Determination of Formation Constants of Co￣(2+), Ni￣(2+),Cu￣(2+) and Zn￣(2+) Complexes with Humic and Fulvic Acidsby Potentiometric Titration Method

The formation constants of Co￣(2+), Ni￣(2+), Cu￣(2+) and Zn￣(2+) complexes with humic acid (HA) and fulvicacid (FA) in red soil were determined by the potentiometric titration method. The constants as a functionof composition of the complexation solutions were obtained by two graphical approaches respectively Theformation constants decreased with increasing concentration of metal in the solution. The results provideunambiguous evidence for the heterogeneity of the function groups of humic substances. The formationconstants of FA were much smaller than those of HA, and the formation constants of Cu￣(2+) were muchgreater than those of Co￣(2+) , Ni￣(2+) and Zn￣(2+) . The potentiometric titration method for determining formationconstants are also discussed in the article.

Determination of Sulfides in FCC Gasoline by Using the Potentiometric Titration of Lead Tetraacetate

Compared with conventional method of violet spectrum, determination of the content of sulfides in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline by using the potentiometric titration of lead tetraacetate has some advantages such as clear potentiometric abrupt change at the stoichiometric point, stable potentiometric value, exact and credible results, and simple operation. The content of sulfides in FCC gasoline of Shenghua refinery is 0.136% by this method. The standard deviation about this method is less than 0.01% and the relative standard deviation is less than 2.42%.

Studies on Determination of Ge in Au Alloys by Potassium Iodate Potentiometric Titration Method

The paper presents a new method of determining Ge in gold alloys by potassium iodate potentiometric titration rather than by traditional distillation separation. The influences of conditions such as the reduction acidity, dosage of sodium hypophosphite and reduction time on the determination of Ge were studied. Comparison was made between the influences of end-point indication for potential method and starch method on accruracy and precision of the analysed results, stability and sensitivity of end-point, selectivity of method and so on. The possibility of reaction in an electrochemical way was discussed. Ge in the alloys such as AuGe 12 , AuGeNi 12 2 , AuAgGe 18.8 12.5 and AuAgGeNi 43.8 6 0.2 was measured, respectively, with the relative standard deviation of 0.10%~0.31% and the recoveries of added standard Ge in sample of 99.40%～100.40% when the reduction acidity was 0.40~0.80 mol/L HCl and 3.3 mol/L H 3 PO 4, 15 g sodium hypophosphite and reduction time 40 min. The new method presented is high accuracy and precision in results, good stability and sensibility in end point, easy operation and strong selectivity of determination. When it is applied to analyse actual samples, satisfactory results are achieved.

Counterion Binding in Aqueous Solutions of Poly(vinylpyridines) as Assessed by Potentiometric Titration

The extent to which counterions bind to polyelectrolytes influences a variety of polymer-based applications, including polyelectrolyte enhanced ultrafiltration and forward osmosis using polyelectrolytes as draw agents. Potentiometric titrations of poly (2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP), poly (3-vinylpyridine) (P3VP), and poly (4-vinylpydine) (P4VP) were performed using HBr, HCl, HNO3, and HClO4 in both the presence and absence of added NaCl. Because of the systematic differences among the three polyelectrolytes, titration results provide insight into the role of polymer structure in the relative extents to which various counterions bind. Titration data reveal that ionization properties vary as functions of polymer investigated, titrant used, degree of protonation, and added salt concentration. Acid dissociation constants of the pyridinium moieties were found to generally increase with increasing degree of protonation, though appreciable differences were exhibited among the three polymers investigated. For all three polymers, Cl- demonstrated the lowest affinity for the charged pyridinium residues, while the affinities associated with Br- and NO-3 were nearly identical to each other. The relative extent of binding for CIO-4 varied across the polymers investigated, and was greatest for P4VP.

Determination of Ge in Au alloys using sodium hypophosphite and potassium iodate potentiometric titration method

This paper presents a new method of determining Ge in AuGe alloys by potassium iodate(KIO3)potentiometric titration when Ge(Ⅱ)and Au(0)are simultaneously reduced from Ge(Ⅳ)and Au(Ⅲ)by sodium hypophosphite rather than by distillation separation.The influences of such conditions as the reduction acidity,the dosage of sodium hypophosphite and the reduction time on the determination of Ge were studied.Ge in AuGe alloys such as AuGe_(12),AuGeNi_(12-2),AuAgGe_(18.8-12.5),and AuAgGeNi_(43.8-6-0.2)was measured with the relative standard deviation(RSD)of 0.10%-0.31%and the recoveries of added standard Ge in sample of 99.40%-100.40%under the conditions of 0.40-0.80 mol·L^(-1)HCl,3.3 mol·L^(-1)H^(3)PO^(4),15 g sodium hypophosphite,and reduction time of40 min.The new method presented is of high accuracy in results,good stability and sensibility in end-point,and easy operation and strong selectivity of determination.

Acid Dissociation Constants of Functional Groups in Humic Substances:I.Affinity Spectrum Model Analysis of Potentiometric Data of Fulvic and Humic Acids Solutions from Weathered Coal and Dark Loessial Soil

Potentiometric experiments were carried out on the proton binding equilibria of FA extracted from a weathered coal and HA and Fa extracted from a dark loessial soil.The affinity spectrum model was employed to treat the experimental data.The affinity spectrum model technique could“magnify” the heterogeneity of the proton binding equilibria.so it was useful for comparing and studying the characteristics of humic substances with similar properties.According to the affinity spectra,we also found that the direction of the titration could affect the properties of the equilibria of FA from the weathered coal,and the acidic functional groups contained in FA from the weathered coal were larger in quantity than those contained in HA and FA from the dark loessial soil.

Heavy metal adsorption on the Le An River sediment —The adsorption model

In this study,the surface properties and adsorption properties of the Le An River sedi- ment were modelled via surface complexation approach.The model parameters were determined based on the data of our potentiometric titration experiments and the metal adsorption experiments with the Le An River sediment samples.Consequently,the surface complexation models for the natural sediment,in our case the Le An River sediments,which can interpret the experimental data very well were successfully established.Three typical surface complexation models that is the con- stant capacitance model,the diffuse layer model and the triple layer model,were considered in this research.This work indicated that the consistency and the interdependency among model parame- ters together with the selection of the surface adsorbed species should be emphasized.

Novel Screen-Printed All-Solid-State Copper(II)-Selective Electrode for Mobile Environmental Analysis

Based on poly(vinyl chloride) membranes, a novel miniaturized screen-printed all-solid-state copper(II)-selective electrode has been developed for applications in environmental monitoring. Performance and applicability of the ion-selective electrode (ISE) have been proved by potentiometric investigations. Conducting polymers were used as intermediate layers and as solid contacts between the ion-selective membrane and the graphite transducer. The ion-complexing reagent 2-mercapto-benzoxazole was incorporated into poly(vinyl chloride) membranes. In the concentration range 10-6 - 10-2 mol/L, the ISE exhibited a linear Nernstian potential response to copper(II) with an average slope value of 28 mV/decade. The detection limit was 3 × 10-7 mol/L. The electrode exhibits a short response time (<10 s) and can be used in the range of pH = 3 - 7. Selectivity coefficents against certain interfering ions are investigated. The life time of the electrode under laboratory conditions was approximately 12-month. The electrode was applied in the investigation of different aqueous environmental samples and the electrode characteristics were described. The copper(II) ASS electrode has also successfully been used in potentiometric, complexometric titrations with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

Formation Equilibria of Ternary Metal Complexes with Citric Acid and Glutamine (Alanine) in Aqueous Solution

The species and their formation constants in the ternary systems were obtained by the Scogs2 software from potentiometric titration data. The Comics software was used to calculate the distribution of species in the ternary systems. MLXH, MLXH 2 and MLXH 3 are the common species in these systems. The coordination behaviors of the rare earths are very similar and their stability is closely matched. The ternary rare earth complexes are more stable than the corresponding ternary complexes of calcium. The ternary zinc complex with glutamine as the secondary ligand is more stable than the corresponding complexes of rare earths, but the ternary complex with alanine as the secondary ligand shows an inverse trend. The distributions of species in the ternary systems vary with pH changing. A prediction can be made that exogenous rare earths can affect the species of Ca and Zn in human body.

Physical Studies of Some Hydrazinobenzoic Acid Complexes

The stability constants of complexes of 2-hydrazinobenzoic acid and 4-hydrazinobenzoic acid with Ni (Ⅱ), Cu (Ⅱ), Zn (Ⅱ), Cd (Ⅱ), and Hg (Ⅱ) were determined potentiometricaIly at different temperatures. The thermodynamic parameters, △G0, △H0, and △S0 were calculated and proved that the complexation process is spontaneous and endothermic. The thermodynamic functions were analyzed in terms of electrostatic and non-electrostatic components and the results reveal that ionic bonds are formed between the studied ligands and metal ions. Conductometric titration was shown that the stoichiometry of the formed complexes are M:L and M:2L. The structure of the prepared solid complexes was characterized using IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopies as well as X-ray diffraction technique. Finally electrical conductivity of the ligands and their copper complexes was measured and shown that the ligands have a semiconductor behaviour.

The Isoelectric Point and the Points of Zero Charge of Fe-Al-Mg Hydrotalcite-like Compounds

The relation of the isoelectric point (IEP) and the point of zero net charge (PZNC) of the hydrotalcite-like compounds was discussed. It was found that the IEP does not equal to the PZNC and the IEP is higher than the PZNC. The structural positive charges existing in the HTlc, which cause the difference between the IEP and the PZNC. The effects of the structural positive charges of the HTlc on its IEP and PZNC are the same as the specific adsorption of metal cations.

Novel Palladium （II） Selective Membrane Electrode Based on Phenyl Disulfide

PVC （a poly vinyl chloride） membrane was prepared by using phenyl disulfide as a carrier for selective determination of Pd （II） ion. The membrane can be worked well over a wide concentration range （1.0 × 106-1.0 × 10-1） M with a slope 29.53 mV/decade and a limit of detection （1.77× 10-7） M. The measured of response time was 9 s. It was found to be selective and useable within the pH range （3.0-7.0）. The lifetime of membrane sensor prepared could be used for at least 4 months. The electrode was successfully used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of palladium ion with EDTA.

Syntheses of Coumarins in Environmentally Friendly Ionics Liquids

Syntheses of 3-substituted coumarins by the condensation reaction of salicylaldehyde with activated methylene compounds （ethyl cyanoacetate, malonic acid） are discussed in media of ionic liquids--（2-hydroxyethyl）ammonium carboxylates （formates, acetates, lactates） without utilization of any other catalysts. The dependence of yields of the reaction product is investigated on the structure of ionic liquids （their cations, anions, total polarity and pseudo-pH values）. 3-Substituted coumarins are prepared in high yields in media of these environmentally friendly ionic liquids which serve simultaneously as reaction media and as catalysts. The mentioned ionic liquids are prepared by reactions of corresponding hydroxyethyl-amines with carboxylic acids, and their quantitative analyses being made by potentiometric titration of ionic liquids with perchloric acid in 100% acetic acid.

Acid-base and lipophilic properties of peptide nucleic acid derivatives

The first combined experimental and theoretical study on the ionization and lipophilic properties of peptide nucleic acid(PNA)derivatives,including eleven PNA monomers and two PNA decamers,is described.The acidity constants(pKa)of individual acidic and basic centers of PNA monomers were measured by automated potentiometric pH titrations in water/methanol solution,and these values were found to be in agreement with those obtained by MoKa software.These results indicate that single nucleobases do not change their pKa values when included in PNA monomers and oligomers.In addition,immobilized artificial membrane chromatography was employed to evaluate the lipophilic properties of PNA monomers and oligomers,which showed the PNA derivatives had poor affinity towards membrane phospholipids,and confirmed their scarce cell penetrating ability.Overall,our study not only is of potential relevance to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of PNA,but also constitutes a reliable basis to properly modify PNA to obtain mimics with enhanced cell penetration properties.

Determination of the dissociation constants of polyepoxysuccinic acid

The dissociation constants of polyepoxysuccinic acid(PESA)were investigated in this study.Based on the potentiometric titration and the BEST program,the dissociation constants of PESA were determined.Considering the complexity of the dissociation of PESA in aqueous solution,several models were constructed to simulate the dissociation process of PESA.By comparison,the dissociation constants of PESA were obtained with model 4.The species distribution of PESA in aqueous solution as a function of pH was also presented according to the experimental and calculation results.It showed that the H_(2)L model with five basic structure units to describe the dissociation of PESA was reasonable,and the relevant constants had less error and better matching between the experimental and calculation data.The corresponding values of pK_(ai) were 4.68 and 4.92,respectively,for H2L at 35℃ with ionic strength of 0.1 mol/L.

Some Interface Electrochemical Properties of Kaolinite

The interface electrochemical properties of clay were theoretically analyzed to obtain some relationships among point of zero net charge （PZNC）, point of zero net proton charge （PZNPC）, intrinsic surface reaction equilibrium constants （K in 1-pK model, Ka1^int and Ka2^int in 2-pK model, ＊KNa^int and ＊KNO3^int in inert electrolyte chemical binding model） and structural negative charge density （σst） of clay, and some interface electrochemical parameters of kaolinite were measured. The following main conclusions were obtained. For clay possessing structural negative charges, the PZNC independent of electrolyte concentration （c） should exist just as amphoteric solid without structural charges such as oxides or hydroxides. A common intersection point （CIP） should appear among the potentiometric （or acid-base） titration curves at different c and the pH at the CIP should be PHPZNC. A CIP among potentiometric titration curves at different c for kaolinite was observed, and the value of PHPZNC of kaolinite was 2.16. The values of pHPZNPC were decreased with increasing c, which arises from the presence of structural negative charges of kaolinite. In addition, it was observed that a good linear relationship existed between pHPZNPC and 1g c. According to the values of PHPZNC and σst measured, the intrinsic surface reaction equilibrium constants, pK and pKa1^int and pKa2^int of 1-pK and 2-pK models could be directly calculated for clay, and the values of pK, pKa1^int and pKa2^int for kaolinite were 2.93, 1.90 and 3.97, respectively. These experimental values of pKa1^int and pKa2^int for kaolinite are obviously lower than those optimized with fitting programs in literatures, which maybe arises from the introduction of a type of permanent negatively charged sites in the models of literatures. An interesting result obtained in this study is that the inert electrolyte chemical binding does not exist for kaolinite, which also arises from the presence of structural negative charges.

Study on electric property at interface of positive sol of magnesium aluminum hydroxide

The isoelectric point (IEP) and zero point of charge (ZPC) of magnesium aluminum hydroxide were studied by electrophoresis method, potentiometric titration method, and elemental analysis. Results showed that the charge of magnesium aluminum hydroxide was composed of variable charge and permanent positive charge. Because of the permanent positive charge, the IEP and ZPC obtained were higher than calculated. The LEP decreased and ZPC increased as X increased.