Optimization of Anti-Collapse Drilling Fluid Systems with High Potassium Content

The ash mudstone in some oil formations is highly water-sensitive.The oil formation is fractured,and the risk of well leakage and collapse is not negligible.This study presents a countermeasure for well collapse prevention,based on a“force-chemistry synergistic balance”approach and the utilization of environmentally friendly and efficient hydration inhibitors.The relevance of this approach is demonstrated considering a drilling fluid system with the high potassium content.The analysis shows that the system can maintain good rheological properties,filtration loss and suspension stability even after aging at 130℃ for 16 h.The primary roll recovery of rock chips is better than 98%.The secondary rolling recovery rate is 89%.The rapid water loss is close to zero.The effects of carrying rock,sand,hydration inhibition and dispersion of drill chips are all noticeable.

A facile one-pot hydrothermal synthesis as an efficient method to modulate the potassium content of cryptomelane and its effects on the redox and catalytic properties

Cryptomelane has been widely applied as catalyst in oxidation reactions due to its excellent redox properties and low cost.Here,a novel one-pot hydrothermal synthesis using a potassium permanganate aqueous solution as precursor and ethanol as reducing agent has successfully been developed to obtain cryptomelane nano-oxides.This synthetic route makes it possible to control the amount of potassium incorporated into the structure of the cryptomelane by selecting the appropriate synthesis temperature and ethanol initial concentration.Taking advantage of this approach,the effect of potassium concentration on the structural stability and reducibility of the cryptomelane,which are poorly discussed in the literature,has been studied.We have observed that samples with low content of potassium(~11%)show high conversions of CO to CO2 especially at low temperatures.The lower activity of the samples with high K contents(~16%)can be ascribed to the beneficial effect of K on the structural stability of cryptomelane in detriment of labile oxygen on cryptomelane surface.

Hyperspectral Inversion of Potassium Content in Apple Leaves Based on Vegetation Index

The aim of this study is to establish the estimation model of potassium content in apple leaves by using vegetation index. A total of 96 fresh apple leaves were collected from 24 orchards in Qixia County, Shandong Province. The spectral reflectance of the leaves was measured by ASD FieldSpec4. The difference vegetation index (DVI), ratio vegetation index (RVI) and normalized vegetation index (NDVI) were used to make the contour map through Matlab platform, and the combination of high correlation wavelength was selected to establish the random forest (RF) regression model of potassium content. The hyperspectral reflectance increased with the increase of leaf potassium content. The correlation between DVI and the content of potassium is higher than NDVI and RVI. The optimal vegetation index was DVI (364,740), the correlation coefficient was 0.5355. The random forest regression model established with DVI selected vegetation index was the best. R2 was 0.8995, RMSE and RE% were 0.0791 and 0.0617 respectively. Using DVI to establish the random forest regression model to reverse the potassium content of apple leaves has achieved good results. It is important to determine the growth status of apple in hyperspectral and to determine the potash fertilizer of apple trees.

Sugar beet yield and industrial sugar contents improved by potassium fertilization under scarce and adequate moisture conditions

Sugar beet（Beta vulgaris L.） is an industrial crop, grown worldwide for sugar production. In Pakistan, sugar is mostly extracted from sugarcane, soil and environmental conditions are equally favorable for sugar beet cultivation. Beet sugar contents are higher than sugarcane sugar contents, which can be further increased by potassium（K） fertilization. Total K concentration is higher in Pakistani soils developed from mica minerals, but it does not represent plant available K for sustainable plant growth. A pot experiment was conducted in the wire-house of Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences at University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. K treatments were the following： no K（K_0）, K application at 148 kg ha^（–1）（K_1） and 296 kg ha^（–1）（K_2）. Irrigation levels were used as water sufficient at 60% water holding capacity and water deficient at 40% water holding capacity. The growth, yield and beet quality data were analyzed statistically using LSD. The results revealed that increase in the level of K fertilization at water sufficient level significantly increased plant growth, beet yield and industrial beet sugar content. The response of K fertilization under water deficient condition was also similar, however overall sugar production was less than that in water sufficient conditions. It is concluded from this study that K application could be used not only to enhance plant growth and beet yield but also enhance beet sugar content both under water-deficient as well as water-sufficient conditions.

施用侧孢短芽孢杆菌对烤后烟叶钾含量及烟株生理特征的影响

为探究施用侧孢短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus laterosporus)对烤后烟叶钾含量及烟株生理特征的影响,在烟苗移栽期设置不施用侧孢短芽孢杆菌(T1)、侧孢短芽孢杆菌浸根(T2)、侧孢短芽孢杆菌灌根(T3)及侧孢短芽孢杆菌浸根+灌根(T4)4个处理,测定烤后烟叶钾含量、叶片光合色素含量、抗氧化酶活性及抗病性等指标的变化。结果表明:侧孢短芽孢杆菌的最佳施用方式为浸根+灌根,该处理烤后上部及中部叶的钾含量较T1处理分别显著(P<0.05)提高29.86%、67.36%,根系钾含量显著提高16.58%~28.85%,烟株气候斑病、炭疽病、赤星率、叶斑病的发病率和病情指数显著降低,烟叶的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量,及超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性分别显著提高13.21%~18.81%、21.01%~35.41%、9.63%~18.31%、11.62%~13.81%,叶片丙二醛含量显著降低20.76%~30.99%。综上,在烟苗移栽期以浸根+灌根方式施用侧孢短芽孢杆菌可增强烟株的抗性,提高烤后烟叶的钾含量。

中医药治疗慢性肾脏病高钾血症的研究进展

近年来,中医药在改善慢性肾脏病(CKD)高钾血症患者病情中的作用逐渐受到重视,结合国内外中医药与CKD高钾血症的相关研究,梳理有关CKD高钾血症的中医药理论;结合CKD患者发生高钾血症的生理机制及现代中药药理学研究,探讨治疗CKD的常见中药影响钾离子代谢的机制,归纳CKD高钾血症患者具体可应用的和应避免的中药;提出CKD患者在出现高钾血症时能持续使用含钾量低且有延缓肾功能恶化的中药,为未来中医药在CKD高钾血症治疗方面的研究提供方向。参考文献54篇。

不同钾肥对水肥一体化下烤烟碳氮代谢与钾吸收的影响

为解决平顶山烟区烤烟钾含量偏低的问题,以烤烟品种中烟100为材料,基于水肥一体化栽培管理,研究了不同钾肥对烤烟碳氮代谢与钾吸收的影响。结果表明:配合水肥一体化四次追施自制钾肥,以及施用缓释钾肥和生物钾肥都能提高烟株光合能力与碳氮代谢水平,促进烟株生长发育,促进效应依次是缓释钾肥>生物钾肥>自制钾肥。施用不同种类钾肥能够提高烟株体内SOD等保护酶的活性,增强烤烟抗性,这种促进效应的基本顺序是生物钾肥>缓释钾肥>自制钾肥。钾代谢相关基因表达分析表明,这三种钾肥的合理使用能够有效促进钾的吸收与转运、减少钾的外排,进而增加烟株中钾的储存。配合水肥一体化四次追施自制钾肥和施用缓释钾肥两个处理对中上部烟叶钾含量有明显的提升作用。

不同叶面肥对烤烟上部叶生长发育及钾含量的影响

为明确不同叶面肥对烤烟上部叶生长发育及钾含量的影响,以云烟87为试验材料,设置喷施清水对照、磷酸二氢钾、矿物源黄腐殖酸钾、糖醇有机钾和硅肥共5个处理开展大田试验,分析各处理对烤烟上部叶叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶片组织结构以及氮、磷、钾含量等的影响。结果表明,喷施4种叶面肥能够有效改善烤烟上部叶的叶片性状,降低叶片厚度,促进栅栏细胞的伸长,提高叶片钾含量,其中以喷施硅肥处理效果最好。与喷清水对照相比,喷施硅肥处理烤烟上部叶叶面积显著增加47.98%,长宽比减少8.91%,叶片干重提高10.69%,栅栏组织厚度显著提高29.07%,磷、钾含量分别显著提高77.78%和42.34%。由此表明,叶面喷施硅肥更有利于优化烤烟上部叶叶片组织结构,提高叶片钾含量。

长江中游地区不同钾肥用量对油菜生物量、产量和养分吸收利用的影响

2021~2022年在长江中游地区湖北省武汉市江夏区开展田间试验,研究不同氯化钾施用量对油菜苗期及成熟期生物量、产量和养分吸收分配的影响。试验设置6个氯化钾施用量处理,分别为K_(0)(K_(2)O 0 kg/hm^(2))、K_(30)(K_(2)O30 kg/hm^(2))、K_(60)(K_(2)O 60 kg/hm^(2))、K_(90)(K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2))、K_(120)(K_(2)O 120 kg/hm^(2))和K_(150)(K_(2)O 150 kg/hm^(2))。结果表明,在一定范围内,随着钾肥用量的提高,油菜苗期以及成熟期各部位生物量和产量显著增加,其中最高增产量和增产率分别为1199.6 kg/hm^(2)和57.2%。当施钾量超过120 kg/hm^(2)后油菜生物量和产量均不再显著增加。油菜苗期以及成熟期各部位钾含量随着钾肥用量的增加而显著提高,氮含量均无显著变化,但成熟期籽粒中的磷含量随着施钾量的提高而显著增加。钾肥偏生产力随着钾肥用量的提高而显著降低,但钾肥农学利用率、生理利用率、表观利用率以及收获指数均在施钾量为90 kg/hm^(2)时达到最大,随后逐渐减小。经济效益分析表明施钾量为120 kg/hm^(2)时产投比和净收入达到最大,再继续增加钾肥用量经济效益反而会降低,结合线性加平台方程拟合结果该地区实现经济效益最大化的推荐施钾量为114.6 kg/hm^(2)。综上,合理施用钾肥能够显著提升油菜生物量、氮、磷和钾等养分积累量,提升株高、一级分枝数和角果数,实现增产和最大经济效益。

西藏盐湖卤水钾含量时空分布特征与影响因素分析

钾盐是我国战略性矿产资源之一,西藏盐湖卤水蕴藏丰富的钾盐资源,急需开展调查评价,而卤水中钾含量是重要内容。本文通过构建多时段西藏盐湖卤水钾含量数据集,对时空分布特征进行了细致分析,并深入探讨其影响因素。研究表明,①在时间上,1980年到2000年,西藏盐湖卤水钾含量升高,主要是冰雪融水补给变少引起的;2000年到2020年,钾含量降低,降雨量增加是主要因素。②空间上,西藏盐湖卤水钾含量呈现出明显的地域差异,高值区集中于东经82°~85°、北纬31.5°~34°范围,表现为西高东低、南高北低分布格局,物源、气候差异、汇水面积是空间分布差异的主因。③不同水化学类型卤水钾含量:硫酸钠亚型>氯化物型>硫酸镁亚型>碳酸盐型。本研究将为西藏盐湖卤水钾含量变化规律研究和钾盐资源评价提供重要的基础数据。

火焰原子吸收光谱法检测烟梗草木灰中的钾含量

使用火焰原子吸收光谱法测量废弃烟梗中钾离子的含量,并与其他常见农作物钾素含量做对比,为废弃烟梗的再利用提供一定的解决思路。通过自主设计并进行实验,能够培养学生独立思考和解决实际问题的能力,强化对理论与实践二者间联系的理解,进一步了解并正视能源和环境问题,充分发挥知识育人和实践育人的作用。

Characteristics of Potassium-Enriched, Flue-Cured Tobacco Genotype in Potassium Absorption, Accumulation, and In-Ward Potassium Currents of Root Cortex

This study was to investigate the main traits of potassium-enriched, flue-cured tobacco genotypes related to potassium absorption, accumulation, and in-ward potassium currents of the root cortex. Hydroponic methods, K^＋-depletion methods, and patch-clamp, whole-cell recordings were conducted to study the accumulation of dry matter and potassium in different organs, and to measure potassium absorption and dynamic and in-ward potassium currents in potassium-enriched, fluecured tobacco genotypes. The average dry weights of leaves and whole plant of potassium-enriched, flue-cured tobacco genotype ND202 were 10.20, and 14.85 g, respectively, higher than JYH （8.50 and 13.11 g, respectively） and NC2326 （8.39 and 12.72 g, respectively）, when potassium concentration in the solution ranged from 0.1 to 50 mmol L^-1. Potassium accumulation in the leaves of ND202 was 18.6% higher than JYH and 34% higher than NC2326 when potassium concentration in the solution was superior to 0.5 mmol L^-1. The Vmax （the maximum velocity） of ND202 was 118.11 lamol FW g^-1 h^-1, obviously higher than that of JYH （58.87 μmol FW g^-1 h^-1） and NC2326 （64.40 μmol FW g^-1 h^-1）. In the in-ward potassium currents, the absolute value of current density （pA/pF） of ND202 was 60, higher than that of JYH （50） and NC2326 （40）. Potassium concentration in leaves, Vmax, and in-ward potassium currents, could be used to screen potassium-enriched, flue-cured tobacco genotypes.

施用氯化钾对马铃薯氯含量的影响及动态氯临界值研究

【目的】通过研究氯化钾(KCl)施用量和施用时期对马铃薯氯营养特征及产量的影响,确定以块茎产量为基础的氯敏感时期和指示器官,以及氯敏感时期指示器官的动态Cl^(−)临界值,为马铃薯生产中氯化钾等含氯肥料的安全施用提供参考。【方法】以‘尤金’为供试品种进行田间试验,在K_(2)O施用时期和施用量相同的条件下,分别在基肥和追肥时施用不同比例的氯化钾,选取马铃薯关键生育期进行植株样品采集,分别测定各器官的Cl^(−)含量和生物量,并在成熟期测定马铃薯块茎产量及其构成因子。根据马铃薯不同生育时期各器官Cl^(−)含量与产量的相关性,确定马铃薯对Cl^(−)的敏感时期和指示器官;根据敏感期指示器官Cl^(−)含量与块茎相对产量,确定以马铃薯产量为评价依据的马铃薯动态Cl^(−)临界值。【结果】不同时期施用不同量的氯化钾均会显著提高马铃薯各器官的Cl^(−)含量与Cl^(−)积累量(P<0.05),且块茎中Cl^(−)含量(0.1%~0.6%)显著低于茎叶(0.4%~4.1%,(P<0.05)。茎叶中Cl^(−)积累量最高可达45.0 kg/hm^(2),分配比例在成熟期降至45%左右;块茎的Cl^(−)积累量在成熟期可达到31.73 kg/hm^(2),分配比例增加到55%左右。茎叶中Cl^(−)积累速率在块茎形成期达到最高值,平均约为1.43 kg/(hm^(2)·d);块茎的Cl^(−)积累速率在成熟期达到最大值,平均约为0.85 kg/(hm^(2)·d)。苗期和块茎形成期叶片Cl^(−)含量与块茎产量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),且两个时期叶片Cl^(−)含量低于0.7%时,块茎相对产量≥100%;叶片Cl^(−)含量苗期高于1.5%时,块茎形成期高于2.1%时,块茎的相对产量将低于95%(P<0.05)。【结论】以马铃薯块茎产量为基础,叶片Cl^(−)含量可作为马铃薯氯营养状况的指示器官,在苗期Cl^(−)临界值为1.5%,块茎形成期的Cl^(−)临界值为2.1%。

In sight of K-deficient layered K_(x)MnO_(2) cathode for potassium-ions batteries

Potassium-ions batteries(PIBs)are attracting increasing attention as up-and-coming youngster in largescale grid-level energy storage benefiting from its low-cost and high energy density.Nevertheless,enough researches regarding indispensable cathode materials for PIBs are badly absent.Herein,we synthesize K-deficient layered manganese-based oxides(P2-K_(0.21)MnO_(2) and P3-K_(0.23)MnO_(2))and investigate them as cathode of PIBs for the first time.As the newcomer of potassium-containing layered manganese-based oxides(K_(x)MnO_(2))group,P2-K_(0.21)MnO_(2) delivers high discharge capacity of 99.3 mAh g^(-1) and P3-K_(0.23)MnO_(2) exhibits remarkable capacity retention rate of 75.5%.Besides,in-situ XRD and ex-situ XRD measurements reveal the reversible phase transition of P2-K_(0.21)MnO_(2) and P3-K_(0.23)MnO_(2) with the potassium-ions extraction and reinsertion,respectively.This work contributes to a better understanding for the potassium storage in K-deficient layered K_(x)MnO_(2)(x≤0.23),possessing an important basic scientific significance for the exploitation and application of layered K_(x)MnO_(2) in PIBs.

钾肥追施对植烟红壤供钾能力及烟叶钾含量的影响

为探讨钾肥类型及不同用量追施对植烟红壤钾素供应、烤烟生长以及烟叶含钾量的影响,采用田间小区试验,在钾肥常规施用量和减施50%条件下,设置揭膜上厢肥(120 kg/hm^(2))、包膜硫酸钾(120 kg/hm^(2))、包膜硫酸钾(60 kg/hm^(2))、炭载揭膜上厢肥(60 kg/hm^(2))和炭载硫酸钾(60 kg/hm^(2))5个处理,研究了不同类型钾肥及用量对烤烟农艺性状、干物质量、烟叶含钾量以及土壤水溶性钾、速效钾和缓效钾供应的影响。结果表明:在常规施肥水平下,包膜硫酸钾具有明显的缓释效果,提高烟叶钾含量效果明显;在钾肥减施50%条件下,包膜硫酸钾和炭载揭膜上厢肥均能有效促进烟株生长发育,提高烟株干物质积累,且炭载揭膜上厢肥能有效提高土壤钾素有效性,其烤烟中、下部叶含钾量显著提高19.38%~40.15%、12.94%~32.49%。综上,在减量钾肥追施50%条件下(60 kg/hm^(2)),炭载揭膜上厢肥是钾肥追施最佳方案,可在生产中推广应用。

基于AHP-隶属函数法的棉花子叶期耐低钾能力鉴定

挖掘和利用钾高效种质资源、提高钾营养利用效率是解决棉花生产中缺钾问题的重要途经,为建立快速可靠的耐低钾评价体系,应用决策评价模型AHP-隶属函数法在子叶期对384份棉花种质材料进行耐低钾评价。结果表明:缺钾条件下(0.03 mmol L^(–1)),子叶缺钾斑相对面积的变异系数最大(96.24%),植株干重变异系数最小(14.73%),子叶与下胚轴夹角、根长、根表面积、根体积、K^(+)浓度、K~+积累量的变异系数在15.72%~31.52%之间。子叶与下胚轴夹角与缺钾斑相对面积显著负相关;根系形态与植株干重和K~+积累量显著正相关。经AHP-隶属函数法评价,384份棉花种质材料的综合评价值C分布于0.25~0.79之间,其中无极一枝花(C=0.7868)耐低钾能力最强,巴西014(C=0.2451)耐低钾能力最弱。系统聚类显示,高度(C值为0.74~0.79)和中度(C值为0.33~0.69)耐低钾材料的占比分别为1.30%和95.31%,低钾敏感材料(C值为0.25~0.33)占比3.39%。种子K~+浓度与子叶期耐低钾能力之间的相关性不显著。本研究完善了棉花耐低钾种质资源筛选体系,对384份供试种质的子叶期耐低钾能力进行了鉴定,筛选出5份耐低钾能力强的种质(无极一枝花、棕1-61、黑山棉1号、秦荔514、苏联棉78系),研究具有一定的理论和应用价值。

原子吸收分光光度法-火焰法测定复方醋酸钠林格注射液中钠、钾、镁、钙离子的含量

目的:建立复方醋酸钠林格注射液中钠、钾、镁、钙离子含量的原子吸收分光光度法-火焰法测定方法。方法:采用A3AFG-12型A3原子吸收分光光度计和XS205DU型、XP6型电子天平,以氯化铯作为测定钠离子和钾离子时的电离抑制剂,氯化镧为测定镁离子和钙离子时电离抑制剂,分别在589.3、766.5、285.2、422.7 nm处测定钠、钾、镁、钙离子含量,并进行方法学验证。结果:4种离子分别在0.15~1.20、0.2~1.6、0.05~0.4、1.014~5.069μg·mL^(-1)的浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数分别为r=0.9996、r=0.9993、r=0.9996、r=0.9990;4种离子平均回收率分别为98.5%,98.1%,93.2%,95.0%;测定注射液样品5批,钠、钾、镁、钙离子含量分别在3.186~3.221、0.155~0.160、0.023~0.026、0.056~0.059 mg·mL^(-1)范围内。结论:经方法学验证,所建立的方法重现性强、准确度高,适用于复方醋酸钠林格注射液中钠、钾、镁、钙离子的含量测定。

六盘水烟区土壤钾硫含量及烟叶增钾降硫研究

为了探明六盘水烟区的土壤钾硫含量,实现烟叶增钾降硫优质生产,于2021年对盘州、水城和钟山等植烟区0~20 cm耕层土壤进行了土壤pH值、土壤速效钾含量、土壤有效镁含量及土壤有效硫含量的分析,并于2021年5月在盘州设置了硅基钾肥不同比例替代硫酸钾的田间试验。结果表明:六盘水烟区土壤pH值、土壤速效钾含量、土壤有效镁含量及土壤有效硫含量分别为5.9、302.2 mg/kg、186.1 mg/kg和44.7 mg/kg;与常规施肥相比,硅基钾肥替代1/4硫酸钾的处理可提高烟叶产量19.9%,明显提高烟叶钾、镁含量,降低硫含量,烟叶内部成分更协调。

草酸钠干燥和贮存方式对四氧化二氮N值标定影响研究

通过对比2种干燥方式,研究草酸钠干燥方式对N值标定的影响。对草酸钠的贮存方式进行了探讨,研究干燥后草酸钠在3种贮存条件下对N值测定的影响。研究了不同环境湿度对N值测定的影响,确定实验室环境的最佳湿度范围。进一步考证西北气候下草酸钠的最适宜干燥方式和贮存条件,从而保证N值标定的准确有效进行。

利用地面γ总量转换为空气吸收剂量率进行环境辐射水平评价——以桂阳县潘家村和永兴县土桥村实测数据为例

在长期的铀矿普查中,我国积累了海量的γ总量数据资料,但应用这些数据进行放射性环境评价的研究极少。本文从γ总量和空气吸收剂量率的测量原理出发,通过梳理γ总量、放射性核素含量与空气吸收剂量率之间的关系,建立起地面γ总量与空气吸收剂量率之间的联系,分析了仪器参数对测量误差的影响,认为γ总量仪器bK/bU=2.287、bTh/bU=0.430时,测量的γ总量与空气吸收剂量率满足严格线性关系,因此γ总量仪器的bK/bU、bTh/bU值越接近这两个数值,测得的γ总量转换为空气吸收剂量率越准确;利用湖南省电离辐射计量站模型进行了γ总量转换为空气吸收剂量率的系数求解,并分析了误差,推测了仪器参数中钾的铀当量值、钍的铀当量值的大致范围;在郴州市桂阳县潘家村岩体和郴州市永兴县土桥村灰岩地区进行了γ总量、γ能谱、空气吸收剂量率的同点位实测,结果显示,当核素含量比CK/CU均值小于1、CTh/CU均值小于3时,利用γ总量(FD3013仪器测得)估算的空气吸收剂量率与利用Beck公式根据能谱估算的空气吸收剂量率的误差基本处于同等水平,均方根误差均小于15%。根据国内核素的CK/CU、CTh/CU均值,认为国内大部分地区可以利用由FD3013仪器(或类似性能仪器)测得的γ总量数据估算空气吸收剂量率。利用已有铀矿普查资料中的γ总量数据转换计算有效空气吸收剂量率,为快速大面积评估环境天然放射性外照射水平提供了方法参考。