Teaching Form Reform of "Prevention and Control of Poultry and Poultry Diseases" Course in Higher Vocational Colleges

[ Objective] To meet the needs of ＂Prevention and Control of Poultry and Poultry Diseases＂ course in higher vocational colleges in new period. [Method] In order to introduce theoretical knowledge, enhance practical ability and train quality, teaching content, teaching methods and practical teaching of the course were explored according to trends of academic development and personnel training. [ Result] The reform of teaching form improved the teaching effect, mobilized the learning enthusiasm and initiative of students, and enhanced their ability to solve practical prob- lems. [ Conclusion] The teaching form of ＂Prevention and Control of Poultry and Poultry Diseases＂ course has been successfully reformed.

禽病诊断技术CAI课件设计及制作

本文以禽病诊断技术CAI课件的设计和制作为例 ,探讨CAI课件的设计和制作方法 ,为其它课件的设计和制作提供了一个模式。

Fixed-point Monitoring of Vaccine Immune Effects on Severe Animal Diseases in Livestock and Poultry Breeding Fields

In order to reveal the immune antibody levels and immune effect of livestock and poultry in the locality,we performed antibody surveillance on severe animal diseases in 17 livestock and poultry fields in six administrative districts of Wuhan City. The results showed that the vaccines had a good protective efficacy on highly pathogenic avian influenza( HPAI) and Newcastle disease( ND) in Wuhan City. The whole antibody levels kept above the ministerial standard( 】 70%).However,the vaccine immunity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome( PRRS),swine fever( SF) and foot and mouth disease( FMD) was still poorly protective. The data indicated that the vaccines are protecting the severe animal diseases well,but there are still some potential security holes in some administrative districts.

Effect of Incorporating Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Meal into Broiler Diets on Environmental Pollution by Nitrogen from Poultry Excreta: A Review

Poultry feeds are formulated using soybean meal and animal by-products as sources of protein. Animal proteins like fish meal, blood meal, meat and bone meal are being shunned in formulating poultry feeds nowadays because they are associated with zoonotic diseases like salmonellosis and this has left soybean meal as the only source of dietary protein in broiler feeds. Soybean meal is in short supply in Zimbabwe and this country is relying on some soybean meal imports from South Africa and Zambia resulting in prices of poultry feed and broiler meat going upwards. Cheap and locally available alternative sources of protein to soybean meal must be found in order to reduce the cost of making poultry feed. The selected alternative source of protein must have protein which is highly digestible such that the bulk of this protein can be metabolized and utilized by broilers to synthesize meat leaving a little of it to be excreted through faeces and urine. Highly digestible protein is very important in broiler feed making because this reduces the amount of nitrogen lost through poultry excreta into the environment. Cowpea has been chosen to entirely or partially replace soybean meal in this review paper because it is locally grown, drought tolerant, cheap and its true protein digestibility (TPD) of 71% to 76% is generally comparable to 81% to 83% of soybean meal. Nowadays, people are concerned about protecting the environment from being polluted by wastes from industrial and agricultural activities. Poultry farming pollutes the environment with ammonia emitted from poultry excreta. The grain legumes used in formulating broiler feed such as soybean meal contain anti-nutritional factors which reduce protein digestibility and increase nitrogen excretion through poultry faeces. The nitrogen in faeces is volatilized into ammonia, emitted into the atmosphere and cause eutrophication of surface waters. Therefore, the effect of incorporating cowpea meal in broiler diets on environmental pollution by nitrogen excretion from broiler faeces needs to be explored.

Development and Validation of an Indirect Whole-Virus ELISA Using a Predominant Genotype VI Velogenic NewCastle Disease Virus Isolated from Lebanese Poultry

Commercial ELISA kits are commonly used to assess the levels of chicken antibodies against NewCastle Disease Virus (NDV) and trace a field strain infection. Nevertheless, the specificity of these kits vis-à-vis endemic strains in Lebanon remains in question. This study developed an in-house indirect ELISA system to evaluate the level of chicken antibodies against a predominant velogenic NDV strain belonging to Genotype VI. A checkerboard analysis comprised a five-factorial multivariate experiment to optimize the protocol: coating antigen concentration, blocking buffer utilization, serum and conjugate dilution levels, and OD reading wavelength. The developed test was optimized and then validated through parallel testing of the sera of 20 broilers and 5 layers using standard serological assays. There was a strong correlation between the developed ELISA results and those obtained with the Hemagglutination Inhibition test (P < 0.01), and a commercial NDV ELISA kit (P < 0.05). The specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility of the developed ELISA suggest that it can be used as the test of choice for the assessment of chicken antibody titers against locally circulating velogenic NDV strains, specifically those belonging to Genotype VI. It also offers better help in the serological detection of birds’ exposure to the said strains.

噬菌体裂解酶在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

畜禽生产中抗生素的长期、大量不规范使用,导致细菌耐药性问题日益严重,给畜禽细菌性疾病的预防和治疗带来极大困难,甚至已经威胁到公共卫生安全。噬菌体裂解酶是噬菌体编码的一种肽聚糖水解酶,能够高效、特异地杀灭细菌且具有抗生物被膜活性,已经成为一种新型抗菌药物,逐渐被纳入细菌尤其是耐药菌感染的治疗策略。畜禽生产中,噬菌体裂解酶已经成功应用于金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌等革兰阳性菌引起的畜禽细菌性疾病的防控与治疗中,其在大肠杆菌、沙门菌等革兰阴性菌上的应用尚处于体外研究阶段。笔者对噬菌体裂解酶的结构特点、作用机制及其在畜禽生产中的应用进行综述,探究噬菌体裂解酶在畜禽生产中的应用现状及前景,以期为噬菌体裂解酶更进一步地应用于防控和治疗细菌性疾病提供参考。

肠道微生物对家禽抗病力的影响研究进展

家禽肠道内栖息着大量的微生物,这些微生物与宿主有着密切的联系,在维持肠道稳态和抑制有害菌生长中发挥着关键作用。建立和维持肠道微生物稳态是保障宿主健康的关键。然而肠道微生物与机体之间的关系较为复杂,影响因素较多。因此,该文综述了家禽肠道微生物的组成及影响因素,并进一步深入探讨了肠道微生物抗病潜在机制,旨在为肠道微生物与抗病之间的研究提供新的思路。

基于“互联网+POCT”家禽重大动物疫病预警平台的建立与应用

良好的抗体监测是目前预防和控制家禽动物疫病的关键环节,本研究以对我市家禽养殖业危害最严重的两大禽类传染病为研究对象,结合“互联网+”和荧光免疫POCT现场检测技术优势,构建了家禽重大动物疫病免疫智能分析预警平台,应用效果显示该平台可满足动物疫病预防控制中心的实时数据统计、技术指导服务以及决策分析等需求。

基于BERT-BiLSTM-CRF模型的畜禽疫病文本分词研究

针对畜禽疫病文本语料匮乏、文本内包含大量疫病名称及短语等未登录词问题,提出了一种结合词典匹配的BERT-BiLSTM-CRF畜禽疫病文本分词模型。以羊疫病为研究对象,构建了常见疫病文本数据集,将其与通用语料PKU结合,利用BERT(Bidirectional encoder representation from transformers)预训练语言模型进行文本向量化表示;通过双向长短时记忆网络(Bidirectional long short-term memory network,BiLSTM)获取上下文语义特征;由条件随机场(Conditional random field,CRF)输出全局最优标签序列。基于此,在CRF层后加入畜禽疫病领域词典进行分词匹配修正,减少在分词过程中出现的疫病名称及短语等造成的歧义切分,进一步提高了分词准确率。实验结果表明,结合词典匹配的BERT-BiLSTM-CRF模型在羊常见疫病文本数据集上的F1值为96.38%,与jieba分词器、BiLSTM-Softmax模型、BiLSTM-CRF模型、未结合词典匹配的本文模型相比,分别提升11.01、10.62、8.3、0.72个百分点,验证了方法的有效性。与单一语料相比,通用语料PKU和羊常见疫病文本数据集结合的混合语料,能够同时对畜禽疫病专业术语及疫病文本中常用词进行准确切分,在通用语料及疫病文本数据集上F1值都达到95%以上,具有较好的模型泛化能力。该方法可用于畜禽疫病文本分词。

高职院校养禽与禽病防控技术课程“思专创”三融合课堂革命探索与实践

为解决课程思政教学“生硬”与创新实践教育“薄弱”问题,实现“互联网+”时代信息化课堂教育与传统课堂教育的优势互补,提升课堂品质,建设高效课堂,以高职院校养禽与禽病防控技术课程为例,通过创新教学模式、组建校企结构化教师团队、优化整合教学内容、丰富教学资源、完善多元化评价体系等方面进行探索和实践。建立了基于国家职业教育智慧教育平台和学银在线平台的“思专创”三融合线上线下混合式教学模式,打破教学时空界限,构建学习共同体,打造乐学空间,激发学生学习的内驱力,培养创新能力和创业意识。“思专创”融合的线上线下混合式教学模式可引领课堂革命,为丰富职业教育“课堂革命”实践及培养强农兴农、乡村振兴高素质高技术技能型人才塑造了典型案例。

家禽疫病智能化检测技术研究进展

家禽是我国养殖业的重要组成部分,但在养殖过程中易感染病原导致死亡,给养禽业造成严重的经济损失。对家禽疫病的人工检测常伴有耗时长、劳动力大、不够准确等问题,新兴检测技术的研究和使用十分必要。文章对红外热成像技术、生物传感器、可穿戴传感器、发声分析技术、视觉分析技术、免疫传感器等家禽常见疾病的新兴智能化检测技术进行综述,建议通过智能化手段与监测方法相结合,对家禽的行为动态与生理信息进行分析,为疫病防控技术的研发提供参考。

扶正类中药多糖调控畜禽免疫功能的研究进展

畜禽常见传染病发病往往是畜禽免疫功能低下造成的,免疫力的降低导致畜禽更易感,进而增加发病率,对畜禽养殖行业造成了巨大的经济损失。扶正类中药具有扶正固本,提升畜禽免疫功能的作用。在临床上,扶正类中药的使用能够显著增强畜禽对病原微生物的抵抗力,降低畜禽的死亡率,进而有效减少畜禽养殖过程中的经济损失。扶正类中药中的多糖是其发挥功能的主要活性物质,主要通过调节免疫信号通路的激活和传导、炎性细胞因子的表达及体液免疫和细胞免疫的激活过程来调控畜禽免疫功能。本文总结了扶正类中药多糖调控畜禽免疫功能的相关研究,重点讨论了扶正类中药多糖对提升畜禽免疫力的作用机制和临床应用研究,提出了多糖配伍抗生素和疫苗等保护畜禽健康的联合用药思路,为畜禽规模化养殖企业和个体养殖户科学高效的防控畜禽疫病提供了防控思路和理论依据。

深度测序技术在畜禽疫病诊断中的应用

下一代测序(NGS),也被称为深度、高通量或大规模并行测序,可一次同时测定几十万到几百万条核酸分子序列。在畜禽疫病中应用于复杂诊断和密集监测、病因学、基因组学、进化和流行病学,以及宿主-病原体相互作用和感染生物学等方面。本综述首先简要介绍了深度测序技术,并通过实例对深度测序在畜禽疫病诊断中的应用进展进行阐述,为今后的相关研究提供些许参考。

黄芪的生物学活性成分及其在畜禽生产及疾病防治中的应用

在畜牧生产中,黄芪可以提高动物的生长性能和抗氧化能力,可作为抗氧化剂清除自由基,增强机体免疫力和抗病能力。黄芪及其活性成分作为饲料添加剂和增强剂具有无残留、无污染和绿色高效等优势。本文综述了黄芪的活性成分及其生物学功能,且作为重要的中草药饲料添加剂在畜禽生产及疾病防治中的应用,旨在为黄芪资源的开发及在畜禽饲料中的合理应用提供参考。

预防禽类呼吸道疾病的中药固体空气清新剂研制和抑菌效果分析

为研制一款可净化空气、预防禽类呼吸道疾病且使用方便的中药固体空气清新剂,本试验根据国医大师周仲瑛的中药防疫香囊配方,提取广藿香、苍术、白芷、草果、石菖蒲和艾叶混合后药材的挥发油,添加增溶剂和乳化剂制成中药固体空气清新剂。将其置于室温检测挥发量,以琼脂扩散法考察含不同挥发油的固体空气清新剂以及不同挥发程度的混合药材固体空气清新剂对引起呼吸道疾病的致病菌(大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色葡萄球菌)的抑菌效果,根据抑菌圈直径的大小评价固体空气清新剂的抑菌活性。结果显示:固体空气清新剂的组成为卡拉胶(20%)、苯甲酸(0.2%)、挥发油(4%)、聚山梨醇酯(1%)和蒸馏水;50 g固体空气清新剂的挥发性较好;含混合药材挥发油的固体空气清新剂对大肠杆菌无明显抑菌效果,对金黄色葡萄球菌和白色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径分别为20.1和41.7 mm,属于高敏;同时该固体空气清新剂挥发不同程度后的固体清新剂仍能抑制金黄色葡萄球菌和白色葡萄球菌的生长,说明所制备的混合药材固体空气清新剂能持续对这2种致病菌的生长起到抑制作用。结果表明,该中药固体空气清新剂制备工艺简单,气味芳香怡人,具有净化空气和抑制致病菌生长的功效,能对禽类呼吸道疾病的传播进行有效预防。

家禽养殖场预防台风暴雨及抗灾自救策略

台风、暴雨等极端天气会对家禽业造成严重危害,出现养殖环境污染、疫病高发、防疫工作严峻等问题,必须给予高度重视,采取行之有效的措施,加强科学指导与饲养管理,从消灭病原体、杜绝传播途径、消除致病因素三方面入手,建立家禽疫情防御体系。为此,针对近些年台风对我国家禽产业造成的严重影响,通过查阅文献材料、结合现场工作实践,综述台风灾害对家禽生产的危害,提出一套预防台风暴雨及抗灾自救措施,希望能对家禽养殖从业者开展台风暴雨预防及抗灾自救工作提供技术支持。

蔡少杭教授治疗新冠病毒感染相关心病经验

三因制宜、整体观念、辨证论治是中医学发挥临床疗效的精髓。此次新型冠状病毒感染疫情暴发流行期间,中医药发挥了独特的优势和作用。蔡少杭教授从散寒解表,御病毒于未病之时;温肺止咳,防传变用宣痹通阳;益气养阴,宁神志以顾护心脉三方面入手,总结出富有地方特色的新型冠状病毒感染相关心病防治措施和治疗方药,在临床取得了良效。

Poultry gut health-microbiome functions,environmental impacts,microbiome engineering and advancements in characterization technologies

The gastrointestinal tract(GIT)health impacts animal productivity.The poultry microbiome has functions which range from protection against pathogens and nutrients production,to host immune system maturation.Fluctuations in the microbiome have also been linked to prevailing environmental conditions.Healthy poultry birds possess a natural resistance to infection.However,the exploration of environmental impacts and other relevant factors on poultry growth and health have been underplayed.Since good performance and growth rate are central to animal production,the host-microbiome relationship remains integral.Prior to the emergence of metagenomic techniques,conventional methods for poultry microbiome studies were used and were low-throughput and associated with insufficient genomic data and high cost of sequencing.Fortunately,the advent of high-throughput sequencing platforms have circumvented some of these shortfalls and paved the way for increased studies on the poultry gut microbiome diversity and functions.Here,we give an up-to-date review on the impact of varied environments on microbiome profile,as well as microbiome engineering and microbiome technology advancements.It is hoped that this paper will provide invaluable information that could guide and inspire further studies on the lingering pertinent questions about the poultry microbiome.

Newcastle Disease Virus Isolation and Its Prevalence in Uganda Poultry Farms

The present research work was carried out to isolate and identify Newcastle disease virus (NDV) by using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and HA-HI virus isolation, embryonated eggs (EE) and chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). A total of 95 clinical (blood, tracheal and cloacal swabs) and post-mortem (brain, lung, colon and spleen) samples were collected from chickens of field outbreaks of suspected Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The HI and HA-HI were employed to detect NDV in tissue homogenates of all the clinical and post-mortem samples as well as laboratory samples (AF and ICF). Among the four different types of post-mortem samples, virus isolation rate was found to be low in body organs. In CEF cell culture system, the rate of virus isolation from all the aforesaid samples was found to be at 100% with the exception of serum samples;while in tracheal and cloacal swabs, it was at 90%;while in serum, it was at 10%, in all clinical cases. The isolation rate of NDV was higher in CEF culture system (66.7%) compared to that of avian embryos (33.3%). Samples were inoculated and the allantoic fluid (AF) of the dead embryos and the infected culture fluid (ICF) of the CEF were harvested at 24 to 96 hours of the post-infection, respectively, which revealed that the virulent strain of NDV is highly prevalent in the region. The prevalence of NDV was established at 1.1%, 2.1% and 4.2% using HA-HI, EE, and CEF methods. Rapid detection and identification of the virus are crucial for the effective control of the disease as conventional diagnostic methods such as virus isolation on embryonated eggs followed by serological identification in haemagglutination-inhibition test are laborious and time-consuming. The speed of the diagnosis can be considerably increased by using methods based on molecular biology, e.g. reverse transcription—polymerase chain reaction. However, the genetic variability of APMV-1 isolates should be considered carefully as the potential cause for false negative results of genetic-based laboratory tests.

Occurrence of Multi-Drug Resistant <i>Listeria species</i>in Faecal Samples of Poultry Chickens in Rural Farms in Lagos State, Nigeria

Background: Listeriosis is a common zoonotic disease caused by a foodborne pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes. Poultry meat and products have been established as vehicles of transmission of pathogenic Listeria strains to humans. This study evaluates the occurrence of Listeria species in faeces of poultry chicken in Lagos. Methods: One hundred and fourteen pooled fresh faecal samples from cage-reared broiler chickens were collected from 12 farms in three rural areas in Lagos State from May to August 2019. All samples were analysed for Listeria species detection according to ISO11290-1 standard and confirmed using PCR assay. Susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results: Twenty-eight (24.6%) Listeria species were detected from 114 faecal samples. The isolated Listeria species were L. monocytogenes 8 (7.0%), L. ivanovii 9 (7.9%), L. grayi 7 (6.1%) and L. innocua 4 (3.5%). There was no significant difference in the frequency of occurrence of Listeria species across the different locations (X2 = 4.98, p = 0.08). The listeria species were susceptible to Augmentin (96.4%), vancomycin (85.7%) and co-trimoxazole (82.1%), but resistant to ceftazidime (100%), tetracycline (75.0%) and ciprofloxacin (71.4%). Conclusion: This study reveals high occurrence of multi-drug resistant Listeria species in faecal samples of poultry chickens in Lagos state which may be an important vector in the contamination of the environment and transmission of antibiotic resistant Listeria species to consumers.