unveil the shortcomings of their implementation in a country such as Egypt which is faced by technological,economic and time-related challenges in our current time.Strategies are synthesized to in order to overcome these challenges and enhance the prospect of implementing the approaches in the country.Finally,the research presents a series of recommendations which can guide the implementation of the strategically enhanced approaches while bearing reference to real-life challenges and opportunities.展开更多
Dangerous,vacant and abandoned buildings traditionally have been considered as negative elements in the urban environment.Their“harmful”properties include hosting“nests”of criminality(drug trafficking etc.),becomi...Dangerous,vacant and abandoned buildings traditionally have been considered as negative elements in the urban environment.Their“harmful”properties include hosting“nests”of criminality(drug trafficking etc.),becoming a threat to public safety(easy to catch fire,collapsing building materials etc.),degrading conditions of public health(rubbish damp,rats infesting etc.),affecting property values in the surrounding areas,loading their owners with taxes(property tax etc.)and no revenues,imposing negative impacts on the aesthetics and the quality of the urban environment.On the other hand,they might trigger opportunities for urban regeneration,provide new available spaces for urban uses if demolished,and provide a stock of urban elements of special characteristics,to be used for the formulation of housing policies.The present article reviews urban policies focusing on these properties and assesses existing implementations.The various factors characterizing the above initiatives constitute challenging planning and legal cases.The complexity of the issue of abandoned buildings in the urban environment,is to be tested in the case of the city of Larissa,Greece.Legal and planning inadequacies in dealing with the above will be investigated,and proposals for the formulation of policies and legal tools will be synthesized.展开更多
In this paper,we propose a two-stage transmission hardening and planning(TH&P)model that can meet the load growth demand of normal scenarios and the resilience requirements of hurricane-induced damage scenarios.To...In this paper,we propose a two-stage transmission hardening and planning(TH&P)model that can meet the load growth demand of normal scenarios and the resilience requirements of hurricane-induced damage scenarios.To better measure the resilience requirements,the proposed TH&P model includes two resilience assessment indexes,namely,the load shedding(LS)under the damage scenario and the average connectivity degree(ACD)at different stages.The first-stage model,which aims to meet the load growth demand while minimizing the LS,is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program(MILP)to minimize the total planning and hardening cost of transmission lines,the operating cost of generators,and the penalty cost of wind power and load shedding in both normal and damage scenarios.The second-stage model aims to further improve the ACD when the ACD of the scheme obtained from the first-stage model cannot reach the target.Specifically,the contribution of each transmission line to the ACD is calculated,and the next hardened line is determined to increase the ACD.This process is repeated until the ACD meets the requirements.Case studies of the modified IEEE RTS-24 and two-area IEEE reliability test system-1996 indicate the proposed TH&P model can meet the requirements for both normal and damage scenarios.展开更多
Governments are increasingly trying to ensure that communities are resilient to the effects of climate change and encourage community empowerment and autonomy. Local resilience planning groups(LRPGs),which include sta...Governments are increasingly trying to ensure that communities are resilient to the effects of climate change and encourage community empowerment and autonomy. Local resilience planning groups(LRPGs),which include stakeholders with an interest in a local area,are emerging as one potential approach to building community resilience. A conceptual framework has been developed to identify the common requirements for community resilience, building upon existing work in the wider community resilience literature. Aberdeen Resilient,Included and Supported Group, Scotland, UK is an example of a LRPG. In this study the data collected during a workshop with the Aberdeen LRPG were used with the conceptual framework to identify some of the challenges faced when building community resilience. The study examined whether the Aberdeen LRPG illustrates the challenges and constraints faced by LRPGs more widely,and how the membership influences the potential to develop the attributes of community resilience outlined in the conceptual framework. The thematic analysis of the workshop revealed Aberdeen LRPG’s six dominant challenges: engaging with individuals, culture, attitudes,assumptions, terminology, and timescale. These challenges impede the group in utilizing the skills, knowledge, and resources that its members possess to build community resilience. While the Aberdeen LRPG cannot change all factors that affect community resilience, framing specific problems experienced by the group within a conceptual framework applicable to any community contributes to understanding the practical challenges to developing community resilience.展开更多
Facing the impacts of climate change and the ecological environmental problems caused by urbanization, urban-rural resilience is a new value goal of territorial space development. Blue-green space is an interconnected...Facing the impacts of climate change and the ecological environmental problems caused by urbanization, urban-rural resilience is a new value goal of territorial space development. Blue-green space is an interconnected network system of natural and artificial green space and water bodies, which can dissolve the internal and external pressures of the system by way of mitigatory acceptance and adaptive interaction, reduce the impact of climate change and artificial construction disturbances, and provide diversified composite functions. By recognizing the connotation of the concept of blue-green space, its composite ecological functionality and its relationship with the value of urban-rural resilience, this paper constructs a conceptual framework for the integrated planning of blue-green space in urban and rural areas with “resilient objectives, resource identification, integrated configuration,differentiated regulation”. The paper proposes an integrated and coordinated multi-scale practicable approach of blue-green space planning(i.e., the construction of the blue-green corridor network, the configuration of blue-green open space, the allocation of blue-green infrastructure) and the regulation-based urban-rural transect, with the aim of improving the hydroecological performance and composite functional services in order to realize urban and rural resilience.展开更多
A major challenge in enhancing the resilience of communities stems from current approaches used to identify needs and strategies that build the capacity of jurisdictions to mitigate loss and improve recovery. A new ge...A major challenge in enhancing the resilience of communities stems from current approaches used to identify needs and strategies that build the capacity of jurisdictions to mitigate loss and improve recovery. A new generation of resilience-based planning processes has emerged in the last several years that integrate goals of community well-being and identity into recovery-based performance measurement frameworks. Specific tools and refined guidance are needed to facilitate evidence-based development of recovery estimates. This article presents the participatory modeling process, a planning system designed to develop recovery-based resilience measurement frameworks for community resilience planning initiatives. Stakeholder engagement is infused throughout the participatory modeling process by integrating disaster recovery simulation modeling into community resilience planning. Within the process, participants get a unique opportunity to work together to deliberate on community concerns through facilitated participatory modeling. The participatory modeling platform combines the DESaster recovery simulation model and visual analytics interfaces.DESaster is an open source Python Library for creating discrete event simulations of disaster recovery. The simulation model was developed using a human-centered design approach whose goal is to be open, modular, and extensible. The process presented in this article is the first participatory modeling approach for analyzing recovery to aid creation of community resilience measurement frameworks.展开更多
Resilience has become an increasingly important concept in the cultural heritage feld,particularly in the aftermath of the unprecedented challenges the COVID-19 global pandemic brought.However,on a conceptual and prac...Resilience has become an increasingly important concept in the cultural heritage feld,particularly in the aftermath of the unprecedented challenges the COVID-19 global pandemic brought.However,on a conceptual and practical level,resilience remains closely linked to the technical conservation of built heritage,and there remains a need to develop broader approaches inclusive of cultural and socioeconomic components.This article investigates the potential applicability of theoretical concepts linked to identity and identities in heritage planning to help fll these gaps and develop approaches that consider resilience and are better able to address a range of unanticipated disasters.We frst review the literature and policy documents to defne and identify the potential for identities-based approaches.We then examine the case of Matera,an extremely fragile world heritage site in southern Italy that has been continuously inhabited for more than 8000 years and provides a relevant example of resilience.We explore the trends and efects of globalised tourism development before the pandemic and the post pandemic emergence of more local/regional and slow tourism patterns,largely based on cultural solutions to local development challenges and knowledge exchange.Through this comparison,we analyse the potential and limitations of introducing identities-based concepts into heritage planning as a more robust way to enhance resilience and prepare cities for unexpected future crises.展开更多
Background:After its landfall in Puerto Rico in 2017,Hurricane Maria caused the longest blackout in United States history,producing cascading effects on a health care system that had already been weakened by decades o...Background:After its landfall in Puerto Rico in 2017,Hurricane Maria caused the longest blackout in United States history,producing cascading effects on a health care system that had already been weakened by decades of public sector austerity and neoliberal health reforms.This article addresses how health care professionals and administrators experienced the health care system’s collapse and the strategies used by them to meet their communities’health needs.Methods:Data were collected between September 2018 and February 2020.Ethnographic observations in health care facilities and semi-structured qualitative interviews with representatives of the health care system were conducted.This paper focuses on data from interviews with health care providers(n=10)and administrators(n=10),and an ethnographic visit to a pop-up community clinic.The analysis consisted of systematic thematic coding of the interview transcripts and ethnographic field notes.Results:Results provide insight on how participants,who witnessed first-hand the collapse of Puerto Rico’s health care system,responded to the crisis after Maria.The prolonged power outage and lack of a disaster management plan were partly responsible for the death of 3,052 individuals who experienced extended interruptions in access to medical care.Participants reported a sense of abandonment by the government and feelings of mistrust.They also described the health sector as chaotic and lacking clear guidelines on how to provide services or cope with personal crises while working under extreme conditions.In such circumstances,they developed resilient responses to meet communities’health needs(e.g.,itinerant acupuncture services,re-locating physicians to local pharmacies).Conclusions:Participants’narratives emphasize that the management of Hurricane Maria was fraught with political and economic constraints affecting Puerto Rico.Ineffective planning and post-Maria responses of the local and federal governments were determinants of the disaster’s impact.The findings contribute to a growing scientific literature indicating that Hurricane Maria revealed‘the collapse before the collapse,’alluding to the structural deficiencies that presaged the catastrophic event.In the context of governmental abandonment,the authors argue for the importance of developing alternative strategies in post-disaster health care provision among health professionals and administrators who work at the front lines of recovery.展开更多
Power system resilience is defined as the ability of power grids to anticipate,withstand,adapt and recover from high-impact low-probability(HILP)events.There are both long-term and short-term measures that system oper...Power system resilience is defined as the ability of power grids to anticipate,withstand,adapt and recover from high-impact low-probability(HILP)events.There are both long-term and short-term measures that system operators can employ for resilience rein-forcement.Longer-term measures include infrastructure hardening and resilient planning,while short-term operational measures are applied in the pre-event,during-event and post-event phases.Microgrids(MGs)can effectively enhance resilience for both transmission and distribution systems,due to their ability to operate in a controlled,coordinated way,when connected to the main power grid and in islanded mode.In this paper,MG-based strategies for resilience enhancement are presented,including MG-based resilient planning and MG-based operational measures,consisting of preventive MG scheduling and emergency measures and MG-based system restoration.Classification of literature is made by considering whether the transmission system,distribution system or individual MG resilience is targeted.The way uncertainties are handled by various methods is also outlined.Finally,challenges and future research requirements for improving MG-based power system resilience are highlighted.展开更多
Over the past few years, more and more higher education institutions have pledged to achieve carbon neutrality and designed and adopted Climate Action Plans. Although many higher institutions are adopting climate acti...Over the past few years, more and more higher education institutions have pledged to achieve carbon neutrality and designed and adopted Climate Action Plans. Although many higher institutions are adopting climate action plans, few are integrating resil-ience principles and priorities, which are essential for understanding institutions’ adaptive capacity for dealing with climate change. There is little existing research on how higher education institutions can implement climate resilience programs, behav-iors, and policies into their planning process and campus-communities. To address this gap, this case study explores Arizona State University’s process of designing and implementing a climate resilience plan and outlines best practices other higher educa-tion institutions can utilize to create their own climate resilience plan. We critically discuss the importance of climate resilience at the higher education level, outline steps necessary for designing an inclusive and holistic climate resilience plan, and provide examples of important techniques used to design the climate resilience plan.展开更多
基金sponsored by the Science and Technology Support Project Funds of Sichuan Province ( Item No. 2013FZ0009 )Educational Reform Project Funds of Sichuan AgriculturalUniversity ( Item No. 2015064 )the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( Item No. 51278421)
文摘A new organization and management mechanism with the local government as the main body was created during the post-disaster reconstruction of the "4. 20 " Lushan earthquake,in which the experiences and lessons were drawn from the "5. 12"Wenchuan earthquake. Correspondingly, the local government conducted an exploration of the organization and management mode in the field of planning and construction. The effective experiences have been accumulated, including working out a full coverage planning,taking the leading part in the urban-rural planning,and exercising whole space control over the disaster area. An innovation management mode named as "Five Generals Pattern"was implemented in the construction projects. In view that the rural housing reconstruction was a weak link, a new approach to improving the construction management was investigated,by means of strengthening on-site supervision,establishing a technical platform,and bolstering public participation.
文摘Shanbei Village is a village in Yunfu of Guangdong,which has been seriously affected by flood disasters.In the context of the construction of beautiful countryside,utilizing the concept of resilience stormwater,construction ideas of beautiful countryside of combining the prevention and control of village flood disasters with economic and social development and cultural heritage are proposed.The planning methods of adjusting the planting way of crops,demolition of dwellings in submerged areas and development and utilization of ancient dwellings,sorting out drainage systems and planning“large,medium and small sponges”,and improving the drainage capacity of culverts are summarized.
文摘An important environmental issue related to planning is created by the political orientation of the government in Turkey.Especially in the new millennium,the government has focused on achieving economic growth and avoiding the global economic crises as its primary targets.These priorities resulted in efficiency-oriented planning policies in which the metropolitan city of Istanbul is the main field of operation because of its capacity to become a regional centre of finance in the global economy.In this respect,Istanbul is regarded to have the capacity of fuelling the economic boost because of its historic,strategic and environmental assets.The city has become a dynamic bundle of urban operations.Existing public areas such as parks,forests,seashores are subjected to land development;renewal projects transform deteriorated poor neighbourhoods into high income neighbourhoods or inner-city attractions for tourism or globally marketed business areas with high quality offices.Vacant land which is reserved as potential green space for new developments in the plan is given new functions with high densities.This paper attempts to present how local government is pursuing these ends and legitimizing its means by abusing the earthquake risks,and how planning regulations are bent in order to pave the road for foreign and domestic capital.These actions are discussed in relation to the typology of planning approaches and the question of resilience.
基金supported by two projects initialed China Geological Survey: “Evaluation on Soil and Water Quality and Geological Survey in Xiong’an New Area (DD20189122)” and “Monitoring and Evaluation on Carrying Capacity of Resource and Environment in BeijingTianjin-Hebei Coordinated Development Zone and Xiong’an New Area (DD20221727)”
文摘China established Xiong’an New Area in Hebei Province in 2017,which is planned to accommodate about 5 million people,aiming to relieve Beijing City of the functions non-essential to its role as China’s capital and to expedite the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.From 2017 to 2021,the China Geological Survey(CGS)took the lead in multi-factor urban geological surveys involving space,resources,environments,and disasters according to the general requirements of“global vision,international standards,distinctive Chinese features,and future-oriented goals”in Xiong’an New Area,identifying the engineering geologic conditions and geologic environmental challenges of this area.The achievements also include a 3D engineering geological structure model for the whole area,along with“one city proper and five clusters”,insights into the ecology and the background endowment of natural resources like land,geothermal resources,groundwater,and wetland of the area before engineering construction,a comprehensive monitoring network of resources and environments in the area,and the“Transparent Xiong’an”geological information platform that is open,shared,dynamically updated,and three-dimensionally visualized.China’s geologists and urban geology have played a significant role in the urban planning and construction of Xiong’an New Area,providing whole-process geological solutions for urban planning,construction,operation and management.The future urban construction of Xiong’an New Area will necessitate the theoretical and technical support of earth system science(ESS)from various aspects,and the purpose is to enhance the resilience of the new type of city and to provide support for the green,low-carbon,and sustainable development of this area.
基金sponsored by Shanghai Sailing Program under Grant 20YF1418900.
文摘This paper presents resilience-oriented transmission expansion planning(RTEP)with optimal transmission switching(OTS)model under typhoon weather.The proposed model carefully considers the uncertainty of component vulnerability by constructing a typhoon-related box uncertainty set where component failure rate varies within a range closely related with typhoon intensity.Accordingly,a min-max-min model is developed to enhance transmission network resilience,where the upper level minimizes transmission lines investment,the middle level searches for the probability distribution of failure status leading to max worst-case expected load-shedding(WCEL)under typhoon,and the lower level optimizes WCEL by economic dispatch(ED)and OTS.A nested decomposition algorithm based on benders decomposition is developed to solve the model.Case studies of modified IEEE 30-bus and 261-bus system of a Chinese region illustrate that:a)the proposed RTEP method can enhance resilience of transmission network with less investment than widely used RTEP method based on attacker and defender(DAD)model,b)the influence of OTS on RTEP is closely related with contingency severity and system scale and c)the RTEP model can be efficiently solved even in a large-scale system.
文摘This research is intended as a practical guide on how to custom-tailor post-disaster housing approaches to suit the countries in which they are implemented.Three classical approaches are chosen,discussed and analytically compared in order to unveil the shortcomings of their implementation in a country such as Egypt which is faced by technological,economic and time-related challenges in our current time.Strategies are synthesized to in order to overcome these challenges and enhance the prospect of implementing the approaches in the country.Finally,the research presents a series of recommendations which can guide the implementation of the strategically enhanced approaches while bearing reference to real-life challenges and opportunities.
文摘Dangerous,vacant and abandoned buildings traditionally have been considered as negative elements in the urban environment.Their“harmful”properties include hosting“nests”of criminality(drug trafficking etc.),becoming a threat to public safety(easy to catch fire,collapsing building materials etc.),degrading conditions of public health(rubbish damp,rats infesting etc.),affecting property values in the surrounding areas,loading their owners with taxes(property tax etc.)and no revenues,imposing negative impacts on the aesthetics and the quality of the urban environment.On the other hand,they might trigger opportunities for urban regeneration,provide new available spaces for urban uses if demolished,and provide a stock of urban elements of special characteristics,to be used for the formulation of housing policies.The present article reviews urban policies focusing on these properties and assesses existing implementations.The various factors characterizing the above initiatives constitute challenging planning and legal cases.The complexity of the issue of abandoned buildings in the urban environment,is to be tested in the case of the city of Larissa,Greece.Legal and planning inadequacies in dealing with the above will be investigated,and proposals for the formulation of policies and legal tools will be synthesized.
基金sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1966206,51907123)Shanghai Sailing Program(20YF1418900)State Grid Corporation of China(SGHD0000GHJS2200346)。
文摘In this paper,we propose a two-stage transmission hardening and planning(TH&P)model that can meet the load growth demand of normal scenarios and the resilience requirements of hurricane-induced damage scenarios.To better measure the resilience requirements,the proposed TH&P model includes two resilience assessment indexes,namely,the load shedding(LS)under the damage scenario and the average connectivity degree(ACD)at different stages.The first-stage model,which aims to meet the load growth demand while minimizing the LS,is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program(MILP)to minimize the total planning and hardening cost of transmission lines,the operating cost of generators,and the penalty cost of wind power and load shedding in both normal and damage scenarios.The second-stage model aims to further improve the ACD when the ACD of the scheme obtained from the first-stage model cannot reach the target.Specifically,the contribution of each transmission line to the ACD is calculated,and the next hardened line is determined to increase the ACD.This process is repeated until the ACD meets the requirements.Case studies of the modified IEEE RTS-24 and two-area IEEE reliability test system-1996 indicate the proposed TH&P model can meet the requirements for both normal and damage scenarios.
基金funded by the Scottish Funding Council, as part of the NCR
文摘Governments are increasingly trying to ensure that communities are resilient to the effects of climate change and encourage community empowerment and autonomy. Local resilience planning groups(LRPGs),which include stakeholders with an interest in a local area,are emerging as one potential approach to building community resilience. A conceptual framework has been developed to identify the common requirements for community resilience, building upon existing work in the wider community resilience literature. Aberdeen Resilient,Included and Supported Group, Scotland, UK is an example of a LRPG. In this study the data collected during a workshop with the Aberdeen LRPG were used with the conceptual framework to identify some of the challenges faced when building community resilience. The study examined whether the Aberdeen LRPG illustrates the challenges and constraints faced by LRPGs more widely,and how the membership influences the potential to develop the attributes of community resilience outlined in the conceptual framework. The thematic analysis of the workshop revealed Aberdeen LRPG’s six dominant challenges: engaging with individuals, culture, attitudes,assumptions, terminology, and timescale. These challenges impede the group in utilizing the skills, knowledge, and resources that its members possess to build community resilience. While the Aberdeen LRPG cannot change all factors that affect community resilience, framing specific problems experienced by the group within a conceptual framework applicable to any community contributes to understanding the practical challenges to developing community resilience.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(52008062,51908469)The Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(KJQN202100735)Tuojiang River Basin High-quality Development Research Center,A Key Research Base of Social Sciences in Sichuan Province(TJGZL2021-12).
文摘Facing the impacts of climate change and the ecological environmental problems caused by urbanization, urban-rural resilience is a new value goal of territorial space development. Blue-green space is an interconnected network system of natural and artificial green space and water bodies, which can dissolve the internal and external pressures of the system by way of mitigatory acceptance and adaptive interaction, reduce the impact of climate change and artificial construction disturbances, and provide diversified composite functions. By recognizing the connotation of the concept of blue-green space, its composite ecological functionality and its relationship with the value of urban-rural resilience, this paper constructs a conceptual framework for the integrated planning of blue-green space in urban and rural areas with “resilient objectives, resource identification, integrated configuration,differentiated regulation”. The paper proposes an integrated and coordinated multi-scale practicable approach of blue-green space planning(i.e., the construction of the blue-green corridor network, the configuration of blue-green open space, the allocation of blue-green infrastructure) and the regulation-based urban-rural transect, with the aim of improving the hydroecological performance and composite functional services in order to realize urban and rural resilience.
基金provided by National Science Foundation Awards #1560939 and #1541025
文摘A major challenge in enhancing the resilience of communities stems from current approaches used to identify needs and strategies that build the capacity of jurisdictions to mitigate loss and improve recovery. A new generation of resilience-based planning processes has emerged in the last several years that integrate goals of community well-being and identity into recovery-based performance measurement frameworks. Specific tools and refined guidance are needed to facilitate evidence-based development of recovery estimates. This article presents the participatory modeling process, a planning system designed to develop recovery-based resilience measurement frameworks for community resilience planning initiatives. Stakeholder engagement is infused throughout the participatory modeling process by integrating disaster recovery simulation modeling into community resilience planning. Within the process, participants get a unique opportunity to work together to deliberate on community concerns through facilitated participatory modeling. The participatory modeling platform combines the DESaster recovery simulation model and visual analytics interfaces.DESaster is an open source Python Library for creating discrete event simulations of disaster recovery. The simulation model was developed using a human-centered design approach whose goal is to be open, modular, and extensible. The process presented in this article is the first participatory modeling approach for analyzing recovery to aid creation of community resilience measurement frameworks.
文摘Resilience has become an increasingly important concept in the cultural heritage feld,particularly in the aftermath of the unprecedented challenges the COVID-19 global pandemic brought.However,on a conceptual and practical level,resilience remains closely linked to the technical conservation of built heritage,and there remains a need to develop broader approaches inclusive of cultural and socioeconomic components.This article investigates the potential applicability of theoretical concepts linked to identity and identities in heritage planning to help fll these gaps and develop approaches that consider resilience and are better able to address a range of unanticipated disasters.We frst review the literature and policy documents to defne and identify the potential for identities-based approaches.We then examine the case of Matera,an extremely fragile world heritage site in southern Italy that has been continuously inhabited for more than 8000 years and provides a relevant example of resilience.We explore the trends and efects of globalised tourism development before the pandemic and the post pandemic emergence of more local/regional and slow tourism patterns,largely based on cultural solutions to local development challenges and knowledge exchange.Through this comparison,we analyse the potential and limitations of introducing identities-based concepts into heritage planning as a more robust way to enhance resilience and prepare cities for unexpected future crises.
基金funded by the National Institute on Aging(1R21AG063453).
文摘Background:After its landfall in Puerto Rico in 2017,Hurricane Maria caused the longest blackout in United States history,producing cascading effects on a health care system that had already been weakened by decades of public sector austerity and neoliberal health reforms.This article addresses how health care professionals and administrators experienced the health care system’s collapse and the strategies used by them to meet their communities’health needs.Methods:Data were collected between September 2018 and February 2020.Ethnographic observations in health care facilities and semi-structured qualitative interviews with representatives of the health care system were conducted.This paper focuses on data from interviews with health care providers(n=10)and administrators(n=10),and an ethnographic visit to a pop-up community clinic.The analysis consisted of systematic thematic coding of the interview transcripts and ethnographic field notes.Results:Results provide insight on how participants,who witnessed first-hand the collapse of Puerto Rico’s health care system,responded to the crisis after Maria.The prolonged power outage and lack of a disaster management plan were partly responsible for the death of 3,052 individuals who experienced extended interruptions in access to medical care.Participants reported a sense of abandonment by the government and feelings of mistrust.They also described the health sector as chaotic and lacking clear guidelines on how to provide services or cope with personal crises while working under extreme conditions.In such circumstances,they developed resilient responses to meet communities’health needs(e.g.,itinerant acupuncture services,re-locating physicians to local pharmacies).Conclusions:Participants’narratives emphasize that the management of Hurricane Maria was fraught with political and economic constraints affecting Puerto Rico.Ineffective planning and post-Maria responses of the local and federal governments were determinants of the disaster’s impact.The findings contribute to a growing scientific literature indicating that Hurricane Maria revealed‘the collapse before the collapse,’alluding to the structural deficiencies that presaged the catastrophic event.In the context of governmental abandonment,the authors argue for the importance of developing alternative strategies in post-disaster health care provision among health professionals and administrators who work at the front lines of recovery.
文摘Power system resilience is defined as the ability of power grids to anticipate,withstand,adapt and recover from high-impact low-probability(HILP)events.There are both long-term and short-term measures that system operators can employ for resilience rein-forcement.Longer-term measures include infrastructure hardening and resilient planning,while short-term operational measures are applied in the pre-event,during-event and post-event phases.Microgrids(MGs)can effectively enhance resilience for both transmission and distribution systems,due to their ability to operate in a controlled,coordinated way,when connected to the main power grid and in islanded mode.In this paper,MG-based strategies for resilience enhancement are presented,including MG-based resilient planning and MG-based operational measures,consisting of preventive MG scheduling and emergency measures and MG-based system restoration.Classification of literature is made by considering whether the transmission system,distribution system or individual MG resilience is targeted.The way uncertainties are handled by various methods is also outlined.Finally,challenges and future research requirements for improving MG-based power system resilience are highlighted.
文摘Over the past few years, more and more higher education institutions have pledged to achieve carbon neutrality and designed and adopted Climate Action Plans. Although many higher institutions are adopting climate action plans, few are integrating resil-ience principles and priorities, which are essential for understanding institutions’ adaptive capacity for dealing with climate change. There is little existing research on how higher education institutions can implement climate resilience programs, behav-iors, and policies into their planning process and campus-communities. To address this gap, this case study explores Arizona State University’s process of designing and implementing a climate resilience plan and outlines best practices other higher educa-tion institutions can utilize to create their own climate resilience plan. We critically discuss the importance of climate resilience at the higher education level, outline steps necessary for designing an inclusive and holistic climate resilience plan, and provide examples of important techniques used to design the climate resilience plan.