Quantitative effect of kerogen type on the hydrocarbon generation potential of Paleogene lacustrine source rocks,Liaohe Western Depression,China

Kerogen types exert a decisive effect on the onset and capacity of hydrocarbon generation of source rocks.Lacustrine source rocks in the Liaohe Western Depression are characterized by thick deposition,high total organic carbon(TOC)content,various kerogen types,and a wide range of thermal maturity.Consequently,their hydrocarbon generation potential and resource estimation can be misinterpreted.In this study,geochemical tests,numerical analysis,hydrocarbon generation kinetics,and basin modeling were integrated to investigate the differential effects of kerogen types on the hydrocarbon generation potential of lacustrine source rocks.Optimized hydrocarbon generation and expulsion(HGE)models of different kerogen types were established quantitatively upon abundant Rock-Eval/TOC/vitrinite reflectance(R_(o))datasets.Three sets of good-excellent source rocks deposited in the fourth(Es4),third(Es3),and first(Es1)members of Paleogene Shahejie Formation,are predominantly types I-II_(1),II_(1)-II_(2),and II-III,respectively.The activation energy of types I-II_(2)kerogen is concentrated(180-230 kcal/mol),whereas that of type III kerogen is widely distributed(150-280 kcal/mol).The original hydrocarbon generation potentials of types I,II_(1),II_(2),and III kerogens are 790,510,270,and 85 mg/g TOC,respectively.The Ro values of the hydrocarbon generation threshold for type I-III source rocks gradually increase from 0.42%to 0.74%,and Ro values of the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold increase from 0.49%to 0.87%.Types I and II_(1)source rocks are characterized by earlier hydrocarbon generation,more rapid hydrocarbon expulsion,and narrower hydrocarbon generation windows than types II_(2)and III source rocks.The kerogen types also affect the HGE history and resource potential.Three types(conventional,tight,and shale oil/gas)and three levels(realistic,expected,and prospective)of hydrocarbon resources of different members in the Liaohe Western Depression are evaluated.Findings suggest that the Es3 member has considerable conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon resources.This study can quantitatively characterize the hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks with different kerogen types,and facilitate a quick and accurate assessment of hydrocarbon resources,providing strategies for future oil and gas exploration.

Geochemical fingerprints and hydrocarbon potential of Paleocene mudrocks in the Tano Basin, Ghana: insights from biomarkers and stable carbon isotopes

The Paleocene mudrocks in Ghana’s Tano Basin have received limited attention despite ongoing efforts to explore hydrocarbon resources.A thorough geochemical analysis is imperative to assess these mudrocks’petroleum generation potential and formulate effective exploration strategies.In this study,a comprehensive geochemical analysis was carried out on ten Paleocene rock cuttings extracted from TP-1,a discovery well within the Tano Basin.Various analytical techniques,including total organic carbon(TOC)analysis,Rock–Eval pyrolysis,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,and isotope ratio-mass spectrometry,were employed to elucidate their hydrocar-bon potential and organic facies.Thefindings in this study were subsequently compared to existing geochemical data on Paleocene source rocks in the South Atlantic marginal basins.The results indicated that the Paleocene samples have TOC content ranging from 0.68 to 2.93 wt%.The prevalent kerogen types identified in these samples were Type Ⅱ and Type Ⅲ.Molecular and isotope data suggest that the organic matter found in the Paleocene mudrocks can be traced back to land plants and lower aquatic organisms.These mudrocks were deposited in a transi-tional environment withfluctuating water salinity,charac-terized by sub-oxic redox conditions.Maturity indices,both bulk and molecular,indicated a spectrum of maturity levels within the Paleocene mudrocks,spanning from immature to marginally mature,with increasing maturity observed with greater depth.In comparison,the organic composition and depositional environments of Paleocene source rocks in the Tano Basin closely resemble those found in the Niger Delta Basin,Douala,and Kribi-Campo Basins,the Kwanza Formation in Angola,and certain Brazilian marginal basins.However,it is worth noting that Paleocene source rocks in some of the basins,such as the Niger Delta and Brazilian marginal basins,exhibit rela-tively higher thermal maturity levels compared to those observed in the current Paleocene samples from the Tano Basin.In conclusion,the comprehensive geochemical analysis of Paleocene mudrocks within Ghana’s Tano Basin has unveiled their marginal hydrocarbon generation potential.The shared geochemical characteristics between the Paleocene mudrocks in the Tano Basin and those in the nearby South Atlantic marginal basins offer valuable insights into source rock quality,which is crucial for shaping future strategies in petroleum exploration in this region.

Hydrocarbon expulsion model and resource potential evaluation of high-maturity marine source rocks in deep basins:Example from the Ediacaran microbial dolomite in the Sichuan Basin,China

Hydrocarbon expulsion features and resource potential evaluation of source rocks are crucial for the petroleum exploration.High-maturity marine source rocks have not exhibited a hydrocarbon expulsion mode owing to the lack of low-maturity source rocks in deep petroliferous basins.We considered the Ediacaran microbial dolomite in the Sichuan Basin,the largest high-maturity marine gas layer in China,to exhibit a method that quantitatively characterizes the hydrocarbon expulsion of high-maturity marine source rocks.The experiment of fluid inclusion,rock pyrolysis,and vitrinite reflectance(Ro)of 119 microbial dolomite core samples obtained from the Dengying Formation were performed.A hydrocarbon expulsion model of high-maturity source rock was established,and its resource potential was evaluated.The results showed that the Ediacaran microbial dolomite in the Sichuan Basin is a good source rock showing vast resource potential.The hydrocarbon expulsion threshold is determined to be vitrinite reflectance at 0.92%.The hydrocarbon expulsion intensities in the geologic history is high with maximum of 1.6×10^(7)t/km^(2).The Ediacaran microbial dolomite expelled approximately 1.008×10^(12)t of hydrocarbons,and the recoverable resource was 1.5×10^(12)m^(3).The region can be categorized into areasⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,andⅣ,in decreasing order of hydrocarbon expulsion intensity.Areas with a higher hydrocarbon expulsion intensity have a lower drilling risk and should be prioritized for exploration in the orderⅠ>Ⅱ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ.Two areas,northern and central parts of Ediacaran in the Sichuan Basin,were selected as prospects which had the drilling priority in the future gas exploration.The production data of 55 drilled wells verified the high reliability of this method.This model in this study does not require low-maturity samples and can be used for evaluating high-maturity marine source rocks,which has broad applicability in deep basins worldwide.

Organic petrology and hydrocarbon generation of potential source rocks in Permian formation of Junggar Basin,Northwest in China

From the outcrops in the Yaomoshan and Hongyanchi sections, oil shales, deep dark mudstones or black mudstones with better organic richness were found. Through the analysis of the samples in the organic petrology method, the microscope features of the sedimentary organic matter were studied. The results indicate that three types of kerogens present in the measured samples. Kerogen type I consists of the laminate algainite, abundant sporinite and only little content of cutinite, which can mainly generate oil. The generation hydrocarbon components of the type II kerogen are dominated by the sporinite, cutinite and little the exinite debris. The type III kerogen is comprised of the sporinite and debris of the exinite with some components of gas generation. Through the analysis of the experiments, the organic kerogen of the Lucaogou formation is mostly comprised of the type I, partially type II, and particularly type III. In Hongyanchi formation, the organic type is mixed by the types II and III. The plot of the （$1＋$2） or TOC value and the content of exinite show two trends. From the evolution of burial and the Permian source rocks in Changji Depression, the Permian formation source rock has ended the generation of hydrocarbon. A significant difference in constituents of the organic macerals among three kerogens in these samples leads to the distinction of the potential hydrocarbon generation. The Lucaogou formation for kerogen type I has better potential hydrocarbon generation. It can reach the oil peak with Ro ratio Of 0.9%. For the kerogen II, the oil peak of the source rocks comes late with the Ro ratio of 1.0% with less quantity of the generation hydrocarbon than the kerogen I. For type III, it can mainly generate gas and reach the gas peak with the Ro ratio of 1.3%. In a word, the Lucaogou formation and Hongyanchi formation source rocks with high organic richness in Permian source rocks have well exploration prospects.

Hydrocarbon Generation and Expulsion of the Upper Triassic T3x5Source Rocks in the Western Sichuan Depression: Assessment for Unconventional Natural Gas

Tight-sand gas in the Jurassic and shale gas within the fifth member of Xujiahe Formation （T3xs） in the Western Sichuan Basin （WSD） are currently regarded as the most prolific emerging unconventional gas plays in China. This study conducted a conventional evaluation of T3x5 source rocks in the WSD, and investigated their hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics, including intensity, efficiency and amount. The results show that, the T3x5 source rocks are thick （generally 〉200 m）, and have a high total organic content （TOC）, ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 wt%. It is thus indivative of a great hydrocarbon generation potential when they underwent high thermal evolution （Ro〉1.2%） in the area. In addition, an improved method of hydrocarbon generation potential is applied, indicating that the source rocks reached a hydrocarbon expulsion threshold with vitrinite reflectance （Ro） reaching 1.06%. and that the comprehensive hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency is about 60%. The amount of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from Tax5 source rocks is 3.14x10^10 t and 1.86x10^10 t, respectively, with a residual amount of 1.28x10^10t within them. Continuous-type tight-sand gas is predicted to have developed in the Jurassic in the Chengdu Sag of the WSD because of the good source-reservoir configuration; the Jurassic sandstone reservoirs are tight, and the gas expelled from the T3xs source rocks migrates for very short distances vertically and horizontally. The amount of gas accumulation in the Jurassic reservoirs derived from T3x5 source rocks is up to 9.3x10s t. Geological resources of shale gas are up to 1.05x10TM t. Small differences between the amounts calculated by the volumetric method and those obtained by hydrocarbon generation potential method may be due to other gas accumulations present within interbedded sands associated with gas shales.

New perspective of Miocene marine hydrocarbon source rocks in deep-water area in Qiongdongnan Basin of northern South China Sea

Drilling wells reveal that the organic matter abundance of Miocene marine source rocks in shallow water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin is relatively low with poor hydrocarbon generation poten- tial. However, in some drilling wells of deep water area close to the central depression belt, Miocene marine source rocks with better organic matter abundance and hydrocarbon generation have been found, which have achieved better source rock standard based on the analysis of geochemical charac- teristics. Although there are no exploratory wells in deep water area of the research region, through the comparative analysis of geochemical data of several typical exploratory wells respectively from shallow water area in the basin, central depression belt margin in deep-water area of the basin and Site 1148 of deep sea drilling in the South China Sea Basin, it reveals that the tendency of the quality of source rocks becomes positive gradually from delta to bathyal environment, which then becomes negative as in deep oceanic environment. Owing to the lack of terrestrial organic matter input, the important controlling factors of Miocene marine source rocks in the Qiongdongnan Basin are ocean productivity and preservation conditions of organic matter. The element geochemistry data indicate that the tendency of the paleoproductivity and the preservation conditions of organic matter become positive as water depth increase from shallow area to bathyal area close to central depression belt. So it is speculated that there must exist high quality source rocks in the central depression area where the preservation conditions of organic matter are much better. Besides, in theory, in oxygen-poor zone of oceanic environment at the water depth 400–1 000 m, the preservation conditions of organic matter are well thus forming high-quality marine source rocks. The result- ing speculation, it is reasonable to consider that there are high hydrocarbon generation potential source rocks in bathyal environment of the Qiongdongnan Basin, especially at the water depth 400– 1 000 m.

The main controlling factors and developmental models of Oligocene source rocks in the Qiongdongnan Basin,northern South China Sea

Coals developed in the Oligocene Yacheng and Lingshui formations in the Qiongdongnan Basin have high organic matter abundance, and the dark mudstones in the two formations have reached a good source rock standard but with strong heterogeneity. Through the analysis of trace elements, organic macerals and biomarkers, it is indicated that plankton has made little contribution to Oligocene source rocks compared with the terrestrial higher plants. The organic matter preservation depends on hydrodynamics and the redox environment, and the former is the major factor in the study area. During the sedimentary period of the Yacheng Formation, tidal flats were developed in the central uplift zone, where the hydrodynamic conditions were weak and the input of terrestrial organic matter was abundant. So the Yacheng Salient of the central uplift zone is the most favorable area for the development of source rocks, followed by the central depression zone. During the sedimentary period of the Lingshui Formation, the organic matter input was sufficient in the central depression zone due to multiple sources of sediments. The semi-enclosed environment was favorable for organic matter accumulation, so high quality source rocks could be easily formed in this area, followed by the Yacheng salient of central uplift zone. Source rocks were less developed in the northern depression zone owing to poor preservation conditions,

Oil and gas resource potential of the lower members of E_(h3) in the lower Tertiary of the Biyang Depression, China

The lower Tertiary Eh3 is divided into two sections： the upper members of Eh3 and the lower members of Eh3 in the Biyang Depression. The first section is generally regarded as a key target of oil and gas exploration, but the resource potential of the lower members of Eh3 has been neglected. We have obtained new knowledge about Eh3 from comprehensive geological research. The lower members of Eh3 are high-quality and main source rocks, which have good oil and gas resource potential. This is a new direction for oil and gas exploration. The geochemistry characteristics of source rocks of the lower members of Eh3 in the lower Tertiary of the Biyang Depression were analyzed in detail. A basin modeling method was applied to hydrocarbon generation of the lower and upper members of Eh3 source rocks, the oil and gas resource potential was comparatively analyzed, and then favorable tectonic zones were pointed out. In the lower members of Eh3, a set of semi-deep lake to deep lake high-quality source rocks occurs rich in algae organisms, mainly of type II1, with a high abundance of organic matter. Most of the source rocks are just in the peak stage of hydrocarbon generation, which is a favorable foundation for forming abundant oil and gas resources in the Biyang Depression. The comparative analysis of the hydrocarbon- generation quantities between lower and upper members of the Eh3 source rocks shows that the lower members of Eh3 have good oil and gas resource potential, and the hydrocarbon-generation quantity accounts for 51% of the total in Eh3. Specifically, the oil-generating quantity accounts for 50% of the total and the gas-generating quantity accounts for two thirds of the total. Therefore, source rocks in the lower members of Eh3 of the Biyang Depression have good oil and gas resource potential, which is a key factor for future deep oil and gas exploration.

Evaluation of abundant hydrocarbon-generation depressions in the deepwater area of Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea

It has been confirmed that the key source rocks of Qiongdongnan Basin are associated with the Yacheng Formation, which was deposited in a transitional marine-continental environment. Because the distribution and evolution patterns of the source rocks in the major depressions are different, it is important to determine the most abundant hydrocarbon-generation depressions in terms of exploration effectiveness. Based on an analysis of organic matter characteristics of the source rocks, in combination with drilling data and seismic data, this paper establishes a model to evaluate the hydrocarbon-generation depressions in the deepwater area of Qiongdongnan Basin. First of all, by using the method of seismic-facies model analysis, the distribution of sedimentary facies was determined. Then, the sedimentary facies were correlated with the organic facies, and the distribution of organic facies was predicted. Meanwhile, the thickness of source rocks for all the depressions was calculated on the basis of a quantitative analysis of seismic velocity and lithology. The relationship between mudstone porosity and vitrinite reflectance（Ro） was used to predict the maturity of source rocks. Second, using the parameters such as thickness and maturity of source rocks, the quantity and intensity of gas generation for Yacheng and Lingshui Formations were calculated. Finally, in combination with the identified hydrocarbon resources, the quantity and intensity of gas generation were used as a guide to establish an evaluation standard for hydrocarbon-generation depressions, which was optimized for the main depressions in the Central Depression Belt. It is proposed that Lingshui, Ledong, Baodao and Changchang Depressions are the most abundant hydrocarbon depressions, whilst Songnan and Beijiao Depressions are rich hydrocarbon depressions. Such an evaluation procedure is beneficial to the next stage of exploration in the deep-water area of Qiongdongnan Basin.

Characteristics and Natural Gas Origin of Middle-Late Triassic Marine Source Rocks of the Western Sichuan Depression, SW China

A scientific exploration well(CK1) was drilled to expand the oil/gas production in the western Sichuan depression, SW, China. Seventy-three core samples and four natural gas samples from the Middle–Late Triassic strata were analyzed to determine the paleo-depositional setting and the abundance of organic matter(OM) and to evaluate the hydrocarbon-generation process and potential. This information was then used to identify the origin of the natural gas. The OM is characterized by medium n-alkanes(n C15–n C19), low pristane/phytane and terrigenous aquatic ratios(TAR), a carbon preference index(CPI) of ~1, regular steranes with C29 > C27 > C28, gammacerane/C30 hopane ratios of 0.15–0.32, and δDorg of-132‰ to-58‰, suggesting a marine algal/phytoplankton source with terrestrial input deposited in a reducing–transitional saline/marine sedimentary environment. Based on the TOC, HI index, and chloroform bitumen "A" the algalrich dolomites of the Leikoupo Formation are fair–good source rocks;the grey limestones of the Maantang Formation are fair source rocks;and the shales of the Xiaotangzi Formation are moderately good source rocks. In addition, maceral and carbon isotopes indicate that the kerogen of the Leikoupo and Maantang formations is type Ⅱ and that of the Xiaotangzi Formation is type Ⅱ–Ⅲ. The maturity parameters and the hopane and sterane isomerization suggest that the OM was advanced mature and produced wet–dry gases. One-dimensional modeling of the thermal-burial history suggests that hydrocarbon-generation occurred at 220–60 Ma. The gas components and C–H–He–Ar–Ne isotopes indicate that the oilassociated gases were generated in the Leikoupo and Maantang formations, and then, they mixed with gases from the Xiaotangzi Formation, which were probably contributed by the underlying Permian marine source rocks. Therefore, the deeply-buried Middle–Late Triassic marine source rocks in the western Sichuan depression and in similar basins have a great significant hydrocarbon potential.

Determination of hydrocarbon generation potential of a non-isothermal pyrolysis of Faraghun and Sarchahan Formations in Coastal Fars and the Persian Gulf,Iran

Source rock assessment is a key step in any petroleum exploration activity.The results of Rock-Eval analysis showed that Sarchahan Formation was in the late oil window,while the Faraghun and Zakeen Formations were just in the early stages of the oil window.Furthermore,Sarchahan,Zakeen and Faraghun Formations exhibited different kerogen types(types-Ⅱ,types-Ⅲand type-Ⅲ,respectively).Refining the kinetic parameters using the OPTKIN software,the error function returned error values below 0.1,indicating accurate optimization of the kinetic parameters.Based on the obtained values of activation energy,it was clear that Sarchahan Formation contained type-Ⅱkerogen with an activation energy of 48-52 kcal/mol,while Zakeen and Faraghun Formations contained type-III kerogen with activation energies of 70-80 kcal/mol and 44-56 kcal/mol,respectively.The geographical distribution of the samples studied in this work,it was found that the organic matter(OM)quantity and quality increased as one moved toward the Coastal Fars in Sarchahan Formation.The same trend was observed as one moved from the southern coasts of Iran toward the shaly and coaly portions of Faraghun Formation in the center of the Persian Gulf.

Genesis and distribution of oils in Mahu Sag,Junggar Basin,NW China

Based on the geological and geochemical analysis of potential source rocks in different formations and the classification of crude oil types,combined with the hydrocarbon generation thermal simulation experiments,the source,genesis,and distribution of different types of oils in the Mahu large oil province of the Junggar Basin are investigated.Four sets of potential source rocks are developed in the Mahu Sag.Specifically,the source rocks of the Permian Fengcheng Formation have the highest hydrocarbon generation potential and contain mainly TypesⅡandⅠorganic matters,with a high oil generation capacity.In contrast,the source rocks in other formations exhibit lower hydrocarbon generation potential and contain mainly TypeⅢorganic matter,with dominant gas generation.Oils in the Mahu Sag can be classified as three types:A,B and C,which display ascending,mountainous and descending C_(20)-C_(21)-C_(23)tricyclic terpenes abundance patterns in sequence,and gradually increasing relative content of tricyclic terpenes and sterane isomerization parameters,indicating an increasing oil maturity.Different types of oils are distributed spatially in an obviously orderly manner:Type A oil is close to the edge of the sag,Type C oil is concentrated in the center of the sag,and Type B oil lies in the slope area between Type A and Type C.The results of oil-source correlation and thermal simulation experiments show that the three types of oils come from the source rocks of the Fengcheng Formation at different thermal evolution stages.This new understanding of the differential genesis of oils in the Mahu Sag reasonably explains the source,distribution,and genetic mechanism of the three types of oils.The study results are of important guidance for the comprehensive and three-dimensional oil exploration,the identification of oil distribution in the total petroleum system,and the prediction of favorable exploration areas in the Mahu Sag.

准噶尔盆地上三叠统烃源岩评价与有效烃源灶分布预测

准噶尔盆地蕴含丰富的油气资源,已于多个层位取得油气勘探发现。然而,上三叠统厚层泥岩能否作为盆地有效烃源岩一直没有明确的定论,亟需开展全盆范围内上三叠统烃源岩评价工作并进行有效源灶分布预测,为该层系下一步勘探部署提供依据。为进一步明确准噶尔盆地上三叠统烃源岩时空分布特征及其生烃潜力,落实有效烃源灶分布范围内生烃强度,基于资料收集、剖面实测、钻孔岩屑观察采样和有机地球化学测试,利用多个地化参数开展了全盆范围上三叠统烃源岩有机质丰度、类型、成熟度评价,优选关键参数利用多层次模糊数学评价方法,圈定有效源灶范围。结果表明,上三叠统烃源岩分布范围广(基本全盆分布)、厚度大(可达350 m)、腹部埋深大(最大埋深11 km);烃源岩TOC含量为0.75%~8.3%,平均值为1.74%;S_(1)+S_(2)平均为2.78 mg/g,氯仿沥青“A”平均为0.354%;有机质类型以Ⅲ型和Ⅱ2型为主,陆源高等植物输入占优,相对较好的母质类型主要沿盆1井西凹陷—阜康凹陷方向分布,有机质成熟度处于低成熟—成熟热演化阶段,局部达高—过成熟阶段。按照中国煤系泥岩生烃潜力评价标准,上三叠统泥岩整体为一套差—中等质量烃源岩,烃源岩总体上具有一定的生烃潜力,特别是生气潜力。有效烃源灶分布于中央坳陷腹部的阜康凹陷西部—沙湾凹陷东部一带以及南缘冲断带的霍玛吐背斜带,有效烃源灶范围内烃源岩Ro大于1.3%,生油强度在50×10^(4)t/km^(2)以上,生气强度在3×10^(8)m^(3)/km^(2)以上。

准噶尔盆地东道海子凹陷二叠系平地泉组烃源岩特征及热演化史模拟

基于钻井、录井、测井及烃源岩分析测试等资料,对准噶尔盆地东道海子凹陷二叠系平地泉组烃源岩的生烃潜力和热演化史进行了系统研究。研究结果表明:(1)准噶尔盆地东道海子凹陷二叠系平地泉组烃源岩主要为深灰色、灰黑色泥岩,颜色深且厚度普遍较大,自东北部斜坡区向凹陷中部厚度逐渐增大,并向西部莫索湾凸起逐渐减小,最大泥岩厚度可达536 m。(2)研究区平地泉组烃源岩有机质丰度综合评价为中等—极好,纵向上以平一段有机质丰度最高,平面上以凹陷东北部滴南7井区和滴南19井区最高;平地泉组有机质类型主要为Ⅱ_(2)—Ⅲ型,少部分为Ⅱ_(1)型,纵向上以平二段有机质类型最好,平面上凹陷区烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ_(1)—Ⅱ_(2)型。(3)热演化史模拟结果显示,凹陷区和斜坡区烃源岩分别在晚三叠世和晚侏罗世达到生烃高峰,现今分别处于高成熟阶段和成熟阶段。(4)研究区发育“下生上储”和“自生自储”2类油气藏,其中平地泉组烃源岩与上乌尔禾组储集层形成“下生上储”油气藏,平二段和平一段的优质烃源岩与湖盆边缘的小型扇三角洲沉积在平地泉组内部形成“自生自储”油气藏,二者油气勘探潜力均较大。

Presence of carboxylate salts in marine carbonate strata of the Ordos Basin and their impact on hydrocarbon generation evaluation of low TOC, high maturity source rocks

The total organic carbon （TOC） in the marine source rock of the Ordos Basin mostly ranges from 0.2% to 0.5%. The industrial standard commonly states that the TOC value has to be no less than 0.5% （0.4% for high mature or over-mature source rock） to form large petroleum reservoirs. However, gas source correlation indicates that the natural gas in the Jingbian gas field does receive contribution from marine source rocks. In order to determine the effect of Carboxylate salts （or called as organic acid salts） on TOC in highly mature source rocks with low TOC value, we sampled the Ordovician marine source rock and the Permian transitional facies source rock in one drilled well in the southern Ordos Basin and performed infrared and GC-MS analysis. It is found that both kerogen-derived organic acids and carboxylate salt-conversed organic acids exist in both marine and transitional facies source rocks. The carboxylate salt-conversed organic acids mainly come from the complete acidification of carboxylate salts, which confirms the presence of carboxylate salts in the marine source rocks. Although the C16：o peak is the main peak for the organic acids both before and after acidification, the carboxylate salt-conversed organic acids have much less relative abundance ahead of C^6：o compared with that of the kerogen-based and free organic acids. This observation suggests that the kerogen-based and free organic acids mainly decarboxylate to form lower carboxylic acids, whereas the carboxylate salt-conversed organic acids mainly break down into paraffins. By using calcium hexadecanoate as the reference to quantify the kerogen-derived and carboxylate salt-conversed organic acids, the high TOC （〉2.0%） marine source rocks have low carboxylate salt content and the low TOC （0.2%-0.5%） marine source rocks contain high content of carboxylate salt. Therefore, for the marine source rocks with 0.2%-0.5% TOC, the carboxylate salts may be a potential gas source at high maturity stage.

准噶尔盆地东道海子凹陷二叠系平地泉组烃源岩特征

东道海子凹陷是准噶尔盆地二叠系重要的勘探领域之一,二叠系平地泉组是该区烃源岩发育的重点层系。通过对东道海子凹陷烃源岩分布及有机质地球化学特征分析,明确了平地泉组烃源岩生烃潜力及生成油气的类型。研究结果表明:①东道海子凹陷平地泉组烃源岩的Pr/nC17值为0.35~1.18,Ph/nC18值为0.23~0.81,显示其生烃母质主要为混合源,既有陆地生物的贡献,也有水体生物的贡献。②纵向上,平一段和平二段烃源岩质量最好,平一段的好—优质烃源岩占比为81.1%,TOC平均值为1.88%,平二段的好—优质烃源岩占比为62.5%,TOC平均值为1.55%,而平三段的好—优质烃源岩仅占30.2%。平一段和平二段烃源岩主要为Ⅱ型,占比分别为66.7%和48.4%,既可生油也可生气,平三段烃源岩质量较差,以Ⅲ型干酪根为主,具有一定的生气潜力;平面上,烃源岩从边缘区向凹陷区逐渐变好。③凹陷边缘区的烃源岩达到成熟演化阶段,凹陷区烃源岩埋深较大,达到高—过成熟演化阶段,该套烃源岩在埋深约为2500m时达到生烃门限,在埋深为4350m处达到大量排烃门限,而当埋深大于5050m时,进入大量裂解生气阶段。④研究区油气分布明显受烃源岩分布及成熟度控制,在远源端剥蚀区浅层侏罗系八道湾组发现成熟油,下凹斜坡区二叠系以轻质油为主,而凹陷中心以平地泉组“自生自储”气藏为主。

Contributors and potential of hydrocarbon generation of source rocks by solid-state ^(13)C NMR spectroscopy

SOLID-STATE 13C nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） technique is an effective method to study the texture of material. Under the condition of high magnetic field （400 MHz） and by the application of cross polarization, magic angle spinning （CP/MAS）, total sideband suppression （TOSS）, etc., the content of different textural carbons in kerogen has been quantitatively analyzed by the solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy of a series of kerogen of thermal simulation samples with Ro value ranging from 0.64% to 1.76%. The results show that

西湖凹陷中西部地区烃源岩生烃潜力及油源对比

西湖凹陷作为中国东部油气勘探主战场,一直以来都受到油气地质学家们的广泛关注。前人对西湖凹陷油气资源的研究主要集中在深部地层(平湖组及其下伏层),而对中浅层系(花港组及其上覆层)烃源岩的关注度相对较少。近年来已有勘探发现西湖凹陷中浅层系具有规模成藏的潜力,针对西湖凹陷烃源岩开展研究,利用多项地球化学测试手段分别分析了西湖凹陷中西部地区的烃源岩生烃潜力和生物标志化合物特征。结果显示:西湖凹陷煤和炭质泥岩的生烃潜力好,而泥质烃源岩生烃潜力变化较大,深部地层的泥质烃源岩评价为好或极好烃源岩,中浅层系为差烃源岩。烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ_(2)~Ⅲ型,热演化阶段可划分为开始生烃阶段(R_(o)>0.6%)和大量排烃阶段(R_(o)>0.8%)。基于原油和各类烃源岩的生物标志化合物特征对比显示研究区泥质烃源岩为主要原油来源。本研究对西湖凹陷未来油气勘探与开发具有参考意义。

北羌塘坳陷东缘上三叠统巴贡组海相烃源岩特征及勘探启示

羌塘盆地北羌塘坳陷晚三叠世发育了一套分布广、厚度大的黑色泥岩,对油气勘探具有重要意义。为明确北羌塘坳陷东缘巴贡组黑色泥岩的有机地球化学特征,采集了石油沟地区61块浅井岩心和64块手钻柱塞样品,开展地球化学和矿物学技术分析,对烃源岩生烃潜力、沉积环境进行了评价。结果表明:(1)巴贡组黑色泥岩TOC分布在0.06%~5.81%之间,整体为一套差―中等烃源岩,部分达到优质烃源岩标准;形成于弱氧化―弱还原环境,有机质类型为Ⅱ_(2)―Ⅲ型,以混合型有机质为主;R_(o)分布在0.95%~1.90%之间,处于成熟晚期至高成熟阶段。(2)巴贡组烃源岩有机质丰度较高,有机质类型好,成熟度适中,生烃潜力大。(3)巴贡组烃源岩与上覆雀莫错组底部砂砾岩形成“下生上储”的源储组合,为大中型油气田的形成奠定了基础,同时巴贡组也是页岩油勘探的有利层系。这套烃源岩对北羌塘坳陷东缘常规油气和非常规油气勘探均具有重要意义。

四川盆地及周缘震旦系陡山沱组烃源岩生烃潜力

震旦系陡山沱组作为四川盆地一套重要的烃源岩,目前研究程度还较低。虽然已知对震旦系灯影组成藏具有一定的贡献,但暂未针对性地开展生烃潜力评价研究。为此,结合多位学者的研究成果,在系统分析四川盆地及周缘地区陡山沱组烃源岩发育特征及分布的基础上,开展了陡山沱组烃源岩干酪根历史时期生油量、排油量、生气量等评价计算,并初步分析了四川盆地范围内陡山沱组烃源岩来源的天然气资源量。研究结果表明:①四川盆地内陡山沱组烃源岩总体不发育,但存在盆地西北缘、东北缘和南缘等3个烃源岩发育区;②计算四川盆地及周缘地区陡山沱组烃源岩干酪根历史时期的生油量、排油量、生气量分别为5021×10^(8)t、4519×10^(8)t、161×10^(12)m^(3),盆地外围的干酪根生油气量是盆地内的3倍;其中盆内以川西地区生油气量最大,盆缘以东南部地区生油气量最大;③四川盆地范围内上震旦统陡山沱组烃源岩来源的天然气资源量1.09×10^(12)m^(3),以原油裂解气为主,其中川西地区天然气资源量最大,其次为川东和川南地区。