Particle swarm optimization algorithm for simultaneous optimal placement and sizing of shunt active power conditioner(APC)and shunt capacitor in harmonic distorted distribution system

Due to development of distribution systems and increase in electricity demand,the use of capacitor banks increases.From the other point of view,nonlinear loads generate and inject considerable harmonic currents into power system.Under this condition if capacitor banks are not properly selected and placed in the power system,they could amplify and propagate these harmonics and deteriorate power quality to unacceptable levels.With attention of disadvantages of passive filters,such as occurring resonance,nowadays the usage of this type of harmonic compensator is restricted.On the other side,one of parallel multi-function compensating devices which are recently used in distribution system to mitigate voltage sag and harmonic distortion,performs power factor correction,and improves the overall power quality as active power conditioner(APC).Therefore,the utilization of APC in harmonic distorted system can affect and change the optimal location and size of shunt capacitor bank under harmonic distortion condition.This paper presents an optimization algorithm for improvement of power quality using simultaneous optimal placement and sizing of APC and shunt capacitor banks in radial distribution networks in the presence of voltage and current harmonics.The algorithm is based on particle swarm optimization(PSO).The objective function includes the cost of power losses,energy losses and those of the capacitor banks and APCs.

An IEEE 1547-Based Power Conditioner Test System for Distributed Energy Resources

Power conditioner, that is responsible for electric power conversion, is a critical component used in many renewable energy power generation systems. Most of the electric power produced by distributed energy resources cannot directly import to utility network without power conversion. Meanwhile, power conversion may includes several different types, for example AC/DC, and DC/AC, which is realized by a variety types of power conditioners in the electric power system. Currently, many concerns are focused on the operation of these power conditioners used in distributed energy resources due to the worse designing may cause the terrible influence on safety and performance characteristic of distributed energy resources. The power quality and reliability of interconnected electric power network may be affected as well. In the view of this, IEEE standards board provides a uniform standard for interconnection of distributed resources with electric power systems. It provides requirements relevant to the performance, operation, testing, safety considerations, and maintenance of the interconnection. Based on the IEEE 1547 standard, this paper presents a test system for power conditioners that are used in distributed energy resources or other renewable energy applications. Some of the test items that described in IEEE 1547.1 relevant to interconnection issues can be realized by proposed test system.

Distributed power conditioning unit of large-scale space solar power station

In this paper,a multi-bus distributed Power Conditioning Unit(PCU)is proposed for the Space Solar Power Station with large scale photovoltaic(PV)array and power levels reaching MW level.In this unit,there are multiple independent PV arrays.In each PV array,there are multiple independent PV subarrays.In this paper,a V-P droop control method with adaptive droop coefficient is proposed,which modifies the droop intercept based on the bus voltage deviation and the power per unit value of the PV array.This method ensures the accuracy of bus voltage and achieves proportional distribution of power between PV arrays based on the proposed topology structure in this paper.When the load changes or the output power of the PV array fluctuates,this method can ensure that power is distributed proportionally.The principle and control method of the proposed droop control method is analyzed in this paper.The effectiveness of the method is verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulation and experiment.Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve power distributed proportionally when load changes and PV output power fluctuates,reduce bus voltage error caused by line impedance and differences in rated power of different PV arrays,and improve the performance of PV power generation system applied to space.

Centralized control of parallel connected power conditioning system in electric vehicle charge-discharge and storage integration station

This study presents a centralized control scheme that coordinates parallel operations of power conditioning system(PCS)for the grid interactions of electric vehicles(EVs)in EV charge-discharge and storage integration station.Key issues for the control and operation of PCS under various operation modes are discussed,including vehicle to grid(V2G)mode,stand-alone mode and seamless transfer mode.The intelligent multi-mode charge-discharge method is utilized for the V2G mode,and the parallel control method based on communication network is adopted for the standalone mode.In addition,a novel seamless transfer strategy is proposed,which is able to implement PCS transition between V2G mode and stand-alone mode.The detailed process of the seamless transfer between the two modes is illustrated.Experimental results are presented to show the performance and feasibility of this strategy.

High power conditioning of the input coupler for BEPCⅡ superconducting cavity

High power conditioning of the input coupler for BEPCII superconducting cavity has been performed. After room temperature conditioning, the RF power of 150 kW with continuous wave at standing wave mode passed through the coupler without any problem. Meanwhile, a series of methods have also been studied to improve the performance of the coupler during the beam operation. Up to now, the input coupler can feed a RF power up to 100 kW stably with high current of 250 mA at 2.5 GeV.

Massive Power Device Condition Monitoring Data Feature Extraction and Clustering Analysis using MapReduce and Graph Model

Effective storage,processing and analyzing of power device condition monitoring data faces enormous challenges.A framework is proposed that can support both MapReduce and Graph for massive monitoring data analysis at the same time based on Aliyun DTplus platform.First,power device condition monitoring data storage based on MaxCompute table and parallel permutation entropy feature extraction based on MaxCompute MapReduce are designed and implemented on DTplus platform.Then,Graph based k-means algorithm is implemented and used for massive condition monitoring data clustering analysis.Finally,performance tests are performed to compare the execution time between serial program and parallel program.Performance is analyzed from CPU cores consumption,memory utilization and parallel granularity.Experimental results show that the designed framework and parallel algorithms can efficiently process massive power device condition monitoring data.

Analysis and Power Quality Improvement in Hybrid Distributed Generation System with Utilization of Unified Power Quality Conditioner

This paper presents a comprehensive study that includes the sizing and power flow by series and parallel inverters in a distributed generation system(DGs)that integrates the system of hybrid wind photovoltaic with a unified power quality conditioner(UPQC).In addition to supplying active power to the utility grid,the system of hybrid wind photovoltaic functions as a UPQC,compensating reactive power and suppressing the harmonic load currents.Additionally,the load is supplied with harmonic-free,balanced and regulated output voltages.Since PVWind-UPQC is established on a dual compensation scheme,the series inverter works like a sinusoidal current source,while the parallel inverter works like a sinusoidal voltage source.Consequently,a smooth alteration from interconnected operating modes to island operating modes and vice versa can be achieved without load voltage transients.Since PV-Wind-UPQC inverters handle the energy generated through the hybrid wind photovoltaic system and the energy demanded through the load,the converters should be sized cautiously.A detailed study of the flow of power via the PV-Wind-UPQC is imperative to gain a complete understanding of the system operation and the proper design of the converters.Thus,curves that allow the sizing of the power converters according to the power flow via the converters are presented and discussed.Simulation results are presented to assess both steady state and dynamic performances of the grid connected hybrid system of PV-Wind-UPQC.This investigation is verified by simulating and analyzing the results with Matlab/Simulink.

Realization of Unified Power Quality Conditioner for Mitigating All Voltage Collapse Issues

This paper proposes about a powerful control mechanism of UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner) work on voltage source inverter which can effectively compensate source current harmonics and also mitigate all voltage collapse such as dip, swell, voltage unbalances and harmonics. The consolidation of series and parallel active power filters sharing mutual DC bus capacitor forms UPQC. PI (Proportional Integral) controller is mainly used in order to maintain continual DC voltage along with the hysteresis current controller. The parallel and series power filters were designed using 3-phase voltage source inverter. The reference signals for shunt and series active power filters were obtained by Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory and Power Reactive (PQ) theory respectively. By using these theories, reference signals were obtained which was fed to the controllers for generating switching pulses for parallel and series active filters. The UPQC dynamic performance is obtained through testing terms like the compensation of voltage, current harmonics and all voltage distortion associated with 3-phase 3-wire power system which is simulated using MATLAB-Simulink software.

Examination for Experimental Verification of Improvement of Power Quality in Distribution System by PCS

In the future, the power quality will decrease by the introduction of a lot of renewable energy sources. The topic of this research is a new method of operation of PCS （power conditioning systems） in the future distribution system. The purpose of this research is development of PCS with a function of improvement of the distribution system. Therefore, the authors propose a method of the power quality improvement of the distribution system by PCS. In addition, the authors construct the control logic to use in PCS The control logic suggests adding harmonic restraint function to conventional control. These were verified by simulation and an experiment. As the results, we confirmed that basic operation of PCS being carried out, harmonics were restrained, and power quality had improved.

Adaptive Constrained On-board Guidance Technology forPowered Glide Vehicle

To make full use of expanded maneuverability and increased range,adaptive constrained on-board guidance technology is the key capability for a glide vehicle with a double-pulse rocket engine,especially under the requirements of desired target changing and on-line reconfigurable control and guidance.Based on the rapid footprint analysis,whether the new target is within the current footprint area is firstly judged.If not,the rocket engine ignites by the logic obtained from the analysis of optimal flight range by the method of hp-adaptive Gauss pseudospectral method(hp-GPM).Then,an on-board trajectory generation method based on powered quasi-equilibrium glide condition(QEGC)and linear quadratic regulator(LQR)method is used to guide the vehicle to the new target.The effectiveness of the guidance method consisted of powered on-board trajectory generation,LQR trajectory tracking,footprint calculation,and ignition time determination is indicated by some simulation examples.

基于RPC的光储接入牵引供电系统协调控制方法

为将光伏发电接入牵引供电系统进行有效利用,同时兼顾牵引供电系统电能质量改善及列车再生制动能量回收利用,提出了一种基于铁路功率调节器的光储系统接入牵引供电系统的协调控制方法.首先,搭建基于铁路功率调节器的光储系统接入牵引供电拓扑结构,并对其电能质量补偿机理进行理论分析;在此基础上,充分考虑光储系统的运行条件以及列车牵引、制动、空载或惰行工况,提出光储系统接入牵引供电的联合协调控制方法,实现了“光+储+荷”三者间的协调控制、牵引供电系统负序的动态补偿以及谐波的有效抑制;在RT-Lab实时仿真系统中建立了基于铁路功率调节器的光伏接入牵引供电系统仿真模型,并结合实际光照和牵引工况数据验证本文所提出的系统结构以及协调控制方法的有效性.结果表明:本文所提出的系统结构以及协调控制方法能够实现牵引供电系统中光储系统的有效接入,再生制动能量回收率提升至86.7%,功率因数提升6.4%,对谐波特别是高次谐波含有率有较大改善,满足光伏电能高效消纳及综合利用、电能质量动态综合补偿、再生制动能量回收多重需求.

Analysis and Design Aspects of a Series Power Semiconductor Array with Digital Waveform Control Capability for Single Phase AC Voltage Regulators and Other Applications

A series connected power semiconductor array, with digital control capability could be used for developing single phase AC regulators or other applications such as AC electronic loads. This technique together with an ordinary gapless transformer could be used to develop a low cost AC voltage regulator (AVR) to provide better or comparable specifications with bulky ferro-resonant AVR types. One primary advantage of the technique is that digital control can be used to minimize harmonics. Commencing with a review of AC voltage regulator techniques for single phase power conditioning systems, an analysis and design aspects of this technique is presented with experimental results for AVRs. Guidelines on how to utilize the technique in a generalized basis is also summarized together with a summary of a technique for achieving harmonic control.

基于RPC的同相供电系统供电运行能量多维控制研究

为确保高速铁路安全、可靠、经济运行,提出高速铁路同相供电系统供电运行能量多维控制方法。分析供电系统组成结构与供电过程,利用潮流控制器补偿该系统功率,确保系统稳定运行;结合三相不平衡程度、电压电流波形畸变等指标构建运行能量的最佳负载模型,使传输能量损失降到最低;经过对2个供电臂电流的有功与无功补偿,消除负序电流;制定铁路功率调节器控制策略,获得降压变压器变化情况,保障直流侧电压稳定;再使用比例积分控制器获取电流理想值,得出控制信号,实现供电运行能量多维控制。仿真实验证明,所提多维控制方法能提高三相电流平衡程度,达到均压稳定效果。

A New Buck-Based Configuration AC Chopper Voltage Conditioner

This paper presents a new AC chopper voltage conditioner, which can generate high quality sinusoidal waveforms with adjustable amplitudes. The circuit structure, operation principle, and control mode are analyzed in detail, the system essentially consisting of an equal duty cycle modulation AC voltage buck chopper and a voltage polarity change H-bridge, a full-wave rectifier, to perform tightly closed-loop control of the AC chopper voltage condtioner, a digital controller on a new converter model has been developed. The controller has very well dynamic response. To evaluate the new circuit and proposed control scheme, a 5kW conditioner is developed and the experimental results demonstrate that the system has good performances.

盘管式冰蓄冷空调技术蓄冰过程理论与实验研究

冰蓄冷空调系统对电网调峰及改善用冷经济性有重要作用。该文通过对盘管式冰蓄冷系统的蓄冰过程研究发现,蓄冰过程包含两个明显阶段:第1阶段,10.0到4.0℃过程中,水的密度随温度降低而增大,4.0℃冷水迅速聚集到蓄冷单元底部,并逐渐充满整个水域;第2阶段,4.0到0℃过程中,水的密度随着温度降低而减小。前期,换热管下表面最先出现冰层;后期,随着上方聚集的低温水增多,换热管上表面开始产生冰层。该实验中,当蓄冰过程进行到100 min时,换热管上下表面冰层厚度均达到8.56 mm。之后,上表面冰层厚度逐渐超过下表面。该研究揭示冰蓄冷单元内部自然对流及4.0℃时水的密度逆转对结冰过程的影响规律,对盘管式冰蓄冷系统的优化设计及运行控制有一定指导意义。

模块化多电平铁路功率调节器接入的机车混跑车网耦合系统稳定性分析

基于模块化多电平换流器的铁路功率调节器(modular multilevel converter-railway static power conditioner,MMCRPC)能够有效解决牵引供电系统存在的电能质量问题,但接入MMC-RPC对车网耦合系统低频稳定性的影响尚不明确。针对此问题,首先考虑频率耦合效应,基于多谐波线性化方法建立了CRH3型、CRH5型机车变流器及MMC-RPC的端口序导纳模型,并实现了不同控制策略、不同变流器负荷序导纳模型在单相静止坐标系的统一。其次,分别研究了MMC-RPC接入牵引网前后车网耦合系统的低频振荡现象。接着,根据主导相角裕度和灵敏度指标首次定量评估了MMC-RPC接入机车混跑系统工况下不同控制器参数对系统稳定性的影响,并提出相应调参准则以提升系统稳定性。最后基于Matlab/Simulink仿真和硬件在环半实物实时仿真验证了对系统稳定性分析结果的正确性。

非隔离单相半桥UPQC直流纹波分析及其影响抑制

非隔离单相半桥统一电能质量调节器(UPQC)两侧变换器的脉动功率差将在直流电容及分电容上产生复杂的多倍频电压纹波,各次电压纹波会对串联侧变换器的补偿电压有不同的影响,降低串联侧变换器的补偿效果。为了抑制直流电压纹波影响,利用等效电容电流模型计算直流电容电压表达式,分析直流纹波及非线性负载对补偿电压的影响路径,并仿真验证其正确性。针对分电容电压纹波和非线性负载对电压补偿效果的影响,提出一种抑制多倍频纹波影响的补偿电压特定次谐波控制策略。最后,基于SiC器件建立了非隔离单相半桥UPQC实验平台进行实验验证,实验结果表明在非线性工况下,所提控制策略将补偿电压THD从12.2%降低至2.4%,相比于传统控制可以减少约70%的直流电容需求。

单相统一电能质量调节器二次纹波补偿及抑制策略

在单相半桥非隔离统一电能质量调节器(UPQC)中,交、直流间瞬时功率不平衡导致直流侧出现二次电压纹波,影响电能质量的补偿效果。该文分别在UPQC并网、离网两种模式下提出二次纹波的补偿及抑制策略。首先,分析UPQC在并网运行条件下直流二次纹波的产生机理及其对电能质量补偿的影响,并提出分别在并、串联侧变换器加入陷波器及特征次谐波控制,以降低网侧电流及串联侧电压谐波。其次,在UPQC离网运行时,为有效抑制直流电压二次纹波,提出一种利用UPQC闲置的串联侧变换器与复用的直流分裂电容构建半桥有源功率解耦电路的方法,控制难度低且无需额外增加解耦电路元件。最后,通过仿真和实验验证了所提方法的可行性。在并网模式中,所提策略减少了74%的电流谐波及42%的电压谐波;在离网模式中,所提策略减少了66.7%直流电压二次纹波。同时,该文所提出的二次纹波的补偿及抑制策略,可优化直流电容参数设计,并进一步减小UPQC体积。

基于FCS MPC的TNPC UPQC补偿策略研究

针对传统统一电能质量控制器(UPQC)控制策略存在控制性能不佳的问题,以三电平变流器为对象提出基于有限集模型预测控制(FCS MPC)的TNPC UPQC的补偿策略。设计了补偿量检测环节,研究了串并联侧补偿量控制策略;并通过进一步优化分区,在减少控制器计算量的同时,兼顾了三电平变流器中点电位平衡的控制效果。最后在MATLAB/Simulink仿真实验平台搭建模型,仿真结果证明了所提出的设计方法的正确性和可行性。

面向脉冲负载的基于超级电容储能UPQC设计及控制策略研究

针对带有脉冲负载电网的电压畸变和电流畸变问题,设计了带有超级电容储能的三电平统一电能质量调节器,提出了基于人工神经网络的方法对串联和并联补偿单元进行控制,基于双闭环PI控制的方法对超级电容储能单元进行控制。其中,串联补偿单元进行电压补偿,以维持负载电压的稳定,保证负载的用电需求;并联补偿单元进行电流补偿,以维持电源电流的稳定,避免电网受到持续大幅冲击;超级电容储能单元对直流侧进行充放电,以维持直流侧电压的恒定,保证串、并联侧的正常工作。所提方法省去了繁琐的坐标变换过程,避免了多个滤波器造成相位滞后的问题。仿真实验结果表明,所提拓扑和控制策略有助于改善带有脉冲负载电网的电能质量。