Scientific Development of Power Sector Led by Plan EIA in a New Environmental Protection Situation

Environmental problems like haze have brought great pressure to current environmental protection management. On the one hand, plan EIA should be promoted further in all industries; on the other hand, the current achievements and methods of plan EIA should be summarized and innovated. And the EIA supervision and project access can be improved further through the coordination between plan EIA and project EIA. In this study, from the three levels of plan EIA policy framework, five problems of plan EIA in power sector were analyzed according to the current situation of plan EIA in power sector. Based on the present achievements, five macroscopic suggestions were proposed from the view of innovation accord- ing to the new environmental protection situation and requirements at present.

Risk Allocation and Mitigation in Nigeria’s Privatisation Programme—A Case Study of Electric Power Sector Privatisation

Under the Nigerian privatisation programme, the issues of risk allocation and mitigation were never always properly handled. Historically, there had always been a tendency to dump all the project risks on the private sector partner without properly evaluating whether it was capable of managing them. Extant literature has shown that where the comparative advantages of parties to handle risks are not properly taken into consideration, the allocation of risk is unbalanced and the tendency for the project to run into difficulties and/or fail increases. This paper looks at the electric power sector privatisation, distilling how key project risks were handled under the exercise. This should be a good pointer as to whether the privatisation exercise would be a success in the long run.

Are Environmental Vanguard Firms More Proactive Towards Environmental Conservation?An Empirical Study of Power Sector Firms in India

Environmental protection is a crucial issue for environmentalists and researchers.Almost every stakeholder in the industrial production process of a product is concerned about the detrimental effects on the environment due to emissions.Though environmental regulations are in place,some firms across diverse industrial sectors are considered as the environmental vanguard,i.e.,leaders in environmental protection.Does being environmental vanguard result in environmental proactivity?This paper,through an empirical study of Indian power sector firms,studies the environmental proactivity of the firms who are known to be leaders in the adoption of environmental protection norms.A questionnaire-based survey method is used to analyse the responses statistically.The study uses 280 responses for the analysis of the data.Eight hypotheses are proposed and tested statistically through Structural Equation Modelling(SEM).The statistical analysis reveals that the firms who are environmental vanguard are more proactive towards environmental protection.The findings of the study can be useful for the policymakers and environmental managers in the formulation of policies which can be considered as a benchmark for the firms for the protection of the environment.

Channels and Legal Framework for Power Sector Financing in China

Since early 1980s, in particular during the period of "7th and 8th Five-year Plan"(1986- 1995), China’s power sector has adopted successfully the policy of multichannel and diversified financing to raise funds as well as encouraging to introduce foreign funds for its development and has got tremendous achievements. This paper describes the channels and methods to raise funds from both domestic and international market to meet huge demand of funds amounting to 690 billion yuan RMBfor the sector development during "gth Fiveyear Plan" period (1996-2000) in the wake of overall reform and achievements in the past decade. This paper also presents the legal framework supporting to suit for the methods and channels of the financing. Some suggestions have been made.

Power Market Development with Considerations of Characteristics of China Power Sector

The current world trend of electric power industry reform is to establish electric power market and introduce competition mechanism. China is no exception. This paper reviewed the recent industry reform of China’s electric power sector and elaborated the necessity of establishing electric power markets first. Then it discussed the electric power market models in China. Certain important problems and observations relevant to the electric power market design were further pointed out, based on the practice experiences in Sichuan Province.

Method for Calculating CO＿2 Emissions from the Power Sector at the Provincial Level in China

Based on the detailed origins of each province's electricity consumption, a new method for calculating CO2 emissions from the power sector at the provincial level in China is proposed. With this so-called consumer responsibility method, the emissions embodied in imported electricity are calculated with source-specific emission factors. Using the new method,we estimate CO2 emissions in 2005 and 2010. Compared with those derived from the producer responsibility method,the power exporters' emissions decreased sharply. The emissions from the power sector in Inner Mongolia, the largest power exporter of China, decreased by 109 Mt in 2010. The value is equivalent to those from Shaanxi's power production and Canada's power and heat production. In contrast, the importers' emissions increased substantially. The emissions from the power sector in Hebei, the largest power importer of China, increased by 74 Mt. Emissions of Beijing, increased by 60 Mt(320%), in 2010. Thus, we suggest that the Chinese government should take the emissions, as calculated from the consumption perspective, into account when formulating and assessing local CO2 emission reduction targets.

Effect of Energy Market Globalization over Power Sector of GCC Region: A Short Review

Globalization of energy market in GCC countries is deepening not only through free-flowing international trade but also through foreign investment, market-driven domestic economies and industrialization. GCC nations are transforming their energy industry and market around the world which is promising their economic efficiency and technology development. Nevertheless, this open energy market across the world has raised a question about energy security and power demand. This energy market globalization has pushed the GCC Nations to pay attention to the control of supply and demand of power. Interconnection of power network between the GCC Region is optimistic pace to secure the future anticipated power fallouts. And also installation of Renewable Energy projects will support GCC to accommodate their increasing power demand. This paper discusses about how the energy market globalization has effect the power supply and demand of GCC nations, their concerns and recent progress towards its resolution.

Assessment of the carbon emissions reduction potential in Thailand’s power sector with high penetration of variable renewable energy sources and electric vehicles in the year 2030

The power sector has substantial carbon emissions reduction potential that could achieve the new nationally determined contribution target in 2030 by increasing low-carbon technologies,e.g.variable renewable energy sources and electric vehicles(EVs).Therefore,two approaches were suggested in this work.In the first approach,Thailand’s power sector was modelled by using PLEXOS software to find the impact of the high penetration of variable renewable energy(RE)and EV charging load for the projected year 2030.The second approach proposed a demand-response and energy storage system solution with carbon pricing in the model to assess the targets.As a result,the electricity demand from charging EVs will cause a new peak demand at night,while the high variable RE penetration will cause curtailment in the power system due to excess supply at noon.Therefore,Thailand’s power sector has the potential for carbon emissions reduction by 45%with clean energy technologies,which could increase to 68%with carbon pricing,easily achievable by the nationally determined contribution target in 2030.However,these benefits could only be derived if various entities involved in the energy regulatory,transport and power sectors coordinate to implement the required technological and financial policies.

Joint Centralized Power Control and Cell Sectoring for Interference Management in CDMA Cellular Systems in a 2D Urban Environment

The interference reduction capability of cell sectoring and power control algorithms have been considered separately as means to decrease the interference in Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) cellular systems. In this paper, we present Switched-Beam (SB) and Rotatable Equal Sectoring (RES) techniques for CDMA cellular systems in a 2D urban environment. In the SB technique by using a number of fixed, independent, or directional antennas we increase the downlink capacity of the CDMA systems. Also in the RES method, the equal sectors of the base stations are rotating together to decrease the inter-cell and intra-cell interferences. Also in this paper we use centralized power control to overcome the near-far problem. Simulation results indicate that the proposed techniques considerably increase the capacity of the CDMA cellular systems compared to ordinary Equal Sectoring (ES) method.

Mitigating Carbon Emissions:A Comprehensive Analysis of Transitioning to Hydrogen-Powered Plants in Japan’s Energy Landscape Post-Fukushima

One of the impacts of the Fukushima disaster was the shutdown of all nuclear power plants in Japan,reaching zero production in 2015.In response,the country started importing more fossil energy including coal,oil,and natural gas to fill the energy gap.However,this led to a significant increase in carbon emissions,hindering the efforts to reduce its carbon footprint.In the current situation,Japan is actively working to balance its energy requirements with environmental considerations,including the utilization of hydrogen fuel.Therefore,this paper aims to explore the feasibility and implications of using hydrogen power plants as a means to reduce emissions,and this analysis will be conducted using the energy modeling of the MARKAL-TIMES Japan framework.The hydrogen scenario(HS)is assumed with the extensive integration of hydrogen into the power generation sector,supported by a hydrogen import scheme.Additionally,this scenario will be compared with the Business as Usual(BAU)scenario.The results showed that the generation capacities of the BAU and HS scenarios have significantly different primary energy supplies.The BAU scenario is highly dependent on fossil fuels,while the HS scenario integrates hydrogen contribution along with an increase in renewable energy,reaching a peak contribution of 2,160 PJ in 2050.In the HS scenario,the target of reducing CO_(2) emissions by 80%is achieved through significant hydrogen penetration.By 2050,the total CO_(2) emissions are estimated to be 939 million tons for the BAU scenario and 261 million tons for the Hydrogen scenario.In addition,the contribution of hydrogen to electricity generation is expected to be 153 TWh,smaller than PV and wind power.

A Novel Hybrid Approach to Estimate Customer Interruption Costs for Industry Sectors

The power system infrastructure, operations and market have gone through radical changes for the last couple of decades. The society has become more dependent to the continuous electric power supply and hence the concept of electric power reliability has become more significant. At this point, understanding the economic outcomes of power outages is vital and imperative for both utilities and the customers. There are certain methodologies to understand the costs of power interruptions. This paper suggests a novel hybrid method that comprises of customer surveys and direct analytical methods to reach customer specific, objective and reliable results for the industry sector customers. The paper also brings a statistical approach to censor the zero and extreme responses given via the surveys.

Anticipated Actions to Reduce Energy Shortages in the Residential Sector

This study investigates the electric energy shortages impact upon the residential sector in Riyadh city, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) resulting from severe power outages. The results reveal the extent of hardship and high costs the residential will suffer and endure. These outages occur and extend for longer durations. To mitigate these consequences, a method is suggested known as “willingness-to-pay” to seek the ability and willingness of consumers to pay to avert these power outages and energy shortages. Two approaches have been developed and utilized. The first one is based on a consumer survey to estimate his perceived costs. Outages occur in specific periods and last for longer durations. The second approach focussed on developing a mathematical model to complement the survey approach as this model can decrease the size of the problem complexity associated with consumer lack of experience in evaluating and assessing the worth of service reliability and quality.

Proposed Measures to Mitigate Energy Interruptions in Residential Sector

This study investigates and analyzes the electric energy interruptions impact upon the residential sector in Riyadh city, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) resulting from severe power outages. The study results show that this sector which constitutes about 54% of the Saudi Electric Company in the Central Operating Area (SEC-COA) will suffer enormous tangible and intangible losses should occur in specific times, seasons and last for longer durations. The results obtained for the costs of these energy interruptions reveal a time-dependent non-linear outage cost variation. In order to reduce these energy interruptions and hence mitigate their adverse effects and consequences, the study proposes proper practical measures and solutions without compromising the consumers’ needs and convenience.

城市电力行业碳排放测算方法及减碳路径

为测算城市电力行业碳排放水平和降低电力行业碳排放,提出一种城市电力行业碳排放测算方法和减碳路径.首先,基于城市本地电源发电和净调入电力数据建立城市电力行业碳排放测算模型;其次,从发电侧、电网侧、负荷侧和储能侧提出城市电力行业减碳措施;然后,建立减碳措施的效果评估模型;最后,以珠三角典型城市F市为例,利用所提碳排放测算模型测算该市电力行业碳排放,并依据减碳措施评估该市2030年碳达峰情景电力行业减碳效果.结果表明:所提模型能准确测算城市电力行业碳排放;通过减碳措施,F市在2030年至少可减少碳排放1.06×107t.

能源强国目标下煤炭安全保供及高效降碳效力研究

煤炭安全保供及高效降碳效力研究可为能源强国目标下煤炭领域发展规划提供有力的决策支撑。本文从安全保供和高效降碳两个角度入手,研究了煤炭在能源强国目标下继续保持主体能源地位的潜力、能力和实力,着重通过构建煤炭安全保供的系统动力学模型预测了煤炭安全保供的效力,分析了2060年前煤炭领域的降碳效力。研究结果表明:我国煤炭的可采储量和资源分布是安全保供的基本保障,结合近20年煤炭供应和消费关系可知,我国煤炭资源具备稳定、安全、坚实的保供能力;未来煤炭的安全保供效力在波动中逐渐趋向于动态的柔性平衡;传统煤炭能源向煤基能源过渡效力是构建能源强国目标下新型能源体系的重要环节。我国煤炭领域在清洁转化与利用中体现出显著的降碳潜力,未来随着煤炭地下气化和富油煤开发利用等技术的发展应用将展现出较强的降碳效力,至2060年总体的降碳效力约为1×10^(9)t。

电力行业碳达峰及促进全社会碳减排影响分析

电力行业碳排放占能源领域碳排放40%以上,是能源领域减排的主战场。在全社会实现2030年前碳达峰背景下,电力行业碳达峰的时间关系着终端各个部门以及全社会碳达峰。首先,分析了已经实现碳达峰国家电力行业与全社会及其他行业碳达峰时间先后关系;其次,理论推导了电力行业碳达峰需要满足的条件以及不同情景下非化石能源发电量占比要求;最后,量化评估了电能替代对终端用能部门和全社会的碳减排影响。研究表明,电力生产碳强度下降率是决定电力行业碳达峰的重要约束条件,在2030年发电量为13万亿kW·h的基准情景下,非化石能源发电量占比需要达到56.3%,意味着2023—2030年每年新增风光装机容量2.4亿kW以上,电力行业可以在2030年实现碳达峰;电能替代促进全社会碳减排受电力生产非化石能源发电量占比影响,只有非化石能源发电量占比超过一定临界值,终端用能部门和全社会才能实现同步碳减排。

高增益低旁瓣宽扇形波束脊形波导缝隙天线阵列设计

提出了一种具有高增益低副瓣的脊形波导缝隙阵列天线,中心工作频率为24.125 GHz,其包括一个八路馈电网络和一个尺寸为400 mm×65 mm的8×40辐射缝隙。通过波束合成方法提取天线阵列的期望激励分布,采用截止模式功率分配器灵活控制功率比。使用三维电磁仿真软件HFSS综合仿真计算,在中心频率处,获得仰角平面上的旁瓣电平(sidelobe level,SLL)和半功率波束宽度(half power beam width,HPBW)分别为-20.9 dB和54.5°、方位角平面上的SLL和HPBW分别为-27.8 dB和2.5°、峰值增益为23.2 dBi,仿真结果与理论分析一致。此天线可以同时实现低旁瓣的宽扇形波束,覆盖较宽的检测范围,并减轻来自其他方向的干扰,具有应用于空中探测、反无人机、气象雷达和成像雷达的潜力。

国产化BIM引擎在发电领域的渲染优化研究

国产BIM引擎BIMBase在建筑和工程领域已得到广泛应用,但在处理发电厂大体量模型时,性能和效率有所降低。针对这一问题,本文提出了一系列优化方案,以提高BIMBase在处理发电厂大体量模型时的性能和效率,从而满足发电领域的需求。首先,本文调研和分析了BIMBase引擎的工作原理和结构,研究了在渲染大规模数据时面临的挑战和问题;其次,基于已有的研究成果,本文提出了量化优化指标、优化渲染算法等方法;最后,本文在实验中对优化方案进行验证和评估。结果表明,这些方法能够显著提高BIMBase引擎在渲染大规模数据时的性能和效率。本文提供了一套对BIM引擎在发电领域应用上的优化方法论和优化方案,可为其他BIM图形引擎优化提供一些参考和借鉴。此外,本文还对这些优化方案的效果进行了分析和讨论,以提供一些实践指导和参考。

复杂工况烟气氮氧化物催化净化

氮氧化物作为主要的大气污染物之一,对人类健康和大气环境造成严重危害。近年来,我国电力行业持续减少烟气中的氮氧化物排放,非电行业和新兴发电行业如垃圾焚烧/生物质燃烧发电等领域的烟气氮氧化物污染控制成为固定源烟气减排的重点。目前,氨法选择性催化还原是应用最广泛且最有效的烟气氮氧化物净化技术。然而,非电行业和新兴发电行业烟气氮氧化物净化工况条件十分复杂,烟气中通常存在大量酸性气体(SO_(2)、HCl)、碱/碱土金属(Na、K、Ca)、重金属(Pb、Cd、As)和磷化合物等毒物,极易导致催化剂中毒失活。为了解决在复杂工况烟气中氮氧化物净化催化剂失活的问题,研究人员对催化剂的抑制中毒作用进行了广泛且系统的研究,包括提高催化剂对SO_(2)的耐受性、改善对碱金属和碱土金属的抗性,以及提升复杂工况烟气条件下的复合中毒抗性。综述了复杂工况烟气氮氧化物催化净化技术的研究进展,总结了催化剂抑制SO_(2)中毒、抑制碱/碱土金属中毒以及抑制复合中毒的有效策略,为开发高效、稳定且抑制中毒的烟气氮氧化物净化催化剂提供了参考和思路,同时也为推进氮氧化物净化催化剂在非电行业和新兴发电行业的复杂工况烟气净化中的实际应用提供了理论指导。