Exploration and Practice of Nitrogen Addition Process for LF Refining Ladle Bottom Blowing Nitrogen Steel Liquid

This article discusses and analyzes the law of nitrogen increase in liquid steel and the main factors affect-ing the nitrogen increasing of molten steel,through the way of adding nitrogen to molten steel by bottom blowing nitrogen gas in LF refining process.It is considered that the main factors affecting the nitrogen increasing instability of molten steel are the initial temperature of LF refining,nitrogen relative element,surface active elements[O]and[S]of steel liquid,and bottom blowing rate of ladle.The large-scale production practice shows that T[O]not more than 50×10-6 and[S]is not more than 0.020 in LF refining at the initial temperature of not less than 1570.The liquid steel nitrogen enrichment test is carried out by ladle bottom blowing nitrogen gas after 20 min of refining,the flow rate is set as(6.0~7.0)NL/min per ton,and it is turned to 2 NL/min at 6 min before the end of refining,the nitrogen increasing rate of liquid steel is basically stable at(5~6)×10-6 per minute.

HREM Observation of Age-Precipitated Particles in Practical Cu-bearing Ultra-Low Carbon Steels

Morphology,distribution and crystal structures of age-precipitated particles in practical Cu-bearing steels with ultra-low carbon were studied by high resolution electron microscopy（HREM）.The age-precipitation behavior was explored when poly-microalloying elements Cu,Nb,Cr,Mo and Ni were used and ε-Cu particles coexisted with carbides（carbonitrides） in steels.The fine dispersed ε-Cu particles and carbides of microalloying element Nb,Cr,Mo being about 10 nm only in size were observed in peak aging specimens and over-aging specimens.The twin structures and stacking faults in the particles and the transient structures formed in the early stage of the particle precipitation were also observed.The crystal structure of three types of age-precipitation particles was firstly identified by lattice streaks in HREM images of the single particles.The experimental method identifying crystal structure of fine and dispersed particles using HREM images of single particle was proposed.

A short review of antibacterial Cu-bearing stainless steel:antibacterial mechanisms,corrosion resistance,and novel preparation techniques

Cu-bearing stainless steel is widely used in the fields of food,medical and household sanitary equipment because of its surface finish and corrosion resistance.However,the growth of bacteria on stainless steel leads to the formation of biofilms,which causes corrosion.Therefore,the antibacterial property of stainless steel is a worthy research topic.Reviews of breakthroughs in the field of corrosion resistance and antimicrobial properties are still lacking.Herein,due to the scarcity of publications on the antibacterial mechanisms and processing methods of antibacterial Cu-bearing stainless steel,we review the current state of relevant research and progress.The toxicity of Cu,corrosion resistance mechanism of stainless steel,and antibacterial mechanism and preparation method of antibacterial stainless steel are reported.In addition,alloying,surface modification and other methods are found to have limitations in balancing the toxicity and antibacterial properties of copper and the relationship between the antibacterial properties and corrosion resistance of Cu-bearing stainless steel.A new preparation method of antibacterial stainless steel associated with selective laser melting(SLM)is proposed.SLM is becoming a powerful additive manufacturing technology that can be used to manufacture customized and complex metals.The research status of SLM applied in antibacterial stainless steel preparation is described.Finally,the future research direction of Cu-bearing antibacterial stainless steel is discussed.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Cu-Bearing 316L Stainless Steel Produced by Selective Laser Melting

Cu-bearing stainless steels(SSs)with high strength,excellent plasticity,and effective antimicrobial properties hold significant potential for applications in the marine industry.In this study,Cu-bearing SSs with copper ranging from 0 to 6.0 wt%were successfully prepared using selective laser melting(SLM)technology.For the Cu-bearing SSs with different copper contents,the effect of heat treatment on the microstructural and mechanical behaviors was studied systematically.Microstructural observations revealed that the subgrain size of Cu-bearing SSs increased with heat treatment at 500℃ and 700℃ for 6 h.Furthermore,the tensile strength and elongation increased after the heat treatment temperature due to the combined effect of dislocations,twins,andε-Cu precipitated phases.Notably,after heat treatment at 700℃,the SLM4.5Cu sample exhibited an abnormal rise in tensile strength and elongation.This finding suggests that the diffusion strengthening caused byε-Cu precipitates exceeded the stacking fault energy.Consequently,the tensile strength and elongation reached 693.32 MPa and 56.94%,respectively.This work provides an efficient approach for preparing Cu-bearing SSs with exceptional strength and plasticity.

某博物馆大跨钢空腹夹层板屋盖设计

以湖北省天门市某博物馆的大跨度钢空腹夹层板楼盖为实例设计,介绍了钢空腹夹层板的设计方法和结构布置,基于YJK模型和SAP2000模型分析了实用计算方法和壳单元有限元模型计算结果的变形和受力的差异及其原因,对比研究了传统方管剪力键和新型十字剪力键在空腹夹层板结构中的受力表现。结果表明,本工程中实用方法与壳单元有限元模型计算得到的挠度结果吻合性较好,实用方法难以考虑次弯矩,会导致受压板件的计算应力较壳单元有限元模型明显偏小;剪力键的构造对结构受力有一定影响,新型十字剪力键连接的弦杆应力较方管剪力键略小,应力集中情况在一定条件下更缓和;通过增加部分加劲肋板,可以减小支座端应力。

转炉生产矿用链23MnNiMoCr54钢的工艺实践及研究

主要介绍了转炉→精炼→真空→连铸→轧前加热→轧制生产矿用链23MnNiMoCr54钢的工艺实践及研究,采用双渣法控制倒渣、脱磷,转炉出钢w(P%)≤0.005%,精炼炉渣碱度在5.80-6.02时Mn合金收得率较高、软吹时间控制25~30min氧化铝类夹杂物最少。在生产前依据JMatPro热力学软件模拟出钢的平衡相组成图和CCT曲线设计出钢温度和退火温度,热轧态组织为贝氏体,通过具有还原性气氛的双蓄式步进2#加热炉退火后为粒状珠光体。连铸坯总体元素偏析指数在0.91~1.07,未发现存在圈状低镍区,质量良好。非金属夹杂物A类、D类和大颗粒DS类夹杂物分别为0.5级,B细0~0.5级,其余均为0级,晶粒度在退火后由热轧态的7.5~8.0级全部转变为8.0级,各项性能指标均满足标准要求。

钢铁企业含锌尘泥回转窑处置设计原理及工业实践

钢铁企业产生的含锌尘泥主要是高炉、转炉、电炉除尘系统收集的除尘灰或湿式除尘产生的污泥,该含锌尘泥含有大量的锌元素等杂质,直接返回钢铁冶炼流程会影响高炉等设备的正常运行并造成锌资源浪费。回转窑工艺因成熟稳定、投资及运行成本低、原料适应性强,已成为处置含锌尘泥的主流工艺。随着“固废不出厂”等理念的深入推进,含锌尘泥回转窑处置技术也将在钢铁企业中得到广泛的应用。本文主要介绍某钢铁企业1.5×10^(5)t/a含锌尘泥回转窑处置生产线的设计原理、工艺流程和实际运行情况。该生产线设计采用具有“低碳、稳定、协同、智能、环保”的新型回转窑处置技术,有效解决了回转窑易结圈问题、智能控制水平较高、原料的适用性广泛,且具有工序能源消耗低、锌回收率高、窑渣铁金属化率高等特点,可实现含锌尘泥的资源化综合利用。项目投产后,运行稳定,生产指标达到或超过设计要求,取得了良好的经济效益。

型钢混凝土在大跨度大空间结构中的应用

阐述型钢混凝土的特点,分析型钢混凝土用于大跨度大空间结构的要点,从预埋地脚螺栓,型钢柱、型钢梁吊装,柱脚灌浆施工,钢筋安装,型钢混凝土浇筑施工等环节具体介绍型钢混凝土在大跨度大空间结构中的应用,并提出相应的施工注意事项。

SAE1527汽车车桥用无缝钢管的研制实践

SAE1527汽车车桥用无缝钢管的研制可以提升汽车车桥用无缝钢管制造质量。基于此,将SAE1527汽车车桥用无缝钢管作为研究对象,参考相关文献,整合具体理论内容,设计汽车车桥用无缝钢管生产工艺,严格控制原材料质量,提升生产工艺中电炉、精炼、连铸、轧制等环节的监管水平,在力学性能、热处理性能、外观与尺寸合格率等方面,均达到SAE1527汽车车桥用无缝钢管制造标准。

Dissolution and repair of passive film on Cu-bearing 304L stainless steels immersed in H_2SO_4 solution

The antibacterial Cu-bearing 304 L stainless steel is a new kind of structural and functional integrated metal material. In this work, evolution behavior of passive film of different heat treated Cu-bearing 304 L stainless steel immersed in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution was investigated by using electrochemical measurements, atomic force microscopy（AFM） observation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS） analysis.The results show that the solution and aging treated samples have the similar polarization behaviors. The passive film impedance experiences an initial decrease within 7 days followed by a subsequent increase,while the defect density of passive film presents the opposite trend. Meanwhile, the evolution of surface morphology and the estimated thickness of the passive film confirm that it experiences initial dissolution and follow-up repair. Furthermore, the Cr^3＋ content in passive film undergoes sequential reduction to increase, however the variation tendency of Cu^2＋ content is just opposite, indicating that the content variation of Cr and Cu in passive film reflects the competitive process of film dissolution and repair. In addition, compared with solution treated samples, aged samples have a bigger icorrvalue and the rougher passive film. This indicates that the passive film of solution treated steel is more compact and stable.

70t Consteel EAF-LF-CC生产耐热螺杆用钢B7的工艺实践

鄂钢股份有限公司采用70tConsteel超高功率电弧炉70t钢包精炼炉4流150mm×150mm方坯连铸连轧工艺生产耐热螺杆高强度标准件用钢B7(40CrMnMo)。电弧炉炉料为30%生铁+70%优质废钢,废钢预热温度≥600℃。生产结果表明,该钢成品化学成分可稳定控制(%):0.39～0.42C,0.86～0.91Mn,0.22～0.31Si,0.013～0.018P,0.005～0.013S,0.85～0.94Cr,0.16～0.18Mo,0.019～0.028Als,偏析与疏松级别为0.5～1.0,夹杂物0.5～2.0级,Φ18～Φ50mm钢材晶粒度8.5～9级,满足耐热螺杆标准件的使用要求。

Consteel电弧炉生产45钢的冶炼工艺实践

介绍了在铁水热装条件下,Consteel电弧炉的工艺特点,和Consteel电弧炉+LF精炼炉生产45圆钢的冶炼工艺实践及效果。

钢结构原理主动学习方式的教学实践

钢结构原理是土木工程专业的学科基础必修课,也是道桥方向钢桥课程的先修课。钢结构原理教学内容多、学时少、无课设,如何在现有教学计划的有限学时内最大程度增强学生的实践能力是急需解决的问题。基于学习金字塔理论,教学设计中全面融入主动学习方式,激发学生的学习主动性;采用课堂检测、思维导图、多样化课程作业促进学生对专业理论和专业技能的学习并综合运用所学知识。主动学习方式促进学生实践能力和创新能力的培养,可为同类性质课程的教学提供参考。

磁控电渣重熔技术研究进展

电渣重熔作为生产特殊钢等高端装备材料的重要环节,是一种集去除夹杂物和优化凝固组织于一体的二次精炼技术。然而,随着锭型尺寸的增加,大型特殊钢电渣锭普遍存在纯净度低、均质性差、凝固组织/碳化物粗大等共性问题。近年来,利用外加磁场对电渣精炼以及凝固过程进行调控,得到了众多研究者的广泛关注。文章主要结合课题组近些年的研究成果,围绕磁控电渣重熔多级强化去除夹杂物、磁控电渣重熔凝固组织/碳化物细化、磁控电渣重熔技术工业实践等方面,阐述了外加磁场提升电渣锭纯净度和均质性的作用机制,并提出未来的思考方向和研究重点。

钢铁工业低碳绿色发展路径与实践

在全球进入低碳发展的新阶段的背景下,分析了不同时期的技术变革影响世界钢铁工业中心转移的历史发展趋势,提出了在全球碳中和背景下钢铁工业所面临的机遇与挑战.从国际、国内钢铁工业低碳发展现状出发,结合中国典型钢铁企业的绿色制造实践,及低碳发展规划,阐述了当前中国钢铁行业在低碳绿色发展方面所做出的探索与贡献,为钢铁企业助力国家“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的实现提供实践案例.建议未来发展路径可从四方面开展,一是在“十三五”超低排放成效的基础上向减污降碳过渡,推广烧结烟气循环及高比例球团冶炼等技术;二是实施以氢能为中心的能源结构的变革,开展多元化制氢技术,并配套加氢站网络的建设,加速绿色物流体系的构建,并在探索氢冶金技术的实践中引领行业发展;三是打造低碳绿色产业生态圈,从整个产业链、上下游协同出发,开发全生命周期评价平台及产品,并结合上下游重点企业全面推进绿色制造;四是行业突破性技术研发,加强产学研合作,整合全球创新资源.最后,在上述低碳发展路径的基础上,提出未来钢铁行业需要重视的发展建议.

Antibacterial mechanism of Cu-bearing 430 ferritic stainless steel

Copper(Cu)-bearing stainless steel has testified its effectiveness to reduce the risk of bacterial infections.However,its antibacterial mechanism is still controversial.Therefore,three 430 ferritic stainless steels with different Cu contents are selected to conduct deeper research by the way of bacterial inactivation from two aspects of material and biology.Hereinto,electrochemical and antibacterial results show that the increase in Cu content simultaneously improves the corrosion resistance and antibacterial property of 430 stainless steel.In addition,it is found that Escherichia coli(E.coli)on the surface 430 Cu-bearing stainless steel by the dry method of inoculation possesses a rapid inactivation ability.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)aids with ion chelation experiments prove that Cu(Ⅰ)plays a more crucial role in the contact-killing efficiency than Cu(Ⅱ),resulting from more production of reactive oxygen species(ROS).

Enhanced resistance of 2205 Cu-bearing duplex stainless steel towards microbiologically influenced corrosion by marine aerobic Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms

An antibacterial 2205-Cu duplex stainless steel （DSS） was shown to inhibit the formation and growth of corrosive marine biofilms by direct contact with copper-rich phases and the release of Cu^2＋ ions from the 2205-Cu DSS surface. In this work, the microbiologically influenced corrosion （MIC） resistance of 2205- Cu DS5 in the presence of the corrosive marine bacterium Pseudornonos aeruginosa was investigated. The addition of copper improved the mechanical properties such as the yield strength, the tensile strength and the hardness of 2205 DSS. Electrochemical test results from linear polarization resistance （LPR）, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EI5） and critical pitting temperature （CPT） measurements showed that 2205-Cu DSS possessed a larger polarization resistance （Rp）, charge transfer resistance （Rct） and CPT values, indicating the excellent MIC resistance of2205-Cu DSS against the corrosive P. aeruginosa biofilm. The live]dead staining results and the SEM images of biofilm confirmed the strong antibacterial ability of 2205-Cu DSS. The largest pit depth of 2205-Cu DSS was considerably smaller than that of 2205 DSS after 14d in the presence ofP. aeruginosa （2.2 μm vs 12.5 μm）. 2205-Cu DSS possessed a superior MIC resistance to regular 2205 DSS in the presence of aerobic P. aeruginosa.

Antibacterial Performance of Cu-Bearing Stainless Steel against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Whole Milk

Pathogen microorganisms exist in various environments such as dairy processing facilities. They are not easily eliminated, and significantly raise the risk of bacterial contamination. The inhibition ability of a novel type 304 Cu-bearing stainless steel （304CUSS） with nano-sized Cu-rich precipitates against Staph-ylococcus aureus （S. aureus） and Pseudomonas aeruginosa （P. aeruginosa） added whole milk was investigated in this study. The results showed that after 24 h contact, the inhibition rates of the 304CUSS against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa added whole milk reached 99.2% ± 0.3% and 99.3% ± 0.2%, respectively, in contrast with the 304SS. In the plain whole milk, the inhibition rate of the 304CUSS also reached 66.9% ± 2.0% compared with the 304SS. The results demonstrated that the 304CUSS killed majority of the planktonic bacteria, and inhibited sessile bacteria adherence to the steel surface in the whole milk with and without bacteria addition, significantly reducing the bacterial growth rate. These research outcomes explicitly show an application potential of this novel antibacterial stainless steel in the dairy related food industry.

Antibacterial Performance of a Cu-bearing Stainless Steel against Microorganisms in Tap Water

Tap water is one of the most commonly used water resources in our daily life. However, the increasing water contamination and the health risk caused by pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli have attracted more attention. The mutualism of different pathogenic bacteria may diminish antibacterial effect of antibacterial agents. It was found that materials used for making pipe and tap played one of the most important roles in promoting bacterial growth. This paper is to report the performance of an innovative type 304 Cu-bearing stainless steel(304Cu SS) against microbes in tap water. The investigation methodologies involved were means of heterotrophic plate count, contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy for observing the cell and subtract surface morphology,atomic absorption spectrometry for copper ions release study, and confocal laser scanning microscopy used for examining live/dead bacteria on normal 304 stainless steel and 304 Cu SS. It was found that the surface free energy varied after being immersed in tap water with polar component and Cu ions release.The results showed 304 Cu SS could effectively kill most of the planktonic bacteria(max 95.9% antibacterial rate), and consequently inhibit bacterial biofilms formation on the surface, contributing to the reduction of pathogenic risk to the surrounding environments.

基于长流程的GCr15轴承钢转炉冶炼生产实践

采取转炉高拉碳出钢、双渣法冶炼、LF高碱度渣精炼、RH真空脱气、连铸加强保护浇铸及控制钢液过热度等措施,有效控制GCr15轴承钢中的氧、氮、硫、磷、钛等元素及夹杂物含量。试验表明:提高转炉出钢碳质量分数,有利于降低钢中的氧质量分数;随着炉渣碱度的升高,钢液中ω(O)大幅降低;GCr15轴承钢经过RH真空处理,钢液中的ω(TO)从0.0028%下降到0.0009%;双渣法冶炼可以提高转炉冶炼前期的脱磷率;LF精炼和连铸过程增氮,RH过程降氮;LF精炼过程是控制ω(Ti)的关键;夹杂物和碳化物都得到有效控制。