Existing state of potassium chloride in agglomerated sintering dust and its water leaching kinetics

In order to examine the leaching rate of potassium chloride from the sintering dust by water,surface morphology and inner structure of the dust,especially the existing state of potassium chloride,were observed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and linear scanning technique via energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS）.The characterization shows that the sintering dusts are mostly porous composites or agglomerates of the fine dust particles with size less than 10 μm,and the potassium chloride and sodium chloride particles are partly covered by other water insoluble matters in the dust which consist of elements iron,calcium and etc.Exposure of potassium chloride in the agglomerated dust matrix of this kind suggests that the leaching can be simply perceived as the dissolution of water soluble matters in the dust.On-line monitor of specific electrical conductivity of the leaching system verifies the prediction that leaching kinetics of potassium chloride from the sintering dust fits dissolution model well.Leaching equilibrium can be reached within 5 min with potassium leaching ratio more than 95%.

The diagnosis of hyperkalemia induced by potassium chloride in experimental rabbits

Objective： To observe the electrocardiogram （ECG） and heart rate in a rabbit model ofhyperkalemia induced by potassium chloride, and provide theoretical and experimental reference for timely diagnosis of hyperkalemia clinically. Methods： Forty rabbits were randomly assigned into four groups. 0.9% isotonic saline solution was perfused in the group I , while 1.0%, 4.0% and 10.0% potassium chloride solutions were perfused in the other groups, respectively, to induce hyperkalemia. Results： The changes of serum potassium, ECG and heart rate before perfusion were significantly （P〈 0.05） different from those after perfusion in the other groups compared with group I . The effect of ECG variability rates was well consistent （Kappa = 0.724, P〈0.01） with that of serum potassium on diagnostic tests in the other groups. The area under ROC curve in diagnosis effect of ECG variability rates and sermn potassium on hyperkalaemia was much significantly larger （P〈0.01 and P〈0.05） compared with 0.5. There was asignificantly positive correlation between ECG variability rates and serum potassium （r= 0.865, P〈0.05 for bilateral Pearson test）. There was certain positive correlation between heart rate and serum potassium, but the correlation was poor （r= 0.526, R2=0.277）. Conclusion： A combination of serum potassium, ECG variability rates and heart rate should be considered and analyzed by synthesis to establish an accurate and timely diagnosis for hyperkalemia.

Anomalous expression of chloride transporters in the sclerosed hippocampus of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients

The Na＋-K＋-CI- cotransporter 1 and K＋-CI- cotransporter 2 regulate the levels of intracellular chloride in hippocampal cells. Impaired chloride transport by these proteins is thought to be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Imbalance in the relative expression of these two proteins can lead to a collapse of CI- homeostasis, resulting in a loss of gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic inhibition and even epileptiform discharges. In this study, we investigated the expression of Na＋-K＋-CI- cotransporter 1 and K＋-CI- cotransporter 2 in the sclerosed hippocampus of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, using western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Compared with the histologically normal hippocampus, the sclerosed hippocampus showed increased Na＋-K＋-Cl- cotransporter 1 expression and decreased K＋-CI- cotransporter 2 expression, especially in CA2 and the dentate gyrus. The change was more prominent for the Na＋-K＋-CI- cotransporter 1 than for the K＋-CI- cotransporter 2. These experimental findings indicate that the balance between intracellular and extracellular chloride may be disturbed in hippocampal sclerosis, contributing to the hyperexcitability underlying epileptic seizures. Changes in Na＋-K＋-CI-cotransporter 1 expression seems to be the main contributor. Our study may shed new light on possible therapies for patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis.

Extraction of potassium from K-feldspar via the CaCl_2 calcination route

The extraction of potassium from K-feldspar via a calcium chloride calcination route was studied with a focus on the effects of the calcination atmosphere, calcination temperature and time, mass ratio of CaCl2 to K-feldspar ore and particle size of the K-feldspar ore. The results demonstrated that a competing high-temperature hydrolysis reaction of calcium chloride with moisture in a damp atmosphere occurred concurrently with the conversion reaction of K-feldspar with CaCl2, thus reducing the amount of potassium extracted. The conversion reaction started at approximately 600 °C and accelerated with increasing temperature. When the temperature rose above 900 °C, the extraction of potassium gradually decreased due to the volatilization of the product, KCl.As much as approximately 41% of the potassium was volatilized in 40 min at 1100 °C. The mass ratio of CaCl2/K-feldspar ore significantly affected the extraction. At a mass ratio of 1.15 and 900 °C, the potassium extraction reached 91% in 40 min, while the extraction was reduced to only 22% at the theoretical mass ratio of 0.2. Optimal process conditions are as follows: ore particle size of 50–75 μm, tablet forming pressure of 3 MPa, dry nitrogen atmosphere, mass ratio of CaCl2/ore 1.15:1, calcination temperature of 900 °C, and calcination time of 40 min.The XRD analysis revealed that a complex phase transition of the product SiO2 was also accompanied by the conversion reaction of K-feldspar/CaCl2. The SiO2 product formed at the initial stage was in the quartz phase at 900 °C and was gradually transformed into cristobalite after 30 min.

Effect of fluoride ions on coordination structure of titanium in molten NaCl–KCl

The effects of fluoride ions(F^(-)) on the electrochemical behavior and coordination properties of titanium ions(Ti^(n+)) were studied in this work,by combining electrochemical and mathematical analysis as well as spectral techniques.The α was taken as a factor to indicate the molar concentration ratio of F^(-) and Ti^(n+).Cyclic voltammetry(CV),square wave voltammetry(SWV),and open circuit potential method(OCP)were used to study the electrochemical behavior of titanium ions under conditions of various α,and in-situ sampler was used to prepare molten salt samples when α equal to 0.0,1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0,and 8.0.And then,samples were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and Raman spectroscopy.The results showed that F^(-) in molten salt can reduce the reduction steps of titanium ions and greatly affects the proportion of valence titanium ions which making the high-valence titanium content increased and more stable.Ti^(2+) cannot be detected in the molten salt when α is higher than 3.0 and finally transferred to titanium ions with higher valence state.Investigation revealed that the mechanism behind those phenomenon is the coordination compounds(TiCl_(j) F_(i)^(m-)) forming.

Chemical deactivation of V2Os-WO3/Ti02 SCR catalyst by combined effect of potassium and chloride

V2O5-WO3/WiO2 catalyst was poisoned by impregnation with NHaC1, KOH and KC1 solution, respectively. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, inductively coupled plasma （ICP）, N2 physisorption, Raman, UV-vis, NH3 adsorption, temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen （H2- TPR）, temperature-programmed oxidation of ammonia （NH3-TPO） and selective catalytic reduction of NOx with ammonia （NH3-SCR）. The deactivation effects of poison- ing agents follow the sequence of KC1 〉 KOH 〉〉 NH4CI. The addition of ammonia chloride enlarges the pore size of the titania support, and promotes the formation of highly dispersed V = O vanadyl which improves the oxidation of ammonia and the high-temperature SCR activity. K~ ions are suggested to interact with vanadium and tungsten species chemically, resulting in a poor redox property of catalyst. More importantly, potassium can reduce the Bronsted acidity of catalysts and decrease the stability of Bronsted acid sites significantly. The more severe deactivation of the KCl-treated catalyst can be mainly ascribed to the higher amount of potassium resided on catalyst.

Gene expression microarray analysis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus in a rat model of migraine with aura

Cortical spreading depression can trigger migraine with aura and activate the trigeminal vascular system. To examine gene expression profiles in the spinal trigeminal nucleus in rats following cortical spreading depression-induced migraine with aura, a rat model was established by injection of 1 M potassium chloride, which induced cortical spreading depression. DNA microarray analysis revealed that, compared with the control group, the cortical spreading depression group showed seven upregulated genes-myosin heavy chain 1/2, myosin light chain 1, myosin light chain （phosphorylatable, fast skeletal muscle）, actin alpha 1, homeobox B8, carbonic anhydrase 3 and an unknown gene. Two genes were downregulated-RGD1563441 and an unknown gene. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and bioinformatics analysis indicated that these genes are involved in motility, cell migration, CO2/nitric oxide homeostasis and signal transduction.

Effects and Mechanisms of P and K Nutrients on Yield and Protein Content of Fodder Rice

Effects and mechanisms of P and K nutrients on yield and protein content of Weiyou 56, a fodder hybrid rice combination,were studied through pot experiment and biochemical analysis. The results showed that the increase of P and K nutrients enhanced the activities of PEP carboxylase (PEPC), glutamine synthase (GS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) in leaves, sucrose synthase (SS), ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGP) and GS in grains, and the chlorophyll content in leaves, soluble sugar and starch content in grains, protein N and total N content in leaves and grains. Howerer, they decreased soluble sugar content in leaves and led to an increase of protein content in brown rice, biomass, grain yield and harvest index. Excessive P nutrients slightly reduced SPS and ADPG activity in leaves and grains respectively.

Influences of additives on the crystal habit of potassium chloride

By means of constant control speed cooling crystallization,the influences of four additives,including lead chloride,cadmium chloride,sodium salicylate,and quaternary ammonium salt,on the crystal habit of KCl were investigated.The results show that the crystal habit of KCl is cube without additives,the crystal habit of KCl is ellipsoid-like in the presence of Pb^(2+),the crystal habit of KCl is strip in the presence of Cd^(2+),and the crystal habit of KCl is cavate cube in the presence of sodium salicylate.Xray diffractometry analysis reveals that these additives can change the crystal habit of KCl but not its crystal structure.

Experiment on Spray Cooling Performance with Different Additives of Different Mass Fraction

As an efficient cooling method for high heat flux field,spray cooling has a great application potential on aircraft directed energy weapon cooling.Based on previous research results,an experimental system of open-loop spray cooling was established,and the potassium chloride aqueous solutions and ethylene glycol aqueous solutions with different mass fractions were applied to investigate the influence of different additives on spray cooling system performance.Besides,theoretical analysis was conducted according to the droplet breakage principle and the characteristic parameters of fluid mechanics.The results indicate that heat transfer can be enhanced by adding potassium chloride up to a certain concentration and then decrease with higher concentration.Heat transfer is deteriorated with the increase of ethylene glycol concentration.Both of the two additives can reduce the freezing point of the system,and ethylene glycol is preferred to improve the application range of the system in consideration of the corrosion of salt solution.

Effect of KCI on Growth of Carbon Fibers During Carbonization of Phenolic Resin

Effects of the KCI additions （1%, 3%, 5% and 7% of the phenolic resin mass ） on phase composition and microstructure of the resin carbon and the growth mechanism of carbon fibers were investigated by using commercial liquid phenolic resin as carbon source and micron-scaled KCl us catalyzer, mixing, hexamethylene- tetramine solidification treating, carbon-embedded firing at 1 000 ℃ for 3 h in order to accelerate the graphitization of phenolic resin during carbonization. The results show that the graphitization degree of resin carbon is im- proved by catalysis of KCl, numerous carbon fibers with 30 - 200 nm in diameter and 10 - 20 μm in length and sheet-like carbon in situ grow in resin carbon. The opti- mal addition of KCl is 5% when lots of carbon fibers can be found in resin carbon, and doo2 diffraction peak of graphite appears obviously in the XRD pattern. The growth mechanism of carbon fiber is that the molten KCl at high temperatures absorbs carbonaceous gas from the decomposition of phenolic resin, accelerating the diffu- sion of solid C atoms in liquid KCl ; after the dissolution of C saturates, carbon atoms separate continuously in lo- cal parts to form carbon fibers or flakes ; meanwhile, the concentration gradient formed by local carbon atoms in the melt offers growth drive for the separation of carbon fibers or flakes on KCl surface.

The biochemical effects of potassium chloride on the silkworm, （ Bombyx mori L.）

The supplementation with 50, 100 and 150μg/mL potassium chloride to the fifth instar larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori on fat body glycogen, protein, total lipids and haemolymph protein and trehalose were analyzed. The fat body glycogen and protein and haemolymph protein were increased significantly in all the treated groups; whereas fat body total lipids increased only in 100 and 150μg/mL and haemolymph trehalose increased only in 150μg/mL potassium chloride-treated groups when compared with those of the corresponding parameters of the carrier controls.

Effects of Artesunate on Tracheal Smooth Muscle from the Guinea-pig

Artesunate is a derivative of qinghaosu, with a sesquiterpene structure. The specific action and the clinical uses of artesunate are on the preliminary stage. On the one hand, artesunate has specific action of both antiinflammation and antivirus, and also has protective effect on the pulmonary alveolar macrophages, which may be advantageous to the treatment of the airway non specific inflammation of asthma. On the other hand, qinghaosu has the activities to relax vascular smooth muscle and to cause hypotension. The expectorant action, the antitussive action and the antiasthmatic action of qinghaosu were reported. Artesunate may also have antiasthmatic activity, because the antimalarial potency of artesunate is stronger than that of qinghaosu, and Artesunate can block Ca 2+ influx by inhibiting calcium dependent chloride current. The main aims of this paper are to investigate the site, the mode, and the mechanism of artesunate action on isolated tracheal smooth muscle from the guinea pig. The isolated tracheal smooth muscle and isolated aortic strip circle were suspended in 10 ml Thornton and 5 ml Krebs solution gassed with 95% O 2+5% CO 2 at 37℃ respectively, and stretched with an initial tension of 1.5 g. After a stabilization period of over two hours, drug effects were plotted from cumulative doses. The tension changes were recorded by a forcedisplacement transducer connected to a two pen recorder (XWTD 264 made in Shanghai Dahua Apparatus Factory). Our experiments on isolated tracheal smooth muscle have demonstrated that artesunate is able to relax tracheal smooth muscle by its action on the tracheal smooth muscle cells. In concentrations ranging from 10 pmol·L 1 to 100 nmol·L 1 , artesunate can reduce the tone of the trachea in a concentration dependent manner. Its pD 2 is 8.76±0.74 (epithelium removed, n=6) and its potency is seventy four percent of isoprenaline′s. Artesunate is able to antagonize noncompetitively the effects of spasmogens like acetylcholine and histamine on trachea in a concentration dependent fashion, its pD′ 2 is 9.99±0.71 (n=8) and 11.69±0.53 (n=8), respectively. Timolol, a non selective blocker of the beta adrenergic receptors, does not inhibit the relaxant action of artesunate on trachea (n=6). Artesunate is also able to antagonize the constrictive effect on the trachea by KCl 100 mmol·L 1 in a concentration dependent manner, and its IC 50 is 0.81±0.67 nmol·L 1 (n=6). In the experiment of antagonizing the contractive action on trachea by acetylcholine 100 μmol·L 1 , artesunate was found to be more potent than nicardipine (n=7, P <0.01). Their inhibition rates (%) were 67.51±13.06% and 23.71±11.94% respectively. Nicardipine had no synergistic effect on the potency of artesunate (only increase the inhibition rate of artesunate from 65.71±11.06% to 73.94±11.78%, P>0.05, n=7). Artesunate had no effect on specific binding of 3H QNB on M 3 subtype of mAChR of salivary gland of rats (n=3). In the experiment of isolated aortic strip circle from the rats, artesunate did not block the intracellular Ca 2+ release, but partially inhibited Ca 2+ influx induced by phenylephrine 10 μmol·L 1 in a concentration dependent fashion. Its IC 50 was 1.64±0.38 mmol·L 1 (n=7). The intracellular Ca 2+ transient was determined using Fura 2 by fluorospectrophotometer (RF 5000 made in Japan). The excitation wavelengths were 340 and 380 nm and the emission wavelength was 510 nm. The intracellular Ca 2+ levels were calculated using the formula∶ [Ca 2+ ] i=Kd [(R t R min )/(R max R t)]×(Sf2/Sb2). In the cultured traheal smooth muscle cells, artesunate 100 μmol 1 had no effects on both intracellular Ca 2+ release and nonvoltagedepended Ca 2+ influx induced by cyclopiazonic acid (a Ca 2+ pump inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum) 10 μmol·L 1 (n=3) (which was determined by using Fura 2). The cyclic AMP levels of the tracheal tissue were

Experimental assessment of a new salt aerosol generator for measuring efficiency of automotive air filters

Generation of polydisperse KCl aerosol with a new salt aerosol generator was investigated, Special attention was paid on particles with diameters between 3 and 10 μm. The main improvement consists of the different routes of KCl solution droplets. In traditional generators, the solution droplets travel through one cylinder; while in the case analyzed here, after spray atomization, the droplets travel through two cylinders in series. The first cylinder was fed with warm air and the second one with cold air. In such way, the complete evaporation of the water from the droplets can be ensured. The influencing factors of the generated aerosol size distribution were investigated. The data measured show that the concentration of generated aerosol becomes higher both increasing the flow rate of the KCI solution injected in the first cylinder and increasing the concentration in the solution. The temperature of solution influences mainly the generation of smaller KCI particles （0,3-3 μm）. The amount of hot air used in the generation process increases the concentration of larger KC1 particles （〉3 μm） while cold air does not have the same effect. The aerosol generator is able to generate KC1 aerosol stably. This instrument can be used effectively for testing air filters for automotive.

Synthesis of MgAl_2O_4 Powder in KCI-LiCl-KF System Molten Salt

Molten salt synthesis of MgAl204 powder from industrial alumina and light calcined MgO in KCl, LiCl, and KCl- LiCl media, and the influence of KF at 500 -1 000℃ were investigated. Synthesized powders were characterized by means of XRD, laser particle analyzer, and SEM, and the synthesis mechanism of MgAl2O4 was discussed as well. The results show that （1） the molten salt composite （ KCl - LiCl） is more .[hvorable for the synthesis of MgAl2O4 than single molten salt （LiCl or KCl）, and LiCl is more favorable than KCl; （2） KF can accelerate the formation of MgAl2O 4 and decrease its forming temperature ; （ 3 ） synthesis of MgAl204 powder in the molten salts without KF is controlled by ＂template -growth＂ mechanism, but in the molten salts with KF , it is controlled by ＂template - growth＂ and ＂dissolution -precipitation＂ mechanism.

Metal Salt and Non-Electrolyte Separation by Means of Dialysis through the Composite Membranes

To separate salts of metals and non-electrolytes, the approach of dialysis through the composite membranes (CMs) is proposed. CM is a combination of cation and anion exchange areas. In the composite membrane, cations and anions are transferred through the respective exchange areas simultaneously without violation of macroscopic electro-neutrality. This provides a better transfer of salts than conventional ion exchange membranes (IEMs). The dialysis of the ethylene glycol aqueous salt solutions through the CMs was investigated. We have shown that the transport of salts through the composite membranes is more intensive (unlike IEM providing no transfer of salts from weakly mineralized aqueous solutions due to the Donnan exclusion) and the ethylene glycol transfer is not very significant, that is the basis of effective separation. The possibility to use of composite membranes for metal salt and other electrolyte separation is discussed.

The Research Progress of Polyploid Induction to Eriocheir sinensis

Polyploidy induction to aquatic animals is a kind of biological technology with important economic value,its induction methods include physical method,chemical method and biological method. There have been mroe reports about aquatic animals polyploid induction in fish and shellfish,by contrast,in decapod crustaceans,researches about polyploid induction are relatively little,currently only in Eriocheir japonicus,Fenneropenaeus chinensis and Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Through heat shock to induce polyploid of crabs,50% of triploid and 52% of tetraploid can be obtained,and through cytochalasin B（ CB） solution treatment to induce fertilized eggs of crabs,it can also get 58. 18% of triploid and 57. 89% of triploid. By adding KCl solution to a certain salinity of seawater to induce crab triploid,100% of triploid induction rate was obtained after exploring the optimum time and concentration of induction. In this paper,the author summarized the principle,methods and development process of polyploidy induction,and compared each induction method and their inducing effects,aimed at providing the reference for researchment of polyploidy induction of crabs.

Mean Activity Coefficients of KCI in the KCI-K2B4O7-H2O Ternary System at 308.15 K by EMF Method

The mean activity coefficients of KCI in a KCI-K2B407-H20 ternary system were experimentally determined at 308.15 K by the electromotive force measurement（EMF） via a battery cell without a liquid junction： K-ISEIKCI（m1）, K2B4O7（m2）ICI-ISE（ISE=ion selective electrode） in a total ionic strength of from 0.01 mol/kg to 1.00 mol/kg at different ionic strength fractions of KzB407 with yB=0, 0.200, 0.400, 0.600 and 0.800. K-ISE and CI-ISE presented a good Nernst effect, which implies that this method could be used to measure the activity coefficients of an electrolyte in the above system. The Harned rule was fitted to the experimental data, the Harned coefficients and the Pitzer single-salt ion parameters of KC1 were evaluated, and the relationship diagrams between the mean activity coefficient of KC1 and the ionic strength fraction（yB） were drawn. The mean activity coefficients of KCI（γ±KCI） decreased monotonically with the increase of I. The experimental results obeyed the Harned rule well.