Transcriptome analysis reveals effects of red and blue lightemitting diodes(LEDs)on the growth,chlorophyll fluorescence and endogenous plant hormones of potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)plantlets cultured in vitro

Red and blue light illumination has been reported to significantly affect plantlet growth.Potato is an important food and feed crop in the world and potato plantlet cultured in vitro plays an important role in potato production.However,few studies have documented the effects of red and blue light on the growth of potato plantlets revealed at the transcriptome level.The objective of this study was to determine the growth and physiological responses of potato plantlets cultured in vitro under monochromatic red(RR),monochromatic blue(BB)as well as combined red and blue(RB)LEDs using the RNA-Seq technique.In total,3150 and 814 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were detected in potato plantlets under RR and BB,respectively,compared to RB(used as control).Compared to the control,the DEGs enriched in"photosynthesis"and"photosynthesis-antenna proteins"metabolic pathways were up-regulated and down-regulated by BB and RR,respectively,which might be responsible for the increases and decreases of maximum quantum yield(F_(v)/F_(m)),photochemical quantum yield(φ_(PSII)),photochemical quenching(q_(P))and electron transfer rate(ETR)in BB and RR,respectively.Potato plantlets exhibited dwarfed stems and extended leaves under BB,whereas elongated stems and small leaves were induced under RR.These dramatically altered plantlet phenotypes were associated with variable levels of endogenous plant hormones gibberellin(GAs),indoleacetic acid(IAA)and cytokinins(CKs),as assessed in stems and leaves of potato plantlets.In addition,monochromatic red and blue LEDs trigged the opposite expression profiles of DEGs identified in the"plant hormone signal transduction"metabolic pathway,which were closely related to the endogenous plant hormone levels in potato plantlets.Our results provide insights into the responses of potato plantlets cultured in vitro to red and blue LEDs at the transcriptomic level and may contribute to improvements in the micro-propagation of potato plantlets cultured in vitro from the light spectrum aspect.

The Key Factors Affecting Tuber Development of Potato in vitro and the Relation with Protein Fractions

According to previous analysis, some properties bounding up with tuber yield were investigated. The results showed that tuber average weight, plastid Mg2 + -ATPase activity, plastid Ca2 + -ATPase activity, mitochondria Mg2 + -ATPase activity, total soluble protein content, tuber average diameter, and Q-enzyme activity were important factors determining the tuber yield. The linear regression equation was:Y = 0.5211 + 0.0595X(1)+0.8389X(2) +0.0882X(3) -0.0073X(4) +0.1449X(5) +0.3510X(6) +0.0031X(7) -0.00003X(8) + 0.3412X(9) + 0.0127X(10) + 0.2904X(ll) + 0.0570X(12) + 0.0159X(13) + 0.3585X(14) + 0.0134X(15) - 0.1012X(16). At the same time, the relation between several important properties and soluble protein fractions were analyzed.

The Impact of High Temperature during Growing Season on Potato Cultivars with Different Response to Environmental Stresses

Potato crop is the fourth main food crops in the world after maize, rice and wheat. It is characterized by specific temperature requirements and develops best at about 20°C. Forecasts of global warming prompt us to study the tolerance of potato genotypes to heat during the growing season. The aim of this work was to assess the response of chosen potato cultivars to high temperature during the different stages of plant growth under conditions of good soil moisture and drought. The impact of high temperature 32°C/25°C on potato plants was determined in pot experiment in three growth stages. A main measure of tolerance of the potato cultivars to high temperature during the growing season was an evaluation of the yield in relation to the Control combination. Here we demonstrated that tested potato cultivar’s response to high temperature during the growing season is dependent on the growth stage. The earlier it occurs, the more negative its impact on the growth and yield of potatoes is.

Genetic Variance Estimates in Heterogeneous Potato Populations Propagated from True Potato Seed(TPS)

Twenty nine cross populations developed according to line × tester mating design along with their twelve parents raised from true potato seeds, were used to study variability and correlation for seven characters. The range of variation for all the characters were found to be wide and pronounced which indicated that characters were quantitative in nature and were under polygenic control. For all the characters, greater portion of the total δ2p was mostly contributed by the δ2g. Among the seven characters, tuber weight per plant showed the highest δ2g, PCV, GCV, H2b, GA and expected GA%. On the other hand, dry matter contents (%) showed the lowest H2b. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients of plant height with no. of tubers per plant and tuber weight per plant; no. of branches per plant with no. of tubers per plant and tuber weight per plant were found to be significant and positive.

Effects of different planting systems on yield of potato crop in Kaghan Valley: A mountainous region of Pakistan

Conversion of potato from conventional methods to wide bed planting systems may increase water and nitrogen use efficiency in commercial potato production system by reducing the amount of irrigation water and water applied nitrogen fertilizer bypassing the potato root zone. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L) cv. Desiree was tested against different planting system for yield and yield components at Kaghan, a high mountainous Himalayan region ofPakistan. The experiment was carried out at Himalayan Agricultural Research Station (HARS), Kaghan during the summer season of 2005. The results showed that maximum tuber growth (88.7%), number of stems per plant (3.5), plant expansion (45.5 cm), average number of tubers per plant (10.1) and yield per hectare (12.4 t/ha) were significantly different and higher when potatoes were planted on wide bed and covered with soil from one side. Tallest plants (53.4 cm) were observed when potatoes were sown on the ridges. Maximum number of green potatoes (12.5) and injured potatoes (5.3%) were observed when the tubers were planted following local farmers’ method. Keeping in view the soil type, land slopping, we recommend sowing potatoes on relatively plain wide beds and covering it with soil from one side, for potato cultivation in the area.

Planting Adaptability of Four Kinds of Common Vegetabless in Shanghai

[Objectives]To explore the planting adaptability of vegetables in Shanghai.[Methods]In this paper,cowpea(Vigna unguiculate(L.)Walp.),cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.),eggplant(Solanum melongena L.)and potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)were selected as experimental materials and planted in the open air.The growth status,the occurrence of diseases and insect pests,and the taste evaluation of these four kinds of common vegetables were mainly studied.[Results]The results showed that the four kinds of common vegetables in Shanghai had strong growth,strong adaptability,less pests and diseases,and good taste.[Conclusions]The cowpea,cucumber,eggplant,and potato are suitable for planting in Shanghai.

组织培养条件下马铃薯茎段对NaCl基础抗性的研究

本文以马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)东农303和Favorita两个基因型茎段为材料,研究了在组织培养条件下NaCl胁迫对马铃薯不同基因型茎段芽与根的形成以及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,东农303和Favorit两个基因型对NaCl的基础抗性存在差别,依基因型不同NaCl筛选浓度分别为75mmol/L和100mmol/L。本研究明确了马铃薯两个基因型茎段在组织培养条件下对NaCl的基础抗性,为进一步筛选马铃薯耐盐植株奠定了基础。

微量植物组织汁液直接RT-LAMP可视化检测马铃薯卷叶病毒方法的构建

为建立快速的马铃薯卷叶病毒检测方法以应用于脱病毒后大规模样本的检测,构建利用微量植物组织汁液直接逆转录环介导恒温扩增(RT-LAMP)可视化检测马铃薯卷叶病毒的方法,即以无菌大头针的针尖刺马铃薯植株茎尖时所粘附的汁液直接作为RNA模板,采用Bacillus stearothermophilus(Bst) DNA聚合酶进行RT-LAMP扩增,扩增产物通过肉眼观察有无白色沉淀来诊断马铃薯卷叶病毒.该方法快速、操作简单、成本低,在大规模组织培养无病毒种薯生产中具有很大的应用空间.

高温和利巴韦林对马铃薯的生长及PLRV、PYV的影响

为了了解高温和利巴韦林处理对马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)卷叶病毒(Potato leave-roll virus,PLRV)和马铃薯Y病毒(Potato Y virus,PYV)脱毒的影响,以宝塔百利、红王和"803"为材料,采用高温和化学处理结合茎尖培养技术对上述马铃薯进行处理,采用RT-PCR方法检测病毒基因。结果表明,长时间的高温处理抑制马铃薯组培苗的生长,"803"的存活率最高为80.1%,宝塔百利的存活率最低为41.1%;利巴韦林对马铃薯生长的抑制作用较明显,其浓度超过75 mg/L时生根效果差,到125 mg/L时对马铃薯生长抑制效果最明显;RT-PCR结果显示,高温处理结合利巴韦林的处理上均未检测到病毒。

马铃薯植株株型构成要素解析

马铃薯植株的理想株型是获得高质量群体的基础。为获得理想株型构成要素参数,本研究对26个马铃薯品种(系)进行产量组分分析,选择中高产品种(系)测定植株茎、叶相关株型性状,结合方差分析、相关性分析和灰色关联分析确定理想株型构成要素及其参数。聚类分析将26个马铃薯品种(系)划分为超高产、高产、中产、中低产和低产五种类型。中高产品种(系)平均主茎数为2.29~2.89;三种产量类型中,超高产品种(系)自然株高均值最小,高产品种(系)最大;超高产品种(系)直立性E值最大,中产品种(系)最小;超高产品种(系)基部第4、第5、第7、第8节间长度均最小,基部第4到第8节间直径均最大,基部第3、第4、第5、第7茎叶夹角均最小。除超高产品种G6和高产品种G4,其余品种(系)叶片均属于疏散型,小叶为7或9个,马铃薯羽状复叶在主茎上螺旋上升排列,66.67%的品种(系)同一螺旋轨迹相邻羽状复叶水平相差60°。理想株型的主要构成要素包括幼苗期至块茎成熟期叶面积指数、基部第3至第7茎叶夹角、基部第4至第8节间直径、羽状复叶数量及长度和绝对株高。理想株型的次要构成要素为主茎数和自然株高。本研究解析的高产马铃薯品种(系)株型参数为田间高效管理和株型育种提供了理论基础。

半干旱区膜下滴灌量与滴灌次数对马铃薯生长及水分利用效率影响

为实现半干旱区马铃薯节水增产,确定适宜的灌水量与灌水次数,在滴灌条件下,以‘冀张薯12号’马铃薯为供试材料,采用随机区组设计,以覆膜无灌水作为对照(CK),分别灌水600(W1)、1200(W2)、1800 m^(3)·hm^(-2)(W3)及灌水2(F1)、3(F2)、4次(F3),共计10个处理,分析不同灌水量与灌水次数对马铃薯生长、产量、水分利用效率及经济效益的影响。结果表明,马铃薯的株高、叶面积指数、干物质累积量、SPAD值均随着生育期的推进先增后减。与CK相比,滴灌能显著促进马铃薯生长,提高地上部干物质累积量,以W2F3处理的生长指标最高。马铃薯耗水量和产量均随着滴灌量和灌水次数的增加而增加;水分利用效率随着滴灌量的增加先升高后降低。其中W2F3处理的水分利用效率和纯收益最高,分别为102.30 kg·hm^(-2)·mm-1和24203.88元·hm^(-2),较CK分别显著增加49.63%和117.19%。由此表明,适宜的灌水量和合理的灌水次数有利于促进马铃薯生长,提高产量并获得较高的经济收益,为该区马铃薯滴灌技术的推广与应用提供了理论支撑和科学指导。

不同马铃薯品种产量及营养品质分析与评价

为筛选出优质高产马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)新品种,采用等距分级法对8个参试马铃薯品种进行产量和营养品质综合分析与评价。结果表明,中薯3号营养品质最优,华薯16号产量最高,中薯685综合指数最高。综合产量和营养品质来看,中薯685为最优品种,其次是华薯16号。

冷凉灌区马铃薯施肥量与种植密度对马铃薯生长及产量的影响

为了明确不同施肥量(复合肥)和种植密度对冷凉灌区马铃薯生长的影响。试验以‘冀张薯12号’为供试品种,开展施肥量与种植密度二因素试验,设3个施肥量(600、1100、1600 kg/hm^(2))与4个种植密度(5.25万、6万、6.75万、7.5万株/hm^(2)),研究不同施肥量与种植密度对马铃薯生长、产量与水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:增加施肥量能延缓马铃薯生育期,提高种植密度能缩短生育期;随施肥量增大,马铃薯株高、茎粗、叶面积指数及叶片SPAD值均显著增大;随种植密度增加,马铃薯株高、茎粗、叶面积指数及叶片SPAD值与产量均表现为先增后减趋势,施肥量与种植密度对马铃薯株高、SPAD值与产量的影响顺序为施肥量>密度;随施肥量和群体种植密度的增加,马铃薯大薯产量、大薯数、产量、水分利用效率均呈先增后减的变化趋势,产量要素之间呈极显著正相关关系,其中,以处理F2D3的马铃薯产量与水分利用效率最大。通过二元二次回归分析表明,当施肥量达到1065.366 kg/hm^(2),种植密度达到6.746万株/hm^(2)时,马铃薯能够获得最大的产量50255.98 kg/hm^(2)。施肥量达到1044.312 kg/hm^(2),种植密度6.582万株/hm^(2)时水分利用效率达到最大110.456 kg/(hm^(2)·mm)。适宜的施肥量与种植密度能够促进马铃薯生长,有利于马铃薯产量与水分利用效率的提高,当施肥量(复合肥)介于1044.312~1065.366 kg/hm^(2)时,种植密度介于6.582万~6.746万株/hm^(2)时能实现增产和水分利用协同增加,是冷凉地区马铃薯种植推荐的高产高效模式。

Long-distance control of potato storage organ formation by SELF PRUNING 3D and FLOWERING LOCUS T-like 1

Plants program their meristem-associated developmental switches for timely adaptation to a changing environment.Potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)tubers differentiate from specialized belowground branches or stolons through radial expansion of their terminal ends.During this process,the stolon apex and closest axillary buds enter a dormancy state that leads to tuber eyes,which are reactivated the following spring and generate a clonally identical plant.The potato FLOWERING LOCUS T homolog SELF-PRUNING 6A(StSP6A)was previously identified as the major tuber-inducing signal that integrates day-length cues to control the storage switch.However,whether some other long-range signals also act as tuber organogenesis stimuli remains unknown.Here,we show that the florigen SELF PRUNING 3D(StSP3D)and FLOWERING LOCUS T-like 1(StFTL1)genes are activated by short days,analogously to StSP6A.Overexpression of StSP3D or StFTL1 promotes tuber formation under non-inductive long days,and the tuber-inducing activity of these proteins is graft transmissible.Using the non-tuber-bearing wild species Solanum etuberosum,a natural SP6A null mutant,we show that leaf-expressed SP6A is dispensable for StSP3D long-range activity.StSP3D and StFTL1 mediate secondary activation of StSP6A in stolon tips,leading to amplification of this tuberigen signal.StSP3D and StFTL1 were observed to bind the same protein partners as StSP6A,suggesting that they can also form transcriptionally active complexes.Together,our findings show that additional mobile tuber-inducing signals are regulated by the photoperiodic pathway.

氮磷钾及有机肥对马铃薯生长发育和干物质积累的影响

采取田间试验,探讨不同施肥处理对马铃薯生长发育及干物质积累的影响。结果表明,N1PKM处理(氮300 kg.hm-2,磷200 kg.hm-2,钾200 kg.hm-2,有机肥17.5 t.hm-2)的马铃薯叶片叶绿素含量最高,比对照处理的叶片叶绿素a、b、总量分别高出15.12%、18.18%和36.37%。施用磷肥有效促进了叶面积的增加,N1PKM、N1P、N1PK、P处理的叶面积比对照分别高出27.78%,24.57%,20.26%和20.16%。其中施用磷肥促进马铃薯根系生长的效果最明显,而单施钾肥、有机肥对根长发育的影响不明显。氮、磷、钾、有机肥配比施用可以促进马铃薯地上及地下部的生长,采用氮磷钾与有机肥配合施用时,马铃薯干物质累积总量N1PKM>N1PK>N1K>N1P。N1PKM处理的马铃薯生物量较对照显著提高了117.1%,可以作为旱地马铃薯的施肥方案。

水分胁迫对马铃薯光合生理特性和产量的影响

以云南主栽培马铃薯品种会-2和合作88为材料,进行盆栽比较试验,研究了水分胁迫对马铃薯光合生理特性和产量的影响。结果表明,两种马铃薯品种的叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶面积、SPAD值和产量随干旱胁迫强度增强而降低。两种马铃薯品种水分胁迫处理结果存在差异。随干旱胁迫强度增强,会-2品种光合生理指标、叶面积下降程度较合作88品种小,但合作88品种产量下降程度较会-2品种小。

多效唑对马铃薯试管苗生长和块茎形成的影响

采用离体培养方法,研究了不同浓度多效唑处理对马铃薯试管苗生长和块茎形成的影响.结果表明,0.1～1mg/L多效唑处理完全抑制了MS扩繁培养基中马铃薯试管苗的生长,而0.01mg/L多效唑处理虽抑制了试管苗茎叶的生长,但叶色加深、根重和根长显著增加.在试管薯诱导条件下,0.1mg/L多效唑处理促进了'夏波蒂'提早结薯,使单瓶试管薯鲜重、平均直径和单薯鲜重都显著增加,同时降低了畸形薯率;而单瓶试管薯的结薯数量低于BA+CCC处理,但接近对照.这些结果表明:与广泛应用的矮壮素相比,在马铃薯试管薯生产中使用多效唑能提高试管薯产量和质量,且其使用浓度仅为矮壮素的1/5000,有利于降低残留并节约成本,是矮壮素较好的替代物之一.

超低温保存法去除马铃薯X病毒和马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒

病毒病严重危害马铃薯生产,是造成马铃薯减产和品质下降的主要因素。PVX和PSTVd属于危害马铃薯最主要的病毒。本文尝试用超低温保存法和常规方法(茎尖分生组织培养、温热疗法以及温热疗法结合茎尖分生组织培养)来去除马铃薯试管苗中的PSTVd和PVX。结果显示马铃薯茎尖经过超低温保存后,存活率和成苗率分别为83.64%和72.04%,高于茎尖分生组织培养(46.67%和31.49%)、温热疗法(72.22%和44.44%)以及温热疗法结合茎尖分生组织培养(50.54%和30.38%)。4种方法都可以去除PVX,其中超低温保存法的脱毒率最高,为59.13%,温热疗法结合茎尖分生组织培养为56.02%,温热疗法和茎尖分生组织培养较低,为42.61%和35.83%。但是4种方法都未能有效地去除PSTVd类病毒,只能通过严格检疫来控制。

不同海拔高度对紫色马铃薯产量、品质及花青素含量的影响

本文以紫色马铃薯紫云1号为供试材料,2011年在四川宝兴县,在不同海拔高度2500、1800、800 m条件下,分析了紫色马铃薯的最佳栽培方案及最适生态区,研究不同海拔高度对紫色马铃薯产量、品质及花青素含量的影响,为紫色马铃薯高产优质栽培提供技术支撑。结果表明,随着海拔的升高,紫色马铃薯产量、粗蛋白,淀粉、花青素含量呈不断增加趋势,而可溶性糖含量呈不断降低趋势,不同海拔下产量、粗蛋白、淀粉、可溶性糖含量差异达显著或极显著。紫色马铃薯块茎表层花青素含量普遍高于中间薯肉,海拔主要影响薯块表层花青素含量。紫云1号宜在高海拔地区种植,其产量、品质较好,在低海拔地区种植,应注意株型控制,适当控制营养生长,促进地下块茎的生长。