Prevalence of Occupational Injury and Knowledge of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Accessibility among Healthcare Workers in Mogadishu, Somalia

Introduction: Healthcare workers in Mogadishu, Somalia face significant occupational injury risks, particularly needle stick injuries, with 61.1% reporting incidents. This poses a serious threat to their health, leading to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. Despite the high prevalence of injuries, awareness of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) accessibility is relatively high, with 84.0% of respondents aware of it. However, there are gaps in knowledge and implementation, as evidenced by variations in availability of PEP. Improving workplace safety measures, providing comprehensive training on injury prevention and PEP protocols, and ensuring consistent availability of PEP in healthcare facilities are crucial steps to safeguard the well-being of healthcare workers in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among hospital workers in Mogadishu, Somalia, focusing on professionals from various healthcare facilities. The study targeted nurses, doctors, laboratory personnel, and pharmacists. Purposive sampling was employed, resulting in a sample size of 383 calculated using Fisher’s sample size formula. Data were collected using coded questionnaires entered into Microsoft Excel 2019 and analyzed with SPSS software to generate frequencies and proportions, presented through frequency tables and pie figures. Results: The study in Mogadishu, Somalia, examined the prevalence of occupational injuries and knowledge of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) accessibility among healthcare workers. Findings indicate a high prevalence of injuries, with 61.1% reporting incidents, predominantly needle stick injuries (60.6%). Despite the majority seeking prompt medical attention (72.0%), work-related illnesses affected 53.2% of respondents, notably work-related stress (59.5%). While most received training on injury and illness prevention (68.9%), gaps exist in PEP awareness, with 16.0% unaware of it. Nonetheless, 84.0% were aware, predominantly through health facilities (52.0%). Availability of PEP was reported by 71.3% in healthcare facilities, with variations in shift availability. The majority reported guidelines for PEP use (55.7%). Efforts are needed to bolster PEP awareness and ensure consistent availability in healthcare facilities to safeguard worker health. Conclusion: High prevalence of occupational injuries among healthcare workers, with needle stick injuries being the most common (60.6%). Despite this, 84.0% of respondents were aware of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP), primarily learning about it from health facilities (52.0%). While 71.3% reported the availability of PEP in their facility, 28.7% noted its unavailability. These results emphasize the need for improved education and accessibility of PEP to mitigate occupational injury risks.

Potential of Arbidol for Post-exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 Transmission:A Preliminary Report of a Retrospective Cohort Study

The efficient transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2)from patients to health care workers or family members has been a worrisome and prominent feature of the ongoing outbreak.On the basis of clinical practice and in-vitro studies,we postulated that post-exposure prophylaxis(PEP)using Arbidol is associated with decreased infection among individuals exposed to confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection.We conducted a retrospective cohort study on family members and health care workers who were exposed to patients confirmed to have SARS-CoV-2 infection by real-time RT-PCR and chest computed tomography(CT)from January 1 to January 16,2020.The last follow-up date was Feb.26,2020.The emergence of fever and/or respiratory symptoms after exposure to the primary case was collected.The correlations between post-exposure prophylaxis and infection in household contacts and health care workers were respectively analyzed.A total of 66 members in 27 families and 124 health care workers had evidence of close exposure to patients with confirmed COVID-19.The Cox regression based on the data of the family members and health care workers with Arbidol or not showed that Arbidol PEP was a protective factor against the development of COVID-19(HR 0.025,95%CI 0.003-0.209,P=0.0006 for family members and HR 0.056,95%CI 0.005-0.662,P=0.0221 for health care workers).Our findings suggest Arbidol could reduce the infection risk of the novel coronavirus in hospital and family settings.This treatment should be promoted for PEP use and should be the subject of further investigation.

Causes of delay in offering rabies post-exposure prophylaxis services in Abadeh district of Iran

Objective:To identify the reasons for delayed reception of post-exposure prophylaxis(PEP).Methods:In this cross-sectional study,a total of 1407 individuals with animal bites who were referred to the Abadeh Rabies Treatment Center were investigated using the census method from January 2012 to December 2018.The patients were divided into two groups based on their delay times to referral and receive PEP:timely referral(less than 48 h after the bite)and delayed referral(equal to or longer than 48 h after the bite).Frequency,Chi-square,and logistic regression tests were used.Results:.The average delay time was(16.33±11.37)h.Low level of education(OR:3.87;95%CI:1.19-12.54;P=0.02),active economic age(21-35 and 36-50 years-old,OR:12.81;95%CI:3.16-51.97;P<0.001 and OR:3.83,95%CI:3.83-58.61;P<0.001 respectively),occupation(OR:9.16;95%CI:1.89-44.29;P=0.006),long distance from the rabies treatment center(OR:3.41;95%CI:2.03-5.72;P<0.001),bites by household and domestic animals(OR:12.22;95%CI:2.29-65.18,P=0.003),superficial injuries(OR:4.51;95%CI:1.38-14.73;P=0.01),and residence in rural area(OR:12.74;95%CI:6.58-24.66;P<0.001)had significant correlations with delayed referral of victims.Conclusions:To reduce the delay time,the high-risk groups should be informed about the importance of timely referral via educational measures.Furthermore,rabies treatment services should be rendered at the nearest possible center.

Epidemiological Aspects and Compliance with Post-Exposure Prophylaxis of People Bitten by a Dog and Received at the Buanionzi State Health Center in Boma, DR Congo

Objective: To describe and analyze the epidemiological aspects as well as the observance of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) of people bitten by a dog and received at the Buanionzi State Health Center from 2014 to 2017. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study which took place in two stages. The first interview was an interrogation carried out at the health Center until surgical trimming (100% of cases) followed by PEP (70.3% of cases) according to the Essen protocol. The second time was a 24 h telephone interview after a missed appointment for a dose of PEP. Results: The prevalence was 5.6 bites/10.000 people. The average age was 26.4 ± 18.3 years. Age ≤ 26 years was more concerned with 59.3% of cases (p = 0.006) in which children Conclusion: The rabies risk is potential in Boma. Efforts in terms of public health strategies must be made to reduce it.

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis against HBV and HIV Infection in Health Care Workers

Healthcare Workers (HCWs) are constantly at risk of exposure to viral infections such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). We aim at demonstrating the results of a three-year period of a surveillance program in Iran with the prospective follow-up of HCWs exposed to blood-borne viruses. HCWs who had experienced an occupational exposure to HBV, HCV or HIV from September 2005 to 2008 were enrolled in the study. Age, gender, route of exposure, type of fluid, type of virus, job, department, working shift, work experience, wearing gloves when exposed, history of HBV vaccination and the serum level of anti HBs antibody were recorded for all participants through an individual interview. Serum samples were taken from both HCWs and the sources of exposure and were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data were gathered through questionnaires completed by a nurse under the supervision of a specialist of infectious diseases. In this study, 100 HCWs who were occupationally exposed to HIV, HCV or HBV were included. Most exposures had occurred among nurses (35%), followed by residents (29%), interns (18%), housekeepers (7%), the lab staff (6%), and specialists (5%). Most of the exposures had occurred in emergency (21%) and surgical (20%) wards. The most common route of exposure was percutaneous injuries (77%) and the most common cases had contacted with needles and angiocaths (71.1%) during injection or opening vein routes (21%). Establishing a surveillance system for registering the occurrence of occupational hazardous exposures, performing prophylactic measures and following up the exposed is a necessity in hospitals so that the number of exposures and occupational diseases among the HCWs can be decreased.

Effectiveness of onsite and online education in enhancing knowledge and use of human immunodeficiency virus pre-and postexposure prophylaxis

BACKGROUND Enhancing awareness and use of pre-exposure prophylaxis(PrEP)and postexposure prophylaxis(PEP)is vital to curb human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)spread.High-risk behaviors prevalent among sexually transmitted infection clinic outpatients underscore the need for increased PrEP/PEP education in this group.AIM To investigate the effects of both onsite and online health education on the knowledge of,and willingness to use,PrEP and PEP among individuals receiving PEP services.METHODS Participants were drawn from a cohort study on PEP service intervention at an STD/AIDS outpatient clinic in designated HIV/AIDS hospitals in Beijing,conducted from January 1 to June 30,2022.Health education was provided both onsite and online during follow-up.Surveys assessing knowledge of,and willingness to use,PrEP/PEP were administered at baseline and again at 24 wk post-intervention.RESULTS A total of 112 participants were enrolled in the study;105 completed the follow-up at week 24.The percentage of participants with adequate knowledge of,and willingness to use,PrEP significantly increased from 65.2%and 69.6%at baseline to 83.8%and 82.9%at the end of the intervention(both P<0.05).Similarly,those with adequate knowledge of,and willingness to use,PEP increased from 74.1%and 77.7%at baseline to 92.4%and 89.5%at week 24(P<0.05).Being between 31 years and 40 years of age,having a postgraduate degree or higher,and reporting a monthly expenditure of RMB 5000 or more were found to be significantly associated with knowledge of PrEP and PEP(both P<0.05).CONCLUSION The findings show that both onsite and online health education significantly improved the knowledge of,and increased willingness to use,PrEP and PEP in individuals utilizing PEP services.

Side effects and tolerability of post-exposure prophylaxis with zidovudine, lamivudine, and lopinavir/ritonavir： a comparative study with HIV/AIDS patients

Background In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy （HAART）, the use of antiretrovirals as post-exposure prophylaxis （PEP） was the most important strategy for preventing occupational exposure to blood or fluids containing human immunodeficiency virus （HIV）. The objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the tolerability, safety, and side effects of a HAART regimen containing three antiretroviral drugs, consisting of zidovudine, lamivudine, and Iopinavir/ ritonavir, in healthcare personnel （HCP） who experienced occupational exposure to HIV. Methods The tolerability, safety, and side effects in 26 HCPs who experienced PEP and in 27 HIV/AIDS patients with HAART regimen, AZT＋3TC＋Lpv/r, were evaluated between January 2010 and December 2012. Results The most frequent clinical side effect was fatigue （in 23 cases, 88.5%）, and gastroenterological symptoms were the second most common side effects in HCP with PEP. Liver dysfunction was found in 10 cases （38.5%）, while drug rash was found in 18 cases （69.2%） after PEP. The prevalence of side effects in HCPs who experienced PEP was higher than that in HIV/AIDS patients P 〈0.05. One nurse （3.8%） experienced severe gastrointestinal symptoms, which led to withdrawal of PEP. No HIV infection was found during 6-month follow-up period. Conclusion HCPs who received occupational PEP with triple-drug regimen, AZT＋3TC＋Lpv/r, experienced different side effects, and the tolerability and safety of PEP regimen were good in this cohort. Chin Med J 2014;127 （14）： 2632-2636

Negligible risk of inducing resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis with single-dose rifampicin as post-exposure prophylaxis for leprosy

Post-exposure prophylaxis(PEP)for leprosy is administered as one single dose of rifampicin(SDR)to the contacts of newly diagnosed leprosy patients.SDR reduces the risk of developing leprosy among contacts by around 60%in the first 2–3 years after receiving SDR.In countries where SDR is currently being implemented under routine programme conditions in defined areas,questions were raised by health authorities and professional bodies about the possible risk of inducing rifampicin resistance among the M.tuberculosis strains circulating in these areas.This issue has not been addressed in scientific literature to date.To produce an authoritative consensus statement about the risk that SDR would induce rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis,a meeting was convened with tuberculosis(TB)and leprosy experts.The experts carefully reviewed and discussed the available evidence regarding the mechanisms and risk factors for the development of(multi)drug-resistance in M.tuberculosis with a view to the special situation of the use of SDR as PEP for leprosy.They concluded that SDR given to contacts of leprosy patients,in the absence of symptoms of active TB,poses a negligible risk of generating resistance in M.tuberculosis in individuals and at the population level.Thus,the benefits of SDR prophylaxis in reducing the risk of developing leprosy in contacts of new leprosy patients far outweigh the risks of generating drug resistance in M.tuberculosis.

An open-label evaluation of safety and tolerability of coformulated bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide for post-exposure prophylaxis following potential exposure to human immunodeficiency virus-1

Background: Single-tablet regimen (STR) provides a convenient once-daily regimen for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Here, we investigated the safety and tolerability of coformulated bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) as a three-drug, STR for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in Chinese individuals.Methods: This was a prospective, open-label, single-arm trial conducted in a sexually transmitted diseases and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome clinic of a tertiary hospital in Beijing, China. Adults requiring PEP were prescribed BIC/FTC/TAF one pill once a day for 28 days. Clinical and laboratory data were collected and analyzed at baseline, weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24.Results: Of 112 participants enrolled in the study, 109 (97.3%) were male and the mean age was 30 ± 8 years. PEP completion was 96.4% (95% confidence interval: 91.1-99.0%). Two participants stopped PEP after 2 days because the source partner was identified as HIV uninfected. One participant was excluded due to hepatitis B virus infection according to the exclusion criteria. One discontinued due to the participant’s decision. No participant acquired HIV through week 24. Adherence was 98.9% (standard deviation [SD]: 3.3%) by self-reporting and 98.5% (SD: 3.5%) by pill count. Only five participants experienced mild clinical adverse events attributed to the study drug (including headache, diarrhea, and nausea) and four participants had elevated serum creatinine (grade 1).Conclusions: A once daily, STR of BIC/FTC/TAF used as PEP was safe and well-tolerated with a high rate of completion and adherence in Chinese. BIC/FTC/TAF may be a good option for PEP.

Low rate of pre-exposure prophylaxis and post-exposure prophylaxis uptake and high prevalence of transmitted drug resistance among newly diagnosed primary HIV infections in Shenzhen, China: a real-world retrospective study

Background: Understanding the characteristics of newly diagnosed primary human deficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection in the context of the post-antiretroviral therapy era and HIV drug prophylaxis is essential for achieving the new target of 95-95-95-95 by 2025. This study reported the characteristics of newly diagnosed primary HIV-1 infection in Shenzhen.Methods: This is a real-world retrospective study. Eighty-seven newly diagnosed primary HIV-1-infected patients were recruited from January 2021 to March 2022 at the Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen. Demographic, epidemiological, diagnostic, drug resistance, and medical data were described and analyzed.Results: Overall, 96.6% (84/87) of the newly identified primary HIV-1-infected patients were male, including 88.5% (77/87) men have sex with men (MSM), with a median age of 29.0 years (Q_(1)-Q_(3): 24.0-34.0 years);of these, 85.1% (74/87) reported high-risk sexual behaviors with casual partners. The rate of condom usage was only 28.7% (25/87). The overall rate of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) was 8.0% (7/87, including 4 PrEP and 3 PEP cases) around the potential exposure, although 41.4% of the patients had prior awareness of such interventions. Moreover, only 19.5% (17/87) had previously used PrEP or PEP. Of those, 58.8% (10/17) of the patients obtained drugs from the internet, and only 35.3% (6/17) reported good compliance. A total of 54.0% (47/87) of subjects were diagnosed by the HIV nucleic acid test. Acute retroviral syndrome appeared in 54.0% (47/87) of patients. The prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) mutation was 33.9% (19/56), including 6 (10.7%) against nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) plus non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), 8 (14.3%) against NNRTI, and 5 (8.9%) against protease inhibitor (PI) only.Conclusions: Owing to the low utilization rate and incorrect usage of PrEP and PEP, massive efforts are needed to promote HIV-preventive strategies in the MSM population. The extremely high prevalence of TDR mutation in this population implies the need for future pretreatment drug resistance surveillance.

2023年天津市动物致伤处置门诊运行状况分析

目的分析2023年天津市动物致伤处置门诊运行状况,为优化门诊设置管理提供参考。方法对天津市开诊的动物致伤处置门诊进行现场调查,描述性分析门诊设置设施、信息化系统使用、从业人员资质及接诊情况等。结果2023年天津市共有93家动物致伤处置门诊(22家甲级、71家乙级)开诊,遍布全市16个区。部分门诊在伤口处置硬件配置上存在不足,各门诊均已接入信息化系统,但个别门诊管理较为混乱。全市动物致伤从业人员近1800名,均为具有资质的临床医务人员经培训、考试合格后上岗。2023年全市累计接诊139702人次(首诊),各门诊间接诊量差距极大,其中甲级门诊接诊量占比超过70%,而部分涉农地区门诊月均接诊不足30人。结论天津市动物致伤处置门诊总体运行平稳,但个别门诊效能偏低,基础设施较差,管理存在问题。应进一步优化门诊架构,调整门诊设置标准,夯实门诊建设质量,在满足群众就诊需求的基础上提升门诊效能。

Impact of clinical pharmacist intervention on rational use of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in thyroid surgery

In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the intervention effect of prophylactic antibiotic use in thyroid surgery in a large hospital. From 2004 to 2012, 70 patients who underwent thyroid surgery were randomly selected each year. The quality of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis （SAP） was assessed each year in terms of antibiotic ratio, choice, duration, timing, combination, route of administration and so on. The result showed that the SAP ratio was 100% from 2004 to 2010. With our intervention, this SAP ratio was decreased to 45.7% in 2011, and it reached 2.9% in 2012. The AUD was consistently greater than 38 before 2010, while it rapidly declined to 1 in 2012. The number of DDDs per 100 operations was decreased from 431 to 3 after the intervention. The average cost of antibiotic drugs per patient was RMB 350.65 in 2010, whereas it was decreased to RMB 18.51 in 2012. The average duration of hospitalization showed no difference during the intervention. This study indicated that implementation of a multi-disciplinary protocol and clinical pharmacist interventions could improve the rational use of SAP.

174名临床护士掌握压疮预防知识的现状调查

目的:了解临床护士对压疮预防知识掌握的现状及学习需求,为有针对性提升护士相关知识水平和护理效果提供依据。方法:采用问卷调查法对某医院压疮好发病区的护士进行调查和分析。结果:临床护士的压疮预防知识得分较低,有限的知识主要来自教科书。结论:临床护士压疮预防知识有待提高,医院有针对性地进行讲座、文字宣传、现场指导可能对提高临床护士掌握压疮预防的知识水平有效。

我院胸外科手术抗生素预防用药方案临床研究

目的:评价我院胸外科手术抗生素预防用药方案的效果,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法:将我院胸外科手术患者856例分为按我院制订的预防用药方案组642例(应用头孢呋辛或头孢唑啉)及未按方案用药的对照组214例(第1、2、3代头孢类及其它抗菌药物),评价2组临床疗效。结果:方案组与对照组比较,术后体温及血常规检查无显著性差异(P>0.05);术后感染率方案组低于对照组(分别为2.34%、5.61%,P<0.05)。结论:本院制订的预防用药方案可作为胸外科手术抗生素预防用药的选择。

检验科医院感染危险因素的管理与预防控制

目的预防检验科医院感染的发生。方法增加组织管理,健全合理规章制度,加强人员学习与培训,做好工作人员自身防护,严格执行无菌技术操作,保持室内卫生,加强检验器材、仪器表面、医用垃圾的消毒处理。结果通过上述各项管理与预防措施,使检验科医院感染危险因素得到控制。结论做好检验科医院感染危险因素的管理和控制措施,是预防检验科医院感染发生的关键。

头孢唑林钠联合甲硝唑预防剖宫产围手术期感染的临床研究

目的:比较头孢唑林钠与青霉素钠预防剖宫产围手术期感染的疗效。方法:100例择期行剖宫产手术的病人被随机分为试验组(n=48)和对照组(n=52),进行前瞻性随机对照试验。试验组术中和术后第1天分别静脉滴注头孢唑林钠2 g和0.5%甲硝唑200 mL。对照组术中静脉滴注氨苄西林钠3 g和0.5%甲硝唑200 mL;术后静脉滴注0.5%甲硝唑200 mL,qd,1 d,氨苄西林钠3 g和青霉素钠400万单位,bid,3 d。比较两组病人的感染情况、用药天数和药费。结果:两组病人术后感染情况无统计学差异,均未出现药物不良反应。试验组抗菌药物用药天数、抗菌药费用和住院总药费均显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:头孢唑林钠联合甲硝唑预防剖宫产围手术期感染安全、有效和经济。

HIV感染高危人群暴露前预防用药临床试验依从性分析

目的了解HIV感染高危人群暴露前预防用药(pre-exposure prophylaxis,PrEP)临床试验的依从性及可能的影响因素。方法采用非概率抽样法筛选出352名受试者进入研究队列,其中男男性行为者(MSM)153人、女性性工作者(FSW)36人、HIV感染者固定性伴侣(PAR)163人,随机决定其每日1次或每周2次服药方式,分别在0、4、8、12、16、20、24、28周进行随访观察,从队列保持和药物漏服两个方面了解PrEP依从性情况。采用Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel(CMH)检验进行单因素分析,多因素分析采用logistic回归分析。结果本次高危人群PrEP临床试验中有76.70%(270/352)完成了28周的观察期,药物漏服者所占比例在随访期间波动约为35%,总体依从性得分平均(82.12±27.48)分,中位数95.24分。经logistic回归分析,影响本次PrEP临床试验队列保持的因素为月收入水平、试验期间是否有担心和困难、试验期间是否有医疗服务需求、随访管理模式;影响药物漏服的因素为婚姻状况、服药方式、试验期间是否有担心和困难、是否出现不良反应;影响总体依从性得分的因素为人群类别、性伴侣数、是否有伴随用药、试验期间是否有医疗服务需求、随访管理模式。结论本次HIV感染高危人群PrEP临床试验的整体依从性高,影响因素多,在后续研究中应特别加强流动性较强的MSM和FSW人群的依从性管理,并继续推广由专人随访的队列管理模式,适当增加随访次数,不同特征个体分类管理,从而确保临床试验的高依从性。

女性性工作者艾滋病暴露前预防用药临床试验参加意愿分析

目的了解我国重庆、四川、广西、新疆女性性工作者(female sex workers,FSWs)对暴露前预防用药(pre-exposure prophylaxis,PrEP)临床试验的参加意愿及其影响因素。方法采用非随机抽样,对研究对象进行面对面匿名问卷调查。采用χ2检验进行单因素分析,利用Logistic回归进行多因素分析。结果共征集到1 340名合格的研究对象。我国四川、重庆、广西和新疆的FSWs对PrEP的知晓率为15.27%,进行PrEP相关内容的讲解后,FSWs人群PrEP的临床试验的参加意愿为56.49%。经Logistic回归分析,FSWs人群PrEP临床试验参加意愿的影响因素包括调查现场(四川/广西:OR=0.471,P=0.000 1;新疆/广西:OR=1.971,P<0.01);认为预防艾滋病困难吗(不困难/困难:OR=1.507,P=0.009 0);是否会主动提出使用安全套(是/否:OR=1.645,P=0.014 5);对方不使用安全套,是否拒绝发生性行为(是/否:OR=1.506,P=0.008 8);是否应在性工作者中推广PrEP(是/否:OR=2.105,P<0.01);是否会建议朋友使用PrEP(是/否:OR=1.642,P=0.035 9)。结论我国重庆、四川、广西、新疆的FSWs人群对PrEP临床试验的参加意愿相对较高。

男男性行为人群艾滋病暴露前预防用药临床试验队列保持力及预测因子分析

目的了解男男性行为人群（men who have sex with men，MSM）艾滋病暴露前预防用药（pre-exposure prophylaxis，PrEP）临床试验中队列的保持情况及其预测因子。方法采用非概率抽样的方法招募并筛选出167例受试对象，按1∶1比例随机分配进入每日服药组或间歇服药组，在第0（基线）、4、8、12、16、20、24、28（±5 d内）周进行临床随访和问卷调查，采用基于Kaplan-Meier估计的生存曲线描述不同试验组队列保持概率，单因素和多因素Cox回归分析队列保持的预测因子。结果80.2%的受试对象完成了至少1次服药后随访，59.9%完成了28周的队列随访。间歇用药组（ARR=0.60，95% CI：0.36～0.99）、年龄〉24岁（ARR=0.46，95% CI：0.25～0.83）、中等收入相对于高收入（ARR=0.45，95%CI：0.21～0.96）、因希望能够推广一种预防艾滋病的药物而参加试验（ARR=0.59，95% CI：0.36～0.99）的参与者有更低的脱失率，即更高的队列保持力，因为能获得免费的预防药物而参加试验（ARR=1.90，95% CI：1.13～3.21）的受试者有更高的脱失率，即更低的队列保持力。结论MSM人群PrEP临床试验队列保持力不高，间歇服药组的队列保持力高于每日服药组，在进一步的PrEP临床试验中需制定相应策略以提高试验队列保持力。

临床药师干预前后神经外科预防应用抗菌药物的效果评价

目的:探讨临床药师干预神经外科围手术期合理预防应用抗菌药物的方法和效果。方法:临床药师向医师提供“抗菌药物临床应用指导原则”和抗菌药物相关知识培训,对病区抗菌药物预防应用情况进行跟踪、监控并给予指导意见,回顾性分析干预前后预防用药多项指标的变化。结果:经临床药师主动干预,药物选择的合理率从29.47%上升至72.63%(P<0.05),给药时机的合理率由91.57%上升至100%(P<0.05),单次给药剂量的合理率从61.05%上升至87.36%(P<0.05),给药频次的合理率由86.32%上升至95.78%(P<0.05),溶媒选择的合理率由89.47%上升至97.89%(P<0.05),用药疗程的合理率从32.63%上升至83.16%(P<0.05)。结论:临床药师主动干预措施可促进神经外科围手术期抗菌药物的合理使用,进一步提高临床药师服务水平。